Commodity risk assessment of Jasminum polyanthum plants from Israel
2020; Wiley; Volume: 18; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6225
ISSN1831-4732
AutoresClaude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie‐Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas‐Cortés, Stephen Parnell, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappalà, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Jane Debode, Charles Manceau, Ciro Gardi, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Roel Potting,
Tópico(s)Forest Insect Ecology and Management
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 18, Issue 8 e06225 Scientific OpinionOpen Access Commodity risk assessment of Jasminum polyanthum plants from Israel EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Claude BragardSearch for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina Dehnen-SchmutzSearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Francesco Di SerioSearch for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Paolo GonthierSearch for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Marie-Agnès JacquesSearch for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Josep Anton Jaques MiretSearch for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Annemarie Fejer JustesenSearch for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Alan MacLeodSearch for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Christer Sven MagnussonSearch for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Panagiotis MilonasSearch for more papers by this authorJuan A Navas-Cortes, Juan A Navas-CortesSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Stephen ParnellSearch for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Philippe Lucien ReignaultSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Hans-Hermann ThulkeSearch for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Wopke Van der WerfSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Antonio Vicent CiveraSearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Jonathan YuenSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Lucia ZappalàSearch for more papers by this authorElisavet Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet ChatzivassiliouSearch for more papers by this authorJane Debode, Jane DebodeSearch for more papers by this authorCharles Manceau, Charles ManceauSearch for more papers by this authorCiro Gardi, Ciro GardiSearch for more papers by this authorOlaf Mosbach-Schulz, Olaf Mosbach-SchulzSearch for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Roel PottingSearch for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Claude BragardSearch for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina Dehnen-SchmutzSearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Francesco Di SerioSearch for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Paolo GonthierSearch for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Marie-Agnès JacquesSearch for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Josep Anton Jaques MiretSearch for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Annemarie Fejer JustesenSearch for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Alan MacLeodSearch for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Christer Sven MagnussonSearch for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Panagiotis MilonasSearch for more papers by this authorJuan A Navas-Cortes, Juan A Navas-CortesSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Stephen ParnellSearch for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Philippe Lucien ReignaultSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Hans-Hermann ThulkeSearch for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Wopke Van der WerfSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Antonio Vicent CiveraSearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Jonathan YuenSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Lucia ZappalàSearch for more papers by this authorElisavet Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet ChatzivassiliouSearch for more papers by this authorJane Debode, Jane DebodeSearch for more papers by this authorCharles Manceau, Charles ManceauSearch for more papers by this authorCiro Gardi, Ciro GardiSearch for more papers by this authorOlaf Mosbach-Schulz, Olaf Mosbach-SchulzSearch for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Roel PottingSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 August 2020 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6225Citations: 3 Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2019-00656 Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappalà. Acknowledgements: EFSA wishes to acknowledge the important contribution of the trainee Laura Carotti. L. Carotti provided an essential contribute to the literature search, the compilation of the pest list and the pest data sheets and provided support in drafting and reviewing the Opinion. Adopted: 10 July 2020 Amended: 4 Nov 2020 Amended: 23 November 2022 AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation EU/2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers all plant health risks posed by unrooted cuttings of Jasminum polyanthum produced in a protected environment (greenhouse) that are imported from Israel, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the NPPO of Israel by 15 March 2020. