Commodity risk assessment of Persea americana from Israel
2021; Wiley; Volume: 19; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6354
ISSN1831-4732
AutoresClaude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie‐Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas‐Cortés, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Lucia Zappalà, Pedro Gómez, Andrea Lucchi, Gregor Urek, Tramontini Sara, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Eduardo de la Peña, Jonathan Yuen,
Tópico(s)Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 19, Issue 2 e06354 Scientific OpinionOpen Access Commodity risk assessment of Persea americana from Israel EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Claude BragardSearch for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina Dehnen-SchmutzSearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Francesco Di SerioSearch for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Paolo GonthierSearch for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Marie-Agnès JacquesSearch for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Josep Anton Jaques MiretSearch for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Annemarie Fejer JustesenSearch for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Alan MacLeodSearch for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Christer Sven MagnussonSearch for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Panagiotis MilonasSearch for more papers by this authorJuan A Navas-Cortes, Juan A Navas-CortesSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Stephen ParnellSearch for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Roel PottingSearch for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Philippe Lucien ReignaultSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Hans-Hermann ThulkeSearch for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Wopke Van der WerfSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Antonio Vicent CiveraSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Lucia ZappalàSearch for more papers by this authorPedro Gómez, Pedro GómezSearch for more papers by this authorAndrea Lucchi, Andrea LucchiSearch for more papers by this authorGregor Urek, Gregor UrekSearch for more papers by this authorSara Tramontini, Sara TramontiniSearch for more papers by this authorOlaf Mosbach-Schulz, Olaf Mosbach-SchulzSearch for more papers by this authorEduardo de la Peña, Eduardo de la PeñaSearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Jonathan YuenSearch for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Claude BragardSearch for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina Dehnen-SchmutzSearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Francesco Di SerioSearch for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Paolo GonthierSearch for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Marie-Agnès JacquesSearch for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Josep Anton Jaques MiretSearch for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Annemarie Fejer JustesenSearch for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Alan MacLeodSearch for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Christer Sven MagnussonSearch for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Panagiotis MilonasSearch for more papers by this authorJuan A Navas-Cortes, Juan A Navas-CortesSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Stephen ParnellSearch for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Roel PottingSearch for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Philippe Lucien ReignaultSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Hans-Hermann ThulkeSearch for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Wopke Van der WerfSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Antonio Vicent CiveraSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Lucia ZappalàSearch for more papers by this authorPedro Gómez, Pedro GómezSearch for more papers by this authorAndrea Lucchi, Andrea LucchiSearch for more papers by this authorGregor Urek, Gregor UrekSearch for more papers by this authorSara Tramontini, Sara TramontiniSearch for more papers by this authorOlaf Mosbach-Schulz, Olaf Mosbach-SchulzSearch for more papers by this authorEduardo de la Peña, Eduardo de la PeñaSearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Jonathan YuenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 February 2021 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6354 Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2019-00654 Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A. Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappalàtting, Philippe L Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappalà. Acknowledgements: EFSA wishes to acknowledge the contribution of Oresteia Sfyra to this opinion. Adopted: 26 November 2020 AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant health was requested to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in the relevant Implementing Acts as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects' (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 establishing a provisional list of high risk plants, plant products or other objects, within the meaning of Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031). This scientific opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the following commodities: (i) scions and (ii) grafted plants of Persea americana imported from Israel, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Plant Protection and Inspection Services from Israel. