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Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009–2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope

2020; IOP Publishing; Volume: 901; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d

1538-4357

Maciek Wielgus, Kazunori Akiyama, Lindy Blackburn, Chi‐kwan Chan, Jason Dexter, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Vincent L. Fish, Sara Issaoun, Michael D. Johnson, T. P. Krichbaum, Ru-Sen Lu, Dominic W. Pesce, George N. Wong, Geoffrey C. Bower, Avery E. Broderick, Andrew Chael, Koushik Chatterjee, Charles F. Gammie, Boris Georgiev, Kazuhiro Hada, Laurent Loinard, Sera Markoff, Daniel P. Marrone, R. L. Plambeck, Jonathan Weintroub, Matthew R. Dexter, David H. E. MacMahon, M. C. H. Wright, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, M. Baloković, Enrico Barausse, John Barrett, Dan Bintley, W. Boland, Katherine L. Bouman, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, S. Britzen, Dominique Broguière, Thomas Bronzwaer, Do‐Young Byun, J. E. Carlstrom, Shami Chatterjee, Ming‐Tang Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, J. E. Conway, J. M. Cordes, G. Crew, Yuzhu Cui, Jordy Davelaar, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, G. Desvignes, Sergio A. Dzib, Ralph P. Eatough, H. Falcke, Ed Fomalont, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Per Friberg, Christian M. Fromm, Peter Galison, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, C. Goddi, Roman Gold, José L. Gómez, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, M. H. Hecht, R. Hesper, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Huang, D. H. Hughes, Makoto Inoue, D. J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michaël Janssen, Britton Jeter, Chih-Wei L. Huang, A. Jiménez-Rosales, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, R. Karuppusamy, Tomohisa Kawashima, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Motoki Kino, Zhiyuan Li, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, M. Krämer, C. Krämer, Cheng‐Yu Kuo, Tod R. Lauer, Sang-Sung Lee, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Li, M. Lindqvist, Rocco Lico, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, A. P. Lobanov, C. J. Lonsdale, Nicholas R. MacDonald, N. Marchili, N. Marchili, Alan P. Marscher, I. Martí‐Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, K. M. Menten, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, J. M. Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Mościbrodzka, Cornelia Müller, Gibwa Musoke, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Antonios Nathanail, R. Neri, Chunchong Ni, A. Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Hèctor Olivares, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Jongho Park, Nimesh Patel, Ue‐Li Pen, Vincent Piétu, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Ben Prather, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Bart Ripperda, Freek Roelofs, A. E. E. Rogers, E. Ros, Mel Rose, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, A. L. Roy, Chet Ruszczyk, Benjamin R. Ryan, K. L. J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles, Mahito Sasada, T. Savolainen, F. Peter Schloerb, K. Schüster, Lijing Shao, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason Soohoo, Fumie Tazaki, Paul Tiede, R. P. J. Tilanus, Michael S. Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torné, Tyler Trent, Efthalia Traianou, Sascha Trippe, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ilse van Bemmel, H. J. van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jan Wagner, J. F. C. Wardle, D. Ward‐Thompson, Norbert Wex, Robert Wharton, H. J. van Langevelde, Doosoo Yoon, André Young, Ken Young, Ziri Younsi, Jonathan Weintroub, Jonathan Weintroub, J. A. Zensus, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, Ziyan Zhu,

Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature - a ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry - and to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of ~40 uas diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin.