Commodity risk assessment of Ullucus tuberosus tubers from Peru
2021; Wiley; Volume: 19; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6428
ISSN1831-4732
AutoresClaude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie‐Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas‐Cortés, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Lucia Zappalà, Andrea Lucchi, Gregor Urek, Pedro Gómez, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Andrea Maiorano, Eduardo de la Peña, Jonathan Yuen,
Tópico(s)Insect behavior and control techniques
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 19, Issue 3 e06428 Scientific Opinion Open Access Commodity risk assessment of Ullucus tuberosus tubers from Peru EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Search for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Search for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Search for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Search for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Search for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Search for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Search for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Search for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Search for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Search for more papers by this authorJuan Antonio Navas-Cortes, Search for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Search for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Search for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Search for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Search for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Search for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Search for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Lucchi, Search for more papers by this authorGregor Urek, Search for more papers by this authorPedro Gómez, Search for more papers by this authorOlaf Mosbach-Schulz, Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Maiorano, Search for more papers by this authorEduardo de la Peña, Search for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Search for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Search for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Search for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Search for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Search for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Search for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Search for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Search for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Search for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Search for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Search for more papers by this authorJuan Antonio Navas-Cortes, Search for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Search for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Search for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Search for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Search for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Search for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Search for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Lucchi, Search for more papers by this authorGregor Urek, Search for more papers by this authorPedro Gómez, Search for more papers by this authorOlaf Mosbach-Schulz, Search for more papers by this authorAndrea Maiorano, Search for more papers by this authorEduardo de la Peña, Search for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Search for more papers by this author First published: 10 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6428 Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2020-00094 Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan Antonio Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappalà. Declarations of interest: The declarations of interest of all scientific experts active in EFSA's work are available at https://ess.efsa.europa.eu/doi/doiweb/doisearch. Acknowledgements: EFSA wishes to acknowledge the contribution of Oresteia Sfyra to this opinion. Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder: Figures 2, 3 and 5 Adopted: 28 January 2021 AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by tubers of Ullucus tuberosus imported from Peru, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Peru. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru, (ii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. There are five pests i.e. one insect (Amathynetoides nitidiventris), two nematodes (Atalodera andina and Nacobbus aberrans) and two viruses (the Andean potato latent virus (APLV) and the potato virus T (PVT)) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For the five pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Peru were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For each of the five pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with PVT being the pest most frequently expected on the imported commodities. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,157 and 10,000 tubers out of 10,000 would be free of PVT. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Terms of Reference as provided by European Commission 1.1.1 Background The new Plant Health Regulation (EU) 2016/203111 Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants, amending Regulations (EU) 228/2013, (EU) 652/2014 and (EU) 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directives 69/464/EEC, 74/647/EEC, 93/85/EEC, 98/57/EC, 2000/29/EC, 2006/91/EC and 2007/33/EC. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, pp. 4–104., on the protective measures against pests of plants, has been applied from December 2019. Provisions within the above Regulation are in place for the listing of 'high risk plants, plant products and other objects' (Article 42) on the basis of a preliminary assessment, and to be followed by a commodity risk assessment. A list of 'high risk plants, plant products and other objects' has been published in Regulation (EU) 2018/201922 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 of 18 December 2018 establishing a provisional list of high risk plants, plant products or other objects, within the meaning of Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 and a list of plants for which phytosanitary certificates are not required for introduction into the Union, within the meaning of Article 73 of that Regulation C/2018/8877. OJ L 323, 19.12.2018, pp. 10–15.. Scientific opinions are therefore needed to support the European Commission and the Member States in the work connected to Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, as stipulated in the terms of reference. 