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Assessing autoregulation using near infrared spectroscopy: more questions than answers

2020; Elsevier BV; Volume: 156; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.07.035

1873-1570

Ryan L. Hoiland, Donald Griesdale, Mypinder S. Sekhon,

Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

Cerebral autoregulation has emerged as a focus of research in post-resuscitation care to individualize patient-specific perfusion targets.1Hoiland R.L. Sekhon M.S. Cardim D. et al.Lack of agreement between optimal mean arterial pressure determination using pressure reactivity index versus cerebral oximetry index in hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2020; 152: 184-191Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar Significant work has been undertaken using the pressure reactivity index (PRx) to identify patient-specific perfusion thresholds (optimal mean arterial pressure, MAPOPT). Our research group demonstrated feasibility of MAPOPT determination in hypoxic ischemic brain injury (HIBI) patients using PRx and more importantly, established a relationship between perfusion within proximity to MAPOPT and improved brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2).2Sekhon M.S. Gooderham P. Menon D.K. et al.The Burden of Brain Hypoxia and Optimal Mean Arterial Pressure in Patients With Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest.Crit Care Med. 2019; 47: 906-969Crossref Scopus (38) Google Scholar Therefore, our study used PRx derived MAPOPT as the gold standard to which non-invasive methodologies were compared, specifically near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) based cerebral oximetry index (COx).1Hoiland R.L. Sekhon M.S. Cardim D. et al.Lack of agreement between optimal mean arterial pressure determination using pressure reactivity index versus cerebral oximetry index in hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2020; 152: 184-191Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar We demonstrated poor agreement between MAPOPT derived from PRx versus COx and a limited ability of COx to detect dysfunctional autoregulation.1Hoiland R.L. Sekhon M.S. Cardim D. et al.Lack of agreement between optimal mean arterial pressure determination using pressure reactivity index versus cerebral oximetry index in hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2020; 152: 184-191Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar For physiologic validity, COx requires the regional saturation of oxygen (rSO2) from NIRS to accurately reflect cerebral blood flow (CBF) or brain oxygenation. The accuracy of rSO2 as a surrogate of CBF or brain oxygenation is predicated upon normal oxygen uptake from the cerebral microvasculature into the brain parenchyma. However, a proportion of HIBI patients exhibit an inability to offload oxygen from the cerebral microvasculature into the parenchyma, termed diffusion limitation.3Sekhon M.S. Ainslie P.N. Menon D.K. et al.Brain Hypoxia Secondary to Diffusion Limitation in Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury Postcardiac Arrest.Crit Care Med. 2020; 48: 378-384Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar In this setting, the ratio of oxygenated vs deoxygenated hemoglobin and the resultant rSO2, would be elevated independent of CBF and not reflect the true degree of brain hypoxia or CBF. Indeed, we demonstrate no relationship between PbtO2 and rSO2 (Fig. 1A) further adding credence to the inability of rSO2 to reflect brain oxygenation. Reports of stable and consistent 'normal' values of rSO2 have been shown in neurologically braindead patients with absent CBF4Cardim D. Griesdale D.E. Near-infrared spectroscopy: unfulfilled promises.Br J Anaesth. 2018; 121: 523-526Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar further highlighting the discordance between rSO2 and cerebrovascular physiology. We have shown that while PbtO2 jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation are correlated with MAP, rSO2 is not, in HIBI.2Sekhon M.S. Gooderham P. Menon D.K. et al.The Burden of Brain Hypoxia and Optimal Mean Arterial Pressure in Patients With Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest.Crit Care Med. 2019; 47: 906-969Crossref Scopus (38) Google Scholar These results are concordant with the COMACARE study, a randomized control trial of high MAP (80-100 mmHg) vs. normal-low MAP (65-75 mmHg), which did not demonstrate significant differences in rSO2 between study groups.5Jakkula P. Pettilä V. Skrifvars M.B. et al.Targeting low-normal or high-normal mean arterial pressure after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a randomised pilot trial.Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44: 2091-2101Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar Further, in our healthy human sub-study, rSO2 markedly underestimated changes in CBF measured with Duplex ultrasound.1Hoiland R.L. Sekhon M.S. Cardim D. et al.Lack of agreement between optimal mean arterial pressure determination using pressure reactivity index versus cerebral oximetry index in hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2020; 152: 184-191Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar On an individual patient level, we demonstrate a precipitous decrease in the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) with a concomitant decrease in PbtO2 but stable bilateral rSO2 values, thereby revealing rSO2 does not seem to reflect brain oxygenation nor does it correlate with CPP, a primary determinant of CBF (Fig. 1B). Collectively, our results with the known limitations of NIRS suggest significant more work is required to validate NIRS as a potential monitor of CBF, brain oxygenation or, autoregulation in HIBI. The allure of non-invasive and generalizable monitoring must be tempered with consideration of the accuracy of the data that is produced and its reflection of true cerebral physiology in health and disease. We thank Drs. Skrifvars and Aneman for their thoughtful and insightful review of our manuscript and hope to work together to reconcile the utility of NIRS as a monitoring tool in HIBI. Dr. Sekhon is supported by the Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute Clinician Scientist Award. Dr. Griesdale is funded by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Health Professional Award .