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Israel; (ii) P. americana is a host of the pest and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Israel; (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) P. americana is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. Twenty-six pests (15 insects, one mite, 9 fungi and one viroid) that fulfilled all criteria were selected for further evaluation. For the 26 selected pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier were evaluated. Limiting factors on the effectiveness of the measures were documented. For each of the 26 pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including any uncertainties. The fungi Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum were the pests most frequently expected on the imported commodities. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,573 and 10,000 bundles of scions per 10,000; and 9,747 and 10,000 grafted plants per 10,000 would be free of these two fungi. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Terms of Reference as provided by European Commission 1.1.1 Background The new Plant Health Regulation (EU) 2016/203111 Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants, amending Regulations (EU) 228/2013, (EU) 652/2014 and (EU) 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directives 69/464/EEC, 74/647/EEC, 93/85/EEC, 98/57/EC, 2000/29/EC, 2006/91/EC and 2007/33/EC. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, pp. 4–104., on the protective measures against pests of plants, has been applied since December 2019. Provisions within the above Regulation are in place for the listing of 'high risk plants, plant products and other objects' (Article 42) on the basis of a preliminary assessment, and to be followed by a commodity risk assessment. A list of 'high risk plants, plant products and other objects' has been published (EU) 2018/201922 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 of 18 December 2018 establishing a provisional list of high risk plants, plant products or other objects, within the meaning of Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 and a list of plants for which phytosanitary certificates are not required for introduction into the Union, within the meaning of Article 73 of that Regulation C/2018/8877. OJ L 323, 19.12.2018, pp. 10–15.. Scientific opinions are therefore needed to support the European Commission and the Member States in the work connected to Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, as stipulated in the terms of reference. 1.1.2 Terms of reference In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No 178/200233 Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31, 1.2.2002, pp. 1–24., the Commission asks EFSA to provide scientific opinions in the field of plant health. In particular, EFSA is expected to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in the relevant Implementing Acts as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. Article 42, paragraphs 4 and 5, establishes that a risk assessment is needed as a follow-up to evaluate whether the commodities will remain prohibited, removed from the list and additional measures will be applied or removed from the list without any additional measures. This task is expected to be on-going, with a regular flow of dossiers being sent by the applicant required for the risk assessment. Therefore, to facilitate the correct handling of the dossiers and the acquisition of the required data for the commodity risk assessment, a format for the submission of the required data for each dossier is needed. Furthermore, a standard methodology for the performance of 'commodity risk assessment' based on the work already done by Member States and other international organizations needs to be set. In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, the Commission asks EFSA to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health for Persea americana from Israel taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical dossier provided by Israel. 1.2 Interpretation of the Terms of Reference The EFSA Panel on Plant Health (hereafter referred to as 'the Panel') conducted a commodity risk assessment of P. americana Mill., from Israel (IL) following the Guidance on commodity risk assessment for the evaluation of high-risk plant dossiers (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019a). The EU quarantine pests that are regulated as a group in the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 were considered and evaluated separately at species level. The references to 'non-European' refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031. The criteria used in this opinion to determine if a Scolytidae spp. (non-European) is considered as potentially quarantine for the EU followed the proposal and criteria specified in EFSA, 2020, i.e. a non-EU Scolytinae is defined by its geographical distribution outside of the EU territory. As such, Scolytinae not reported from the EU and occurring only outside of the EU territory are considered as non-EU Scolytinae. Furthermore, Scolytinae occurring outside the EU and having only a limited presence in the EU (reported from up to three EU Member States (MSs), with restricted distribution) are also considered as non-EU. Pests listed as 'Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest' (RNQP)' in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 were not considered for further evaluation, in line with a letter from European Commission from 24 October 2019, Ref. Ares (2019)6579768 - 24/10/2019, on Clarification on EFSA mandate on high risk plants. In its evaluation, the Panel: Checked whether the provided information in the technical dossier (hereafter referred to as 'the Dossier') provided by Israel (IL) was sufficient to conduct a commodity risk assessment. When necessary, additional information was requested to the Israel Authority (Plant Protection and Inspection Services – PPIS). Selected the relevant union EU-regulated quarantine pests and protected zone quarantine pests (as specified in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/207244 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 of 28 November 2019 establishing uniform conditions for the implementation of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and the Council, as regards protective measures against pests of plants, and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 690/2008 and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019, OJ L 319, 10.12.2019, p. 1–279., hereafter referred to as 'EU quarantine pests') and other relevant pests present in Israel and associated with the commodity. For those Union quarantine pests for which specific measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the specific country in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, the assessment was restricted to whether or not the applicant country applies those measures. The effectiveness of those measures was not assessed. For those Union quarantine pests for which no specific measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the specific applicant country and other relevant pests present in applicant country and associated with the commodity, the effectiveness of the measures described by the applicant in the dossier was assessed. Risk management decisions are not within EFSA's remit. Therefore, the Panel provided a rating for the likelihood of pest freedom for each relevant pest given the risk mitigation measures proposed by the PPIS of Israel. 2 Data and methodologies 2.1 Data provided by the PPIS of Israel The Panel considered all the data and information (hereafter called 'the Dossier') provided by the PPIS of Israel on 16 October 2019, including the additional information provided by the PPIS of Israel on 17 March 2020 and 5 July 2020. The Dossier is managed by EFSA. The structure and overview of the Dossier is shown in Table 1. The number of the relevant section will be indicated in the opinion when referring to a specific part of the Dossier. Table 1. Structure and overview of the Dossier and additional material submitted by the PPIS of Israel Dossier section Overview of contents Filename 1. Technical dossier on Persea americana (complete document) Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2. COMMODITY DATA Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.1. Taxonomic information Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.2. Plants for planting specification (ISPM 36 – FAO, 2012) Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.3. Production period Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.4. Phytosanitary status and management Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.5. Intended use Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.6. Production area Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.7. Separation of production areas Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.8. Climatic classification Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 2.9. Pictures and description Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 3. PESTS LIST Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 3.1. List of all the pests potentially associated with the commodity plant species or genus in the exporting country Pest list for Avocado_and presence in Israel 4.docx 3.2. List of EU regulated pests (Table D.1) D1 Avocado 21.docx 3.3. List of non-regulated pests (Table D.2) D2 Avocado 40.docx 3.4. Summary table of relevant pests associated with the commodity (Table D.3) D3 Avocado 5.docx Data for each pest of Table D.3 Ambrosia datasheet 1.docx Aonidiella orientalis datasheet.docx Bemisia tabaci datasheet 1.docx Eutetranychus orientalis datasheet 1.docx Fig Borer datasheet 2.docx Fusarium pallidoroseum datasheet 2.docx Helicoverpa armigera datasheet 1.docx Icerya aegyptiaca datasheet 3.docx Maladera insanabilis datasheet 2.docx Milviscutulus mangiferae datasheet 1.docx Parabemisia myricae datasheet 1.docx Retithrips syriacus datasheet 2.docx Scirtothrips dorsalis datasheet 1.docx Spodoptera littoralis datasheet 1.docx 3.4.1. Scientific name 3.4.2. Taxonomic classification 3.4.3. Geographical distribution 3.4.4. Prevalence of the pest during the season 3.4.5. Biology of the pest 3.4.6. Main hosts 3.4.7. Arthropods and nematodes description 3.4.8. Pathogens description 3.4.9. Other living organisms description 3.4.10. Impact of the pest 3.4.11. Information from other pest risk assessment(s) 4. DATA ON PHYTOSANITARY MITIGATION MEASURES Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 4.1. Description of phytosanitary mitigation measures Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 4.2. Description of phytosanitary regulations Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 4.3. Description of surveillance and monitoring Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 4.4. Trade volumes and frequencies Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 4.5. Description of post-harvest procedures Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 5. Appendix E tables Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 5.1. Table E.1 – Details of pesticide treatment Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 5.2. Table E.2 – Details of other treatments/measures Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 