Evidence of Foodborne Transmission of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) through the Animal Products Food Supply Chain
2021; American Chemical Society; Volume: 55; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1021/acs.est.0c06822
ISSN1520-5851
AutoresLigang Hu, Jie Gao, Linlin Yao, Li Zeng, Qian Liu, Qunfang Zhou, Haiyan Zhang, Dawei Lü, Jianjie Fu, Qian S. Liu, Min Li, Xingchen Zhao, Xingwang Hou, Jianbo Shi, Lihong Liu, Yingying Guo, Yawei Wang, Guang‐Guo Ying, Yong Cai, Maosheng Yao, Zongwei Cai, Yongning Wu, Guangbo Qu, Guibin Jiang,
Tópico(s)Infection Control and Ventilation
ResumoInfoMetricsFiguresRef. Environmental Science & TechnologyVol 55/Issue 5Article This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse ViewpointFebruary 16, 2021Evidence of Foodborne Transmission of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) through the Animal Products Food Supply ChainClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!Ligang HuLigang HuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaInstitute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, ChinaMore by Ligang Huhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-4720Jie GaoJie GaoState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Jie GaoLinlin YaoLinlin YaoState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Linlin YaoLi ZengLi ZengState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Li ZengQian LiuQian LiuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaInstitute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, ChinaMore by Qian Liuhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-7961Qunfang ZhouQunfang ZhouState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaInstitute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, ChinaMore by Qunfang Zhouhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-100XHaiyan ZhangHaiyan ZhangCollege of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaMore by Haiyan Zhanghttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7508-7831Dawei LuDawei LuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Dawei LuJianjie FuJianjie FuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Jianjie Fuhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-0719Qian S. LiuQian S. LiuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Qian S. Liuhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4759-5016Min LiMin LiState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaResearch Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, ChinaMore by Min LiXingchen ZhaoXingchen ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR ChinaMore by Xingchen Zhaohttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-6441-9394Xingwang HouXingwang HouState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Xingwang HouJianbo ShiJianbo ShiState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Jianbo Shihttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-2637-1929Lihong LiuLihong LiuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Lihong LiuYingying GuoYingying GuoState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Yingying GuoYawei WangYawei WangState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaMore by Yawei Wanghttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6115-4076Guang-Guo YingGuang-Guo YingSCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaMore by Guang-Guo Yinghttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-1078Yong CaiYong CaiDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United StatesMore by Yong Caihttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-2811-4638Maosheng YaoMaosheng YaoCollege of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaMore by Maosheng Yaohttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-8054Zongwei CaiZongwei CaiState Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR ChinaMore by Zongwei Caihttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-7684Yongning WuYongning WuNHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, ChinaMore by Yongning Wuhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-6430-1302Guangbo Qu*Guangbo QuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaInstitute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China*Email: [email protected]More by Guangbo Quhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-7009Guibin JiangGuibin JiangState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, ChinaSchool of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaInstitute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, ChinaMore by Guibin Jianghttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6335-3917Open PDFEnvironmental Science & TechnologyCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 5, 2713–2716Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c06822https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06822Published February 16, 2021 Publication History Received 10 October 2020Published online 16 February 2021Published in issue 2 March 2021article-commentaryCopyright © 2021 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsThis publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society. ACS PublicationsCopyright © 2021 American Chemical SocietySubjectswhat are subjectsArticle subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article.Animal derived foodAntimicrobial activityCluster chemistryFoodInfectious diseasesNoteThis article is made available via the ACS COVID-19 subset for unrestricted RESEARCH re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in significant social disruptions and human costs. The predominant transmission routes are conjectured to be inhalation of airborne virus and contact with fomites on shared surfaces. Recently, COVID-19 infection clusters have been reported related to the fresh meat and seafood industry in different countries which caused concerns about the foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to the human population.Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants between live animals and humans has recently been reported at mink farms in several countries, such as Denmark, the U.S., Netherlands, and Spain. (1) In Denmark, over two hundreds human cases of COVID-19 were infected by a specific mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant, resulting in the culling of minks in the country to preventing humans from infection. