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CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

2022; IOP Publishing; Volume: 926; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3847/1538-4357/ac1596

1538-4357

Kevork N. Abazajian, Graeme E. Addison, Peter Adshead, Zeeshan Ahmed, D. S. Akerib, Aamir Ali, S. W. Allen, David Alonso, Marcelo A. Alvarez, Mustafa A. Amin, A. J. Anderson, Kam Arnold, Peter Ashton, C. Baccigalupi, Debbie Bard, D. Barkats, Darcy Barron, P. S. Barry, James G. Bartlett, R. Basu Thakur, Nicholas Battaglia, Rachel Bean, C. Bebek, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, C. A. Bischoff, L. E. Bleem, James J. Bock, S. Bocquet, Kimberly K. Boddy, J. R. Bond, Julian Borrill, F. R. Bouchet, T. Brinckmann, Michael D. Brown, Sean Bryan, V. Buza, K. Byrum, Carlos Hervias Caimapo, Erminia Calabrese, Victoria Calafut, R. R. Caldwell, J. E. Carlstrom, Julien Carron, T. Cecil, A. Challinor, C. L. Chang, Y. Chinone, Hsiao-Mei Sherry Cho, Asantha Cooray, Will Coulton, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, A. Cukierman, Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine, T. de Haan, Jacques Delabrouille, Mark J. Devlin, Eleonora Di Valentino, M. Dierickx, M. Dobbs, Shannon M. Duff, Cora Dvorkin, Joseph R. Eimer, T. Elleflot, Josquin Errard, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, Giulio Fabbian, Chang Qing Feng, Simone Ferraro, J. P. Filippini, Raphael Flauger, B. Flaugher, Aurélien A. Fraisse, Andrei Frolov, Nicholas Galitzki, Patricio A. Gallardo, S. Galli, K. Ganga, M. Gerbino, Vera Gluscevic, N. Goeckner-Wald, Daniel Green, Daniel Grin, Evan Grohs, R. Gualtieri, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Ian Gullett, N. Gupta, Salman Habib, M. Halpern, N. W. Halverson, Shaul Hanany, Kathleen Harrington, M. Hasegawa, Matthew Hasselfield, M. Hazumi, Katrin Heitmann, Shawn Henderson, Brandon S. Hensley, Charles A. Hill, J. Colin Hill, Renée Hložek, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, D. Hoang, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, J. C. Hood, Johannes Hubmayr, K. M. Huffenberger, H. Hui, K. D. Irwin, O. Jeong, Bradley R. Johnson, W. C. Jones, J. Kang, K. S. Karkare, N. Katayama, R. Keskitalo, Theodore Kisner, Lloyd Knox, Brian J. Koopman, Arthur Kosowsky, J. M. Kovac, Ely D. Kovetz, Steve Kuhlmann, Chao‐Lin Kuo, A. Kusaka, A. Lähteenmäki, Charles R. Lawrence, Adrian T. Lee, Antony Lewis, Dale Li, Eric V. Linder, Marilena Loverde, A. E. Lowitz, Phil M. Lubin, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, A. Mantz, Gabriela A. Marques, Frederick Matsuda, P. Mauskopf, Heather McCarrick, Jeffrey McMahon, P. Daniel Meerburg, Jean-Baptiste Melin, F. Menanteau, Joel Meyers, M. Millea, J. J. Mohr, Lorenzo Moncelsi, M. E. Monzani, Tony Mroczkowski, Suvodip Mukherjee, Johanna M. Nagy, Toshiya Namikawa, F. Nati, T. Natoli, Laura Newburgh, Michael D. Niemack, H. Nishino, B. Nord, V. Novosad, Roger O’Brient, S. Padin, S. Palladino, Bruce Partridge, Don Petravick, E. Pierpaoli, Levon Pogosian, Karthik Prabhu, C. Pryke, Giuseppe Puglisi, B. Racine, A. S. Rahlin, Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao, Marco Raveri, C. L. Reichardt, M. Remazeilles, G. Rocha, Natalie A. Roe, Anirban Roy, J. E. Ruhl, Maria Salatino, B. R. Saliwanchik, Emmanuel Schaan, A. Schillaci, Benjamin L. Schmitt, Marcel Schmittfull, D. Scott, Neelima Sehgal, Sarah Shandera, Blake D. Sherwin, E. Shirokoff, Sara M. Simon, Anže Slosar, David N. Spergel, T. St. Germaine, Suzanne T. Staggs, A. A. Stark, Glenn D. Starkman, R. Stompor, Chris Stoughton, Aritoki Suzuki, O. Tajima, G. P. Teply, K. Thompson, B. Thorne, Peter Timbie, M. Tomasi, M. Tristram, Gregory S. Tucker, Caterina Umiltà, Alexander van Engelen, Eve M. Vavagiakis, J. D. Vieira, A. G. Vieregg, Kasey Wagoner, Benjamin Wallisch, Gensheng Wang, Scott Watson, B. Westbrook, N. Whitehorn, Edward J. Wollack, W. L. K. Wu, Zhilei Xu, Huan Yang, Siavash Yasini, V. Yefremenko, K. W. Yoon, Edward Young, Cyndia Yu, A. Zonca,

Climate variability and models

Abstract CMB-S4—the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment—is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semianalytic projection tool, targeted explicitly toward optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r , in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2–3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments, given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semianalytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for r > 0.003 at greater than 5 σ , or in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of r < 0.001 at 95% CL.