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Israel; (ii) Jasminum is a host of the pest; and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Israel; (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) Jasminum is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. Six species, the EU-quarantine pest Scirtothrips dorsalis, and the EU non-regulated pests Aonidiella orientalis,Milviscutulus mangiferae,Paracoccus marginatus,Pulvinaria psidii and Colletotrichum siamense fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Israel were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The estimated degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with S. dorsalis being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,958 and 10,000 bags per 10,000 would be free of S. dorsalis. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Terms of Reference as provided by European Commission 1.1.1 Background The new Plant Health Regulation (EU) 2016/20311, on the protective measures against pests of plants, has been applied from December 2019. Provisions within the above Regulation are in place for the listing of 'high risk plants, plant products and other objects' (Article 42) on the basis of a preliminary assessment, and to be followed by a commodity risk assessment. A list of 'high risk plants, plant products and other objects' has been published in (EU) 2018/20192. Scientific opinions are therefore needed to support the European Commission and the Member States in the work connected to Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, as stipulated in the terms of reference. 1.1.2 Terms of Reference In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No. 178/20023, the Commission asks EFSA to provide scientific opinions in the field of plant health. In particular, EFSA is expected to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in the relevant Implementing Act as "High risk plants, plant products and other objects". Article 42, paragraphs 4 and 5, establishes that a risk assessment is needed as a follow-up to evaluate whether the commodities will remain prohibited, removed from the list and additional measures will be applied or removed from the list without any additional measures. This task is expected to be on-going, with a regular flow of dossiers being sent by the applicant required for the risk assessment. Therefore, to facilitate the correct handling of the dossiers and the acquisition of the required data for the commodity risk assessment, a format for the submission of the required data for each dossier is needed. Furthermore, a standard methodology for the performance of "commodity risk assessment" based on the work already done by Member States and other international organizations needs to be set. In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002, the Commission asks EFSA to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health for Jasminum polyanthum from Israel taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical dossier provided by Israel. 1.2 Interpretation of the Terms of Reference The EFSA Panel on Plant Health (hereafter referred to as 'the Panel') was requested to conduct a commodity risk assessment of J. polyanthum from Israel following the Guidance on commodity risk assessment for the evaluation of high-risk plant dossiers (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019a). Considering that there is very little information available on pests associated with J. polyanthum the Panel decided to perform the search for pests associated with the genus Jasminum therefore all the plant species belonging to Jasminum genus were included in the search. Pests listed as 'Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest' (RNQP)' in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 were not considered for further evaluation, in line with a letter from European Commission from 24 October 2019, Ref. Ares (2019)6579768 - 24/10/2019, on Clarification on EFSA mandate on High Risk Plants. In its evaluation the Panel: Checked whether the provided information in the technical dossier (hereafter referred to as 'the Dossier') provided by the applicant (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Plant Protection & Inspection Services - PPIS) was sufficient to conduct a commodity risk assessment. When necessary, additional information was requested to the applicant. Selected the relevant union EU-regulated quarantine pests and protected zone quarantine pests (as specified in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/20724, hereafter referred to as 'EU quarantine pests') and other relevant pests present in Israel and associated with the commodity. For those Union quarantine pests for which specific measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the specific country in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, the assessment was restricted to whether or not the applicant country applies those measures. The effectiveness of those measures was not assessed. For those Union quarantine pests for which no specific measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the specific applicant country and other relevant pests present in applicant country and associated with the commodity, the effectiveness of the measures described by the applicant in the dossier was assessed. Risk management decisions are not within EFSA's remit. Therefore, the Panel provided a rating based on expert judgement regarding the likelihood of pest freedom for each relevant pest given the risk mitigation measures proposed by the PPIS. 2 Data and methodologies 2.1 Data provided by the PPIS The Panel considered all the data and information (hereafter called 'the Dossier') provided by PPIS of Israel on 30 October 2019, including the additional information provided by the PPIS of Israel on 15 March 2020, after EFSA's request. The Dossier is managed by EFSA. The structure and overview of the Dossier is shown in Table 1. The number of the relevant