1.1.2 Terms of reference In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No. 178/200233 Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31, 1.2.2002, pp. 1–24., the Commission asks EFSA to provide scientific opinions in the field of plant health. In particular, EFSA is expected to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in the relevant Implementing Act as "High risk plants, plant products and other objects". Article 42, paragraphs 4 and 5, establishes that a risk assessment is needed as a follow-up to evaluate whether the commodities will remain prohibited, removed from the list and additional measures will be applied or removed from the list without any additional measures. This task is expected to be on-going, with a regular flow of dossiers being sent by the applicant required for the risk assessment. Therefore, to facilitate the correct handling of the dossiers and the acquisition of the required data for the commodity risk assessment, a format for the submission of the required data for each dossier is needed. Furthermore, a standard methodology for the performance of "commodity risk assessment" based on the work already done by Member States and other international organizations needs to be set. In view of the above and in accordance with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002, the Commission asks EFSA to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health for Ullucus tuberosus from Peru taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical dossier provided by Peru. 1.2 Interpretation of the Terms of Reference The EFSA Panel on Plant Health (hereafter referred to as 'the Panel') was requested to conduct a commodity risk assessment of Ullucus tuberosus from Peru (PE) following the Guidance on commodity risk assessment for the evaluation of high-risk plant dossiers (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019a). The EU quarantine pests that are regulated as a group in the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 were considered and evaluated separately at species level. The references to 'non-European' refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031. Pests listed as 'Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest' (RNQP) in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 were not considered for further evaluation, in line with a letter from European Commission from 24 October 2019, Ref. Ares (2019)6579768 – 24/10/2019, on Clarification on EFSA mandate on High Risk Plants. In its evaluation the Panel: Checked whether the provided information in the technical dossier (hereafter referred to as 'the Dossier') provided by Peru (PE) was sufficient to conduct a commodity risk assessment. When necessary, additional information was requested to the Peruvian NPPO. Selected the relevant union EU-regulated quarantine pests and protected zone quarantine pests (as specified in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/207244 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 of 28 November 2019 establishing uniform conditions for the implementation of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and the Council, as regards protective measures against pests of plants, and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 690/2008 and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019. OJ L 319, 10.12.2019, p. 1–279., hereafter referred to as 'EU quarantine pests') and other relevant pests, absent and not regulated in the EU, present in Peru and associated with the commodity. For those Union quarantine pests for which specific measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the specific country in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, the assessment was restricted to whether or not the applicant country applies those measures. The effectiveness of those measures was not assessed. For those Union quarantine pests for which no specific measures are in place for the import of the commodity from the specific applicant country and other relevant pests present in applicant country and associated with the commodity, the effectiveness of the measures described by the applicant in the dossier was assessed. Risk management decisions are not within EFSA's remit. Therefore, the Panel provided a rating based on expert judgement regarding the likelihood of pest freedom for each relevant pest given the risk mitigation measures proposed by Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria del Perú (hereafter SENASA). 2 Data and methodologies 2.1 Data provided by SENASA, Peru The Panel considered all the data and information in the Dossier provided by SENASA on 20 January 2020, including the additional information provided by SENASA on 07 July 2020, after EFSA's request. The Dossier is managed by EFSA. The structure and overview of the Dossier is shown in Table 1. The number of the relevant section is indicated in the opinion when referring to a specific part of the Dossier. Table 1. Structure and overview of the Dossier Dossier section Overview of contents Filename 1 Technical Dossier on Ullucus tuberosus (complete document) REF2 CARTA N 0031-2020-DSV (IMP.TUBERCULOS OLLUCO-UE).pdf 2 Additional information provided by SENASA on 07 July 2020 ADJ CARTA-0329-2020-DSV (Ullucus tuberosus).pdf The data and supporting information provided by SENASA formed the basis of the commodity risk assessment. Data sources used by SENASA to compile the Dossier (details on literature searches can be found in the Dossier Section 1) (Table 2). Table 2. Database sources used in the literature searches by SENASA Database name and service provider URL of database Justification for choosing database CABI Crop Protection CompendiumProvider: CAB International https://www.cabi.org/cpc/ A database compiling scientific information on all aspects of crop protection, including extensive global coverage of pests, diseases, weeds and their natural enemies, the crops that are their hosts and the countries in which they occur EPPO Global DatabaseProvider: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization https://gd.eppo.int/ Provides all pest-specific information that has been produced or collected by EPPO Alcázar J., Gonzalo A. y S. Mayta. 2004. Capítulo V - Plagas y su Control. p. 59–71."El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ Scientific publication about ulluco in Peru Avalos, C. 2008. Olluco: Sabrosa raíz andina. Revista Generacción, Lima – Perú. Volumen 78: p. 42–47."Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ", Tesis para optar el grado de Magister Scientiae en Mejoramiento Genético de Plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe Website (of the University of La Molina, Lima, Peru) that includes scientific and academic production on Andean crops and agricultural production Brücher, H. 1967. Ullucus aborigineus spec. nov., die Wildform einer andinenKulturpflanze. Ber Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 80(4): p. 376–381."Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ", Tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ Cadima, X., G. Valdivia, V. Guzmán. 