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected live animals, including farmed minks, household cats and dogs, and tigers. Thus, the potential transmission loop of SARS-CoV-2 spreading from humans to animals and back to humans has announced serious concern. (1,2) In summary, there is growing consensus that both farmed and household animal species can be host for SARS-CoV-2 variants, and future research should focus on revealing the possible transmission pathways.Frequent outbreaks of COVID-19 infections have also been reported among workers in slaughtered meat processing plants in different countries, such as Canada, Brazil, Germany, and Ireland. In Auckland, New Zealand, four new COVID-19 infected cases were reported in August 2020 following a period of no new infections for more than 100 days in the country, one of whom was a worker engaged in handling frozen food. In Qingdao, China, two dockers handling imported frozen seafood tested positive which resulted in a small-scale COVID-19 outbreak.At the end of meat and seafood supply chain, such as food markets and grocery outlets, COVID-19 clusters have also been reported. In Beijing, China, after no local cases had been reported for 56 days, a new COVID-19 cluster was reported by the China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on June 11, 2020, with most cases traced to the Xinfadi Wholesale Food Market, the largest wholesale market for agricultural products in Beijing, providing fruits, vegetables, and seafood and meat in fresh or frozen packaging. (3) The source of the infection was traced to imported frozen salmon. (3)During the food processing of infected animals, including slaughtering, dissecting and packaging, the food, its packages, and the associated environments could be contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Although it is hard for SARS-CoV-2 to replicate after leaving the host, evidence exists that the virus can survive even on frozen surfaces for prolonged periods of transit and export. (2−4) As the dose of most of respiratory viruses needed for infection is low, survival of low levels of the virus on globally exported meat and seafood products may lead to the global spread and resurgence of COVID-19 via the cold food supply chain. Similarly, infected workers may also transmit the virus into the animal food chain.Overall, various evidence highlights the considerable risk of transmission and infection of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the fresh and frozen animal produce supply chain, from initial breeding, intermediate processing, to terminal sales (Figure 1). Most of the current knowledge on the risk of environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the food chain is based on previous studies of other CoVs, such as SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, (4) but not SARS-CoV-2. Enveloped viruses are typically adsorbed on surfaces via electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions, (5) which is highly dependent on the properties of different surface. To investigate the surface behavior of SARS-CoV-2 under real scenarios, (6,7) the precise characterization of the surface properties and the associated microenvironment such as humidity, pH, and biofluid is needed. In addition, more attention should be paid to the adsorption and desorption characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 at cellular/tissue surfaces as food product to evaluate the viability of SARS-CoV-2. Based on this understanding of the underlying adsorption and survival mechanisms, new packaging and shipment surface materials could be designed to reduce or prevent the viability of SARS-CoV-2.Figure 1Figure 1. Possible food-associated transmission routes of COVID-19.High Resolution ImageDownload MS PowerPoint SlideIn addition, disinfection remains another essential tool in the prevention of foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Ultraviolet light is currently used for the disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of imported packages. (8) However, given the frequent and extensive infection processes that would currently be required combined with the health concerns regarding the use of the disinfection products, alternative ideas are still needed for the development of effective disinfection methods with low side effects.One alternative is the routine surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 (or its variants) in all meat and seafood for consumption. This would make a significant contribution to the prevention and control of foodborne transmission of the virus. For example, routine sampling and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 on the imported food arriving in Tianjin, a port city in China, reported the positive testing of SARS-CoV-2 in imported pork in November 2020. Simultaneously, three new COVID-19 cases were traced and confirmed by workers involved in handling these contaminated imported foods. We propose the genetic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in animals destined for the food industry should be included in the routine surveillance of animal farming. This will be of benefit to trace the source, mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential hosts as SARS-CoV-2 vectors in food-providing animals. In addition, although there is no report on the infection because of the contamination of plant-based products, they may also be an important vector to mediate the infection of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, facing with the emerging vectors for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, analytical throughput and information acquisition in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is still the major challenge and the development of high-throughput monitoring methods are needed for the analysis of large volumes of imported foods. (9) However, it remains arguably the most effective and feasible measure to detect infected food products and prevent foodborne transmission. The abundance of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment should be accurately determined based on a standardized method, including standards of sampling, pretreatment, storage, and quantitative/qualitative analysis, and applied for the comparison of different processes, especially for the global food supply chain. The integrity and viability of SARS-CoV-2 on packaged, stored and transported materials need to be evaluated, and the relationship between abundance, viability, and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 should be established. (10,11)While new foodborne transmission vehicles and viral mutations may still emerge in an unexpected manner, hampering our surveillance and control of the pandemic and resulting in the resurgence of COVID-19 or similar infectious disease, the underlying knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 vectors is important for policymakers to improve the current surveillance and disinfection strategies for the maintenance of the normal global food supply chain and the associated international trade and economy during the pandemic. We have acquired extensive experience in physical distancing, lockdowns, mask use, and movement restrictions for controlling this pandemic. However, our scientific understanding on the effective control strategies for the pandemic is still limited, and additional research is imperative to combat emerging COVID-19 transmission vehicles that are currently out of sight.Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorGuangbo Qu - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-7009; Email: [email protected]AuthorsLigang Hu - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-4720Jie Gao - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaLinlin Yao - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaLi Zeng - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaQian Liu - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-7961Qunfang Zhou - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-100XHaiyan Zhang - College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7508-7831Dawei Lu - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaJianjie Fu - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-0719Qian S. Liu - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4759-5016Min Li - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, ChinaXingchen Zhao - State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6441-9394Xingwang Hou - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaJianbo Shi - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2637-1929Lihong Liu - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaYingying Guo - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaYawei Wang - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6115-4076Guang-Guo Ying - SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-1078Yong Cai - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2811-4638Maosheng Yao - College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-8054Zongwei Cai - State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-7684Yongning Wu - NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6430-1302Guibin Jiang - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6335-3917NotesThe authors declare no competing financial interest.ReferencesClick to copy section linkSection link copied! This article references 11 other publications. 1Koopmans, M. SARS-CoV-2 and the human-animal interface: outbreaks on mink farms. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2021, 21 (1), 18– 19, DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30912-9 Google Scholar1SARS-CoV-2 and the human-animal interface: outbreaks on mink farmsKoopmans, MarionLancet Infectious Diseases (2021), 21 (1), 18-19CODEN: LIDABP; ISSN:1473-3099. (Elsevier Ltd.) SARS-CoV-2 and the human-animal interface: outbreaks on mink farms. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisVerurvO&md5=ac51df187de38d0ebe238d22dfd32f3f2Munnink, B. B. O.; Sikkema, R. S.; Nieuwenhuijse, D. F.; Molenaar, R. J.; Munger, E.; Molenkamp, R.; Spek, A. v. d.; Tolsma, P.; Rietveld, A.; Brouwer, M.; Bouwmeester-Vincken, N.; Harders, F.; Honing, R. H.-v. d.; Wegdam-Blans, M. C. A.; Bouwstra, R. J.; GeurtsvanKessel, C.; Eijk, A. A. v. d.; Velkers, F. C.; Smit, L. A. M.; Stegeman, A.; Poel, W. H. M. v. d.; Koopmans, M. P. G. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans. Science 2021, 371 (6525), 172– 177, DOI: 10.1126/science.abe5901 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.3Pang, X.; Ren, L.; Wu, S.; Ma, W.; JianYang; Di, L.; Li, J.; Xiao, Y.; Kang, L.; Du, S.; Du, J.; Wang, J.; Li, G.; Zhai, S.; Chen, L.; Zhou, W.; Lai, S.; Gao, L.; Pan, Y.; Wang, Q.; Li, M.; Wang, J.; Huang, Y.; Wang, J. Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of Covid-19 resurgence in Beijing. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2020, 7 (12), 1861– 1864, DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa264 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.4Kampf, G.; Todt, D.; Pfaender, S.; Steinmann, E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J. Hosp. Infect. 2020, 104 (3), 246– 251, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022 Google Scholar4Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agentsKampf G; Todt D; Pfaender S; Steinmann EThe Journal of hospital infection (2020), 104 (3), 246-251 ISSN:. Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection, e.g. in healthcare facilities. The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Other biocidal agents such as 0.05-0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective. As no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB38%252FpvFSkuw%253D%253D&md5=14d5a24cb2cafca558493e774cbc1cfc5Joonaki, E.; Hassanpouryouzband, A.; Heldt, C. L.; Areo, O. Surface Chemistry Can Unlock Drivers of Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in Variety of Environmental Conditions. Chem. 2020, 6, 1– 12, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.001 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.6Biryukov, J.; Boydston, J. A.; Dunning, R. A.; Yeager, J. J.; Wood, S.; Reese, A. L.; Ferris, A.; Miller, D.; Weaver, W.; Zeitouni, N. E.; Phillips, A.; Freeburger, D.; Hooper, I.; Ratnesar-Shumate, S.; Yolitz, J.; Krause, M.; Williams, G.; Dawson, D. G.; Herzog, A.; Dabisch, P.; Wahl, V.; Hevey, M. C.; Altamura, L. A. I
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