section is indicated in the opinion when referring to a specific part of the Dossier. Table 1. Structure and overview of the Dossier Dossier section Overview of contents Filename 1.0 Initial request by Israel EFSA-Q-2019-00656-I0009-Israel-Jasminum_polyanthum_Request.pdf 2.0 Technical dossier on Jasminum polyanthum (complete document) EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.0 COMMODITY DATA EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.1 Taxonomic information EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.2 Plants for planting specification (ISPM 36 – FAO, 2016) EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.7 Production period EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.8 Phytosanitary status and management EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.9 Intended use EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.10 Production area EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.11 Separation of production areas EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.12 Climatic classification EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 3.13 Pictures and description EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 4.0 PESTS LIST EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum_Pest list.docx 4.1 List of all the pests potentially associated with the commodity plant species or genus in the exporting country EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum_Pest list.docx 4.2 List of EU-regulated pests (Table D.1) EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum_Pest list.docx 4.3 List of non-regulated pests (Table D.2) EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum_Pest list.docx Details of the literature search according to Appendix B EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum_Pest list.docx 5.0 DATA ON PHYTOSANITARY MITIGATION MEASURES EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 5.1 Description of phytosanitary mitigation measures EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 5.2 Description of phytosanitary regulations EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 5.3 Description of surveillance and monitoring EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 5.4 Trade volume and frequencies EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 5.5 Description of post-harvest procedures EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_Israel_Jasminum polyanthum.docx 6.0 Additional information provided by PPIS on date 15 March 2020 EFSA_Dossier-Q-2019-00656_0009-ISRAEL - Jasminum polyanthum - answer to additional questions.docx The data and supporting information provided by the PPIS formed the basis of the commodity risk assessment. The databases shown in Table 2 and the references listed below are the main sources used by the PPIS to compile the Dossier (details on literature searches can be found in the Dossier Section 4): Table 2. Database sources used in the literature searches by PPIS Acronym/short title Database name and service provider URL of database Justification for choosing database CABI CPC CABI Crop Protection CompendiumProvider: CAB International https://www.cabi.org/cpc EFSA recommendation EPPO GD EPPO Global DatabaseProvider: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization https://gd.eppo.int/ EFSA recommendation Plant Pests of the Middle East Plant Pests of the Middle EastProvider: The Robert H. Smith faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/mepests/ A reliable source for plant pests in Israel Avidov Z and Harpaz I, 1969. Plant Pests of Israel; translated, revised and updated, Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press. Ben-Dov Y, 2001. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell a new soft scale in Israel. Alon Ha'Notea 55: 262-263 (in Hebrew with an English Summary). Ben-Dov Y, 2012. The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Israel—checklist, host plants, zoogeographical considerations and annotations on species. Israel Journal of Entomology, 41–42, 21–48. Ben-Dov Y, 1995. The pest status of citrus scale insects in Israel (1984–1994). In: Peleg BA, Bar-Zakay I and Ascher KRS, eds. Proceedings of the VII International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, Bet Dagan, Israel, June 12–17 1994. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29, 261–264. Bink-Moenen RM and Gerling D, 1992. Aleyrodidae of Israel. Bollettino del Laboratorio de Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri, 47, 3–49. Dafny-Yelln M, Brudoley R, Nasralla S, Maray T, Safadi P, Safadi AM, Freeman S, Kfir S, Levi O, Meron M and Shamian S, 2013. Rosellinia necatrix in deciduous orchards- evaluation of pathogen distribution. 'Alon Hanotea', 69, 40–44. http://www.perot.org.il/Alon/201310/9.pdf Halperin J, Brosh S and Eshed N, 1989. Annotated list of noxious organisms in ornamental plants in Israel. The Ministry of Agriculture, Extension Service, Tel Aviv, 92 pp. (in Hebrew, with English summary). Mendel Z, Protasov R, Blumberg D, Gross S, Erel E and Spodek M, 2016. Mealybug pests on fruit trees in Israel. 'Alon Hanotea', 71. Novoselsky T and Freidberg A, 2012. Note: Corythauma ayyari (Drake) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae)—a new pest of ornamentals in Israel. Phytoparasitica. 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-012-0273-x Pellizzari G, 1994. The Ceroplastes species (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Mediterranean basin with emphasis on C. japonicus Green. Annales- Societe Entomologique de France, 30, 175–192. Reuveny H, Farkash Z and Levi-Shaked A, 2009. Control of the olive scale Parlatoria oleae (Colvee) in Israel. 