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Health and economic impact of air pollution in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

2020; Elsevier BV; Volume: 5; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30298-9

2542-5196

Anamika Pandey, Michael Bräuer, Maureen Cropper, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Prashant Mathur, Sagnik Dey, Burak Turkgulu, G Anil Kumar, Mukesh Khare, Gufran Beig, Tarun Gupta, Rinu P Krishnankutty, Kate Causey, Aaron J. Cohen, Stuti Bhargava, Ashutosh N. Aggarwal, Anurag Agrawal, Shally Awasthi, Fiona B Bennitt, Sadhana Bhagwat, P. Bhanumati, Katrin Burkart, Joy Kumar Chakma, Thomas C. Chiles, Sourangsu Chowdhury, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Subhojit Dey, Samantha Fisher, Barbara M. Fraumeni, Richard Fuller, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Mahaveer Golechha, Prakash C. Gupta, Rachita Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Shreekant Gupta, Sarath Guttikunda, David Hanrahan, S Harikrishnan, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Tushar Kant Joshi, Rajni Kant, Surya Kant, Tanvir Kaur, Parvaiz A Koul, Praveen Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Samantha Leigh Larson, Rakesh Lodha, Kishore K Madhipatla, P A Mahesh, Ridhima Malhotra, Shunsuke Managi, Keith Martin, Matthews Mathai, Joseph L. Mathew, Ravi Mehrotra, Viswanathan Mohan, Viswanathan Mohan, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Parul Mutreja, Nitish Naik, Sanjeev Nair, Jeyaraj Pandian, Pallavi Pant, Perianayagam Arokiasamy, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Poornima Prabhakaran, Goura Kishor Rath, Shamika Ravi, Ambuj Roy, Yogesh Sabde, Sundeep Salvi, Sankar Sambandam, Bhavay Sharma, Meenakshi Sharma, S. Sharma, R S Sharma, Aakash Shrivastava, Sujeet Kumar Singh, Virendra Singh, Rodney B.W. Smith, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Gabrielle Taghian, Nikhil Tandon, JS Thakur, Nihal Thomas, Gurudayal Singh Toteja, Chris M Varghese, Chandra Venkataraman, Krishnan N Venugopal, Katherine Walker, Stefanie Watson, Sarah Wozniak, Denis Xavier, Gautam N. Yadama, Geetika Yadav, Deeksha Shukla, Hendrik J Bekedam, K. Srinath Reddy, Randeep Guleria, Theo Vos, Stephen S Lim, Rakhi Dandona, Sunil Kumar, Pushpam Kumar, Philip J. Landrigan, Lalit Dandona,

Energy and Environment Impacts

Summary Background The association of air pollution with multiple adverse health outcomes is becoming well established, but its negative economic impact is less well appreciated. It is important to elucidate this impact for the states of India. Methods We estimated exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution, and ambient ozone pollution, and their attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. We estimated the economic impact of air pollution as the cost of lost output due to premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution for every state of India, using the cost-of-illness method. Findings 1·67 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·42–1·92) deaths were attributable to air pollution in India in 2019, accounting for 17·8% (15·8–19·5) of the total deaths in the country. The majority of these deaths were from ambient particulate matter pollution (0·98 million [0·77–1·19]) and household air pollution (0·61 million [0·39–0·86]). The death rate due to household air pollution decreased by 64·2% (52·2–74·2) from 1990 to 2019, while that due to ambient particulate matter pollution increased by 115·3% (28·3–344·4) and that due to ambient ozone pollution increased by 139·2% (96·5–195·8). Lost output from premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution accounted for economic losses of US$28·8 billion (21·4–37·4) and $8·0 billion (5·9–10·3), respectively, in India in 2019. This total loss of $36·8 billion (27·4–47·7) was 1·36% of India's gross domestic product (GDP). The economic loss as a proportion of the state GDP varied 3·2 times between the states, ranging from 0·67% (0·47–0·91) to 2·15% (1·60–2·77), and was highest in the low per-capita GDP states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Delhi had the highest per-capita economic loss due to air pollution, followed by Haryana in 2019, with 5·4 times variation across all states. Interpretation The high burden of death and disease due to air pollution and its associated substantial adverse economic impact from loss of output could impede India's aspiration to be a $5 trillion economy by 2024. Successful reduction of air pollution in India through state-specific strategies would lead to substantial benefits for both the health of the population and the economy. Funding UN Environment Programme; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; and Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.