5.3 Table E.4 – Assessment of the overall efficacy of phytosanitary mitigation measures Avocado information for EFSA 23.docx 6. Response after the request for clarification on the characteristics of the plant material for export by the PPIS of Israel Additional Information on Persea americana (EFSA-Q-2019-00654 and 0007-ISRAEL).msg 7. Response after the request of additional information regarding the request to provide a scientific opinion on the risk assessment for the EU territory of Persea americana submitted by the Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS), Israel 2020.7.5 - Answers to EFSA questions Avocado May 2020.pdf The data and supporting information provided by the PPIS of Israel formed the basis of the commodity risk assessment. Additionally, the PPIS of Israel used several databases and references to compile the dossier and provide the requested information (Tables 2 and 3). Table 2. Scientific literature mainly used by the Israelian Authority when preparing the Dossier References Abd-Rabou S and Evans GA, 2018. The Mango Shield Scale, Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) – A New Invasive Soft Scale in Egypt. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 53, 91−96. Amin PW, Reddy DVR and Ghanekar AM, 1981. Transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus, the causal agent of bud necrosis of peanut, by Scirtothrips dorsalis and Frankliniella schultzei. Plant Disease, 65, 663–665. Anderson H and MacLeod A, 2008. CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Milviscutulus mangiferae. Available online: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=3886 Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 2017. Final group pest risk analysis for thrips and orthotospoviruses on fresh fruit, vegetable, cut-flower and foliage imports. CC BY 3.0. Baker R, Caffier D, Choiseul JW, de Clerc P and Dormannsne-Simon E, 2008. Pest risk assessment made by France on Citrus chlorotic dwarf virus considered by France as harmful in the French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health. [Contract] European Commission, 17 pp. Belisario A, Luongo L, Vitale S and Santori A, 2010. First Report of Fusarium semitectum as the Agent of Twig Cankers on Persian (English) Walnut in Italy. APS Publications, 94, 791. Blumberg D and Wysoki M, 2012. Japanese bayberry whitefly Parabemisia myricae Kuwana (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Alon Hanotea, 66, 38–40. CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Bemisia tabaci. Campbell LR, Robb KL and Ullman DE, 2005. The complete tospovirus resource guide (http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/tospovirus/tospo_list.htm), Kansas State University. EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health posed by Eutetranychus orientalis Klein in the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. EFSA Journal 2013;11(7):3317, 81 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3317 EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory. EFSA Journal 2013;11(4):3162, 302 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3162. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal European Commission report of an audit performed in Israel in March 2018, on the Export Controls of plants. Report number 2018-6493. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit_reports/details.cfm?rep_id=4008 Freeman S, Sharon M, Maymon M, Mendel Z, Protasov A, Aoki T, Eskalen A and O'Donnell K, 2013. Neocosmospora euwallaceaesp. nov.- a symbiotic fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in Israel and California. Mycologia, 105, 1595–1606. der Gaag and der Straten, 2017. Assessment of the potential impact of American Spodoptera species for the European Union. Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Utrecht, the Netherlands. Gerson U and Zor Y, 1973. The armoured scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) of avocado trees in Israel. Journal of natural History, 7, 513–533. Gupta RK, 2017. Foodborne infectious diseases. In: Food Safety in the 21st Century, Public Health Perspective, pp. 13–28. Academic Press. ISPM standards (adopted). Available online: https://www.ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/ispms Kumar V, Seal DR and Kakkar G, 2017. Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood. Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. Available online: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/thrips/chilli_thrips.htm Mannion MC, Derksen A, Seal D, Osborne L and Martin C, 2014. Population Dynamics of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Other Thrips Species on Two Ornamental Host Plant Species in Southern Florida. Environmental Entomology, 43. 10.1603/EN13263 Mendel Z, Protasov A, Wysoki M, Elyihu M, Maoz Y, Sharon M, Zveibil A, Noy M, Ben Yehuda S and Freeman S, 2012. A major treat on the Avocado industry in Israel, an ambrosia beetle that vectors a fusarial pathogen. Alon Hanotea', 66, 30–35 (in Hebrew). Mendel Z, 2014. Study on the Avocado shot-hole borer, Euwallacea aff. fornicata and its symbiotic fungus as a basis for development of environmentally friendly management (in Hebrew). Mendel Z, 2017. Study on the avocado ambrosia problem with emphasis on the development of environmentally friendly management tools (in Hebrew). Mendel Z, Protasov A, Maoz Y, Maymon M, Miller G, Elazar M and Freeman S, 2017. The role of Euwallacea nr. fornicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in the wilt syndrome of avocado trees in Israel. Phytoparasitica, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-017-0598-6 Procedure for checking and approval of shipments for export of propagation material. Available online: https://www.moag.gov.il/Procedures/Documents/ishur_mishkochim_ribui.pdf (In Hebrew, no English version) Procedure for issuance and application of phytosanitary certificates for plants and plant products. Available online: https://www.moag.gov.il/Procedures/Documents/hanpaka_teudot_briut_zmachim.pdf (In Hebrew, no English version). Rao RDVJP, Reddy AS, Reddy SV, Thirumala-Devi K, Rao SC, Kumar VM, Subramaniam K, Reddy TY, Nigram SN and Reddy DVR, 2003. The host range of Tobacco streak virus in India and transmission by thrips. Annals of Applied Biology, 142, 365–368. Regulation concerning the production of Persea americana in Israel: Seed Regulations (Cultivation and marketing of plants) – 1964. Section E – Cultivation and marketing of avocado plants. Available online: https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/Law01/137_006.htm#med5 (In Hebrew, no English version). Potting R, Jan van der Gaag D and Wessels-Berk B, 2008. Short PRA BATOCERA RUFOMACULATA, Mango Tree Stem Borer, Version 1.0. Netherlands Plant Protection Service. Available online: file:///C:/Users/danai/Downloads/Risicobeoordeling+Pest+Risk+Analysis+-+Batocera+Rufomaculata.pdf Rotem Y, Plati Y, and Ben Yefet Y, 1998. Plant Diseases in Israel. Volcani Center Beit Dagan Israel. 523 pp. Seal DR, Klassen W and Kumar V, 2009, in review. Biological parameters of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, on selected hosts. Environmental Entomology. Shimon B, 2018. Pests, Diseases and Weeds and their Management in Deciduous Fruit Tree Orchards. Extension services in Ministry of Agriculture, Israel. Swirski E, Wysoki M and Izhar Y, 2002. Subtropical Fruits Pests in Israel. Volcani Center, Beit Dagan Israel, 285 pp. The Food and Environment Research Agency, UK. Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Euwallacea sp.) and Husarium Dieback (Neocomospora euwallaceae). Available online: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=4055 The Law of Supervision of Plant and Plant Product Export, 1954. Available online: https://fs.knesset.gov.il//2/law/2_lsr_208430.PDF (In Hebrew, no English version). The Israeli Plant and Plant Products Exportation Supervision Regulations, 1979. Available online: https://www.moag.gov.il/ppis/Laws/Regulation/Pages/1979-%20pikuah%20al%20yatzu.aspx (In Hebrew, no English version). Table 3. Database sources used by the Israelian Authority when preparing the Dossier Acronym/short title Database name and service provider URL of database Justification for choosing database CABI Name: CABI Crop Protection Compendium Provider: CAB International https://www.cabi.org/cpc/ A database that draws together scientific information on all aspects of crop protection, including extensive global coverage of pests, diseases, weeds and their natural enemies, the crops that are their hosts and the countries in which they occur. EPPO Name: EPPO Global Database Provider: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization https://gd.eppo.int/ This database provides all pest-specific information that has been produced or collected by EPPO. Fauna Europaea Name: Fauna Europaea Provider: Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin https://fauna-eu.org/ A database which lists main zoological taxonomic index in Europe. PPME Name: Plant Pests of the Middle East Provider: The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/mepests/ This database provides considerable information of the different pest species, their biology, host range and how to control them. Scalenet Name: Scalenet Provider: García Morales M, Denno BD, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB http://scalenet.info/associates/ This database provides information on scale insects, their taxonomic diversity, nomenclatural history, biogeography, ecological associations and economic importance. Plantwise Knowledge Bank CABI https://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/plantwise-knowledge-bank/ An open access gateway to actionable plant health information and services – from diagnostic and management advice to pest location maps and news. Agricultural Pest Management Guidelines Name UC-IPM, Pest Management Guidelines Provider: University of California https://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/ Information sheets for different crops and pests. Lepiforum Provider: The Lepiforum Society (Germany) http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl Internet forum with information on species occurrence and biology for Lepidoptera. 2.2 Literature searches performed by EFSA Literature searches were undertaken by EFSA to complete a list of pests potentially associated with P. americana in Israel. Two searches were combined: (i) a general search to identify pests of P. americana in different databases and (ii) a tailored search to identify whether these pests are present or not in Israel and the EU. The searches were run between 11 November 2019 and 25 November 2019. No language, date or document type restrictions were applied in the search strategy. Additional information used by PPIS and details on literature searches along with full list of references can be found in the Dossier i.e. Sections 2 and 3. The Panel used the databases indicated in Table 4 to compile the list of pests associated with P. americana. As for Web of Science, the literature search was performed using a specific, ad hoc established search string (see Appendix B). The string was run in 'All Databases' with no range limits for time or language filters. This is further explained in
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