'Alon Hanotea', 63, 22–27. http://www.perot.org.il/Alon/0609/4.pdf Rittner O and Biel I, 2017. First record of Acherontia styx (Westwood, 1848) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology, 47, 19–20. Rosen D, 1980. Integrated control of citrus pests in Israel. In: Russ K and Berger H, eds. Proceedings. International symposium of IOBC/WPRS on integrated control in agriculture and forestry. Vienna, 8–12th October 1979. International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palearctic Regional Section. Vienna Austria, 289–292. Soo-Jung S and Jungyoun J, 2014. "A Checklist of Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Intercepted on Imported Plants in Korea 2005–2013. Insecta Mundi, 860. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/860 Spodek M, Watson G and Mendel Z, 2016. The pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), a new threat to Israel's agriculture and horticulture. EPPO Bulletin, 46. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12288 Younis M, Seplyarsky V and Nestel D, 2013. Olive moth (Prays oleae): an important pest of olives in Israel. 'Alon Hanotea', 67, 36–38. http://www.perot.org.il/Alon/201303/9.pdf 2.2 Literature searches performed by EFSA Literature searches were undertaken by EFSA to complete a list of pests potentially associated with Jasminum. Two searches were combined: (i) a general search to identify pests of Jasminum in different databases and (ii) a tailored search to identify whether these pests are present or not in Israel and the European Union (EU). The searches were run between 8 November 2019 and 27 November 2019. No language, date or document type restrictions were applied in the search strategy. The Panel used the databases indicated in Table 3 to compile the list of pests associated with Jasminum. As for Web of Science, the literature search was performed using a specific, ad hoc established search string (see Appendix B). The string was run in 'All Databases' with no range limits for time or language filters. This is further explained in Section 2.3.2. Table 3. Databases used by EFSA for the compilation of the pest list associated with the genus Jasminum Database Platform/link Aphids on World Plants http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/C_HOSTS_AAIntro.htm CABI Crop Protection Compendium https://www.cabi.org/cpc/ Database of Insects and their Food Plants http://www.brc.ac.uk/dbif/hosts.aspx Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/index.dsml EPPO Global Database https://gd.eppo.int/ EUROPHYT https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/europhyt/ Leaf-miners http://www.leafmines.co.uk/html/plants.htm Nemaplex http://nemaplex.ucdavis.edu/Nemabase2010/PlantNematodeHostStatusDDQuery.aspx Plant Viruses Online http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/famindex.htm Scalenet http://scalenet.info/associates/ Spider Mites Web https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb/advanced.php USDA ARS Fungi Database https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm Index Fungorum http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp Web of Science: All Databases (Web of Science Core Collection, CABI: CAB Abstracts, BIOSIS Citation Index, Chinese Science Citation Database, Current Contents Connect, Data Citation IndexFSTA, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, MEDLINESciELO Citation Index, Zoological Record) Web of Sciencehttps://www.webofknowledge.com World Agroforestry http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1749 Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2014_World_Cecidomyiidae_Catalog_3rd_Edition.pdf Catalog of the Eriophoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the world. https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19951100613 National Database of Pests Present in Israel https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Pages/SearchNegaim.aspx The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Israel—checklist, host plants, zoogeographical considerations and annotations on species http://www.entomology.org.il/sites/default/files/pdfs/Ben-Dov-final.pdf List of the Hawaiian Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorhyncha) https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/11125/23_387-424.pdf Additional searches, limited to retrieve documents, were run when developing the opinion. The available scientific information, including previous EFSA opinions on the relevant pests and diseases (see pest data sheets in Appendix A) and the relevant literature and legislation (e.g. Regulation (EU) 2016/2031; Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) 2018/2019; (EU) 2018/2018 and (EU) 2019/2072) were taken into account. 2.3 Methodology When developing the opinion, the Panel followed the EFSA Guidance on commodity risk assessment for the evaluation of high-risk plant dossiers (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019a). In the first step, pests potentially associated with the commodity in the country of origin (EU-quarantine pests and other pests) that may require risk mitigation measures were identified. The EU non-quarantine pests not known to occur in the EU were selected based on evidence of their potential impact in the EU. After the first step, all the relevant pests that may need risk mitigation measures were identified. In the second step, the proposed risk mitigation measures for each relevant pest were evaluated in terms of efficacy or compliance with EU requirements as explained in Section 1.2. A conclusion on the likelihood of the commodity being free from each of the relevant pest was determined and uncertainties identified using expert judgements. Pest freedom was assessed by estimating the number of infested/infected bags out of 10,000 exported bags containing 50 cuttings. 2.3.1 Commodity data Based on the information provided by the PPIS, the characteristics of the commodity are summarised. 2.3.2 Identification of pests potentially associated with the commodity To evaluate the pest risk associated with the importation of J. polyanthum from Israel, a pest list was compiled. The pest list is a compilation of all identified plant pests associated with Jasminum based on information provided in the Dossier Section 4.0 and on searches performed by the Panel. The search strategy and search syntax were adapted to each of the databases listed in Table 3, according to the options and functionalities of the different databases and CABI keyword thesaurus. The scientific names of the host plants (i.e. Jasminum sp., Jasminum spp. and Jasminum polyanthum) were used when searching in the EPPO Global database and CABI Crop Protection Compendium. The same strategy was applied to the other databases excluding EUROPHYT and Web of Science. EUROPHYT was investigated by searching for the interceptions associated with commodities imported from Israel, at species and genus level, from 1995 to present. The search strategy used for Web of Science Databases was designed combining common names for pests and diseases, terms describing symptoms of plant diseases and the scientific and common names of the commodity. All pests already retrieved using the other databases were removed from the search terms in order to be able to reduce the number of records to be screened. The established search string is detailed in Appendix B and was run on 15 November 2019. The titles and abstracts of the scientific papers retrieved were screened and the pests associated with Jasminum (i.e. Jasminum sp., Jasminum spp. and Jasminum polyanthum) were included in the pest list. The pest list was eventually further compiled with other relevant information (e.g. EPPO code per pest, taxonomic information, categorisation, distribution) useful for the selection of the pests relevant for the purposes of this opinion. The compiled pest list (see Microsoft Excel® Pest list of Jasminum in Appendix D) includes all identified pests that use Jasminum as host according to the Interpretation of Terms of Reference. The EU quarantine pests that are regulated as a group in the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 were considered and evaluated separately at species level. The evaluation of the compiled pest list was done in two steps: first, the relevance of the EU-quarantine pests was evaluated (Section 4.1); second, the relevance of any other plant pest was evaluated (Section 4.2). For those Union quarantine pests for which specific measures are in place for the import of the commodity from Israel in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, the assessment was restricted to whether Israel applies those measures. The effectiveness of those measures was not assessed. Pests for which limited information was available on one or more criteria used to identify them as relevant for this opinion, e.g. on potential impact, are listed in Appendix C (List of pests that can potentially cause an effect not further assessed). 2.3.3 Listing and evaluation of risk mitigation measures All currently used risk mitigation measures are listed and evaluated. When evaluating the likelihood of pest freedom at origin, the following types of potential infection sources for J. polyanthum in nurseries were considered (see also Figure 1): pest entry from surrounding areas, pest entry with new plants/seeds, pest spread within the nursery. The risk mitigation measures adopted in the plant nurseries (as communicated by the PPIS) were evaluated with Expert Knowledge Elicitation (EKE) according to the Guidance on uncertainty analysis in scientific assessment (EFSA Scientific Committee, 2018). Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Conceptual framework to assess likelihood that plants are exported free from relevant pests. Source EFSA PLH Panel (2019b) Information on the biology, estimates of likelihood of entry of the pest to the nursery and spread within the nursery, and the effect of the measures on a specific pest is summarised in pest data sheets compiled for each pest selected for further evaluation (see Appendix A). To estimate the pest freedom of the commodity, an EKE was performed following EFSA guidance (Annex B.8 of EFSA Scientific Committee, 2018). The commodity exported to the EU are unrooted cuttings of J. polyanthum put in plastic bags each one containing 50 cuttings. Therefore, the specific question for EKE was: 'Taking into account (i) the risk mitigation measures in place in the nurseries and (ii) other relevant information, how many of 10,000 bags of J. polyanthum unrooted cuttings will be infested with the relevant pest when arriving in the EU?'. The EKE question was common to all pests for which the pest freedom of the commodity was estimated. For a cluster of pests (with common main biological features), a full EKE was performed on one representative of the cluster, and a reduced EKE focusing on the differences for each other members of the cluster. The uncertainties associated with the EKE were taken into account and quantified in the probability distribution applying the semi-formal method described in Section 3.5.2 of the EFSA-PLH Guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018a). Finally, the results were reported in terms of the likelihood of pest freedom. The lower 5% percentile of the uncertainty distribution reflects the opinion that
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