1997. Caracterización morfológica y bioquímica (pruebas preliminares). En: Informe anual 1996-97 IBTA PROINPA.Technical information on Ulluco (Ulluco tuberosus) to export European Union 26Cochabamba, Bolivia. p. 934–936.El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ Website holding several scientific publications about ulluco in Peru Calzada, J.; C. Mantari. 1954. Cultivo y variedades del olluco en Puno. Perú, La Vida Agrícola 31(363): p. 139–144."El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ Cárdenas, M. 1969. Manual de plantas económicas de Bolivia. Cochabamba, Imprenta Icthus, p. 54–60."Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ". Tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ Website of the University of La Molina, (Lima, Peru) including academic publications on Andean crops and agricultural production Chuquillanqui C., Fuentes S. y Holle M. 2004. Capitulo III – Las Enfermedades causadas por virus y su control. p. 20–38"El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ Website holding several scientific publications about ulluco in Peru Farfán, A. 1998. Comparativo ecofisiológico preliminar de oca, ulluco y añu en diferentes altitudes de la C.C. Picol, Taray, Calca. Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Perú. 172 p."Composición nutricional y de mucílago de tres variedades de olluco (Ullucustuberosus Loz.) para la obtención de chuño de olluco en el distrito de santotomás – cusco". Tésis para optar al título profesional de ingeniero agropecuario. http://repositorio.unsaac.edu.pe/ Frere, M.; J. Rea; J.Rijks. 1977. Ullucus tuberosus. En: M. Frere; J. Rea; J. Rijks (eds.). Estudio agroclimatológico de la zona andina. Organización de las NU para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Roma, Italia. p. 331–337."El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ IPGRI/CIP, 2003. Descriptores del Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus). Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Roma, Italia; Centro Internacional de la Papa, Lima Perú. https://books.google.com.pe/ Jeffries CJ, 1998. FAO/IPGRI technical guidelines for the safe movement of germplasm. No. 19: Potato. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm. No. 19. Potato, No. 19:177 pp.; many ref. https://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/42783. A database compiling scientific information on all aspects of crop protection, including extensive global coverage of pests, diseases, weeds and their natural enemies, the crops that are their hosts and the countries in which they occur Jones RAC; Fribourg CE, 1977. Beetle, contact and potato true seed transmission of Andean potato latent virus. Annals of Applied Biology, 86(1):123-128 https://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/42518 Jones RAC; Fribourg CE, 1981. Andean potato latent virus. In: Hooker WJ, ed. Compendium of Potato Diseases. St Paul, MN, USA: APS Press, 78. https://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/42518 King, SR. 1988. Economic Botany of the Andean Tuber Crop Complex: Lepidium Meyenii, Oxalis tuberosa, Tropaeolum Tuberosum and Ullucus tuberosus. Ph. D. Thesis, The City University, New York, 282 p.Name of the resource: "El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ Website giving access to scientific publications about ulluco in Peru León, J. 1964. Plantas alimenticias andinas. Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas, Zona Andina, Lima, Perú. 112 p."El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ Lizarraga C; Santa Cruz M; Salazar LF, 1996. First report of potato leafroll luteovirus in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Plant Disease, 80(3):344."El cultivo del Olluco en la Sierra Central del Perú" editado por Glicerio López y Michael Hermann. 133 pp. https://books.google.com.pe/ Montaldo, A. 1972. Cultivo de raíces y tubérculos tropicales. Organización de Estados Americanos. Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas, Perú. p. 210–211. https://books.google.com.pe/ Missouri Botanical Garden, 2008. "Trópicos". www.tropicos.org, Saint Louis, Missouri - EEUU."Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ", Tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ Website of the University of La Molina, (Lima, Peru) including academic publications on Andean crops and agricultural production National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press. Washington D.C., USA. p. 106."Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ", Tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ Pietilä, L; Tapia, M. 1991. Investigaciones sobre ulluku. Universidad de Turku, Finlandia, 67 p."Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ", tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ Rousi, A; Jokela, P; Kalliola, R; Pietilä, L; Salo, J; Yli-Rekola, M. (1989).Morphological variation among clones of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus, Basellaceae) collected in southern Peru. Economic Bot. 43 (1): 58-72.Name of the resource:"Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ", Tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ SIEA, 2012. Boletín del Sistema Integrado de Estadísticas Agrarias (SIEA). Oficina de Estudios Económicos y Estadísticos. Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima, Perú.Name of the resource:"Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ", tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ Tapia, M; Arbizu, C. 1991. Los sistemas de rotación de los cultivos andinos subexplotados en los Andes del Perú. En: VII Congreso Internacional sobre Cultivos Andinos. Centro Internacional de la papa. Lima, Perú."Estabilidad genética de germoplasma de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) conservado ex situ". Tesis para optar el grado de magister scientiae en mejoramiento genético de plantas. http://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/ Tapia, M. y Fries, A. 2007. Guía de campo de los cultivos andinos (En línea).Consultado 18 de junio. 2019. FAO y ANPE. Lima."Composición nutricional y de mucílago de tres variedades de olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.) para la obtención de chuño de olluco en el distrito de santo tomás – cusco". Tesis para optar al título profesional de ingeniero agropecuario. http://repositorio.unsaac.edu.pe/ Academic repository of the University of San Antonio Abad (Cusco, Peru) containing publications about ulluco in Peru. 2.2 Literature searches performed by EFSA Literature searches were undertaken by EFSA to compile a list of pests potentially associated with U. tuberosus. Two searches were combined: (i) a general search to identify pests of U. tuberosus in different databases and (ii) a tailored search to identify whether these pests are present or not in Peru and the EU. The searches were run between 23 March and 3 April 2020. No language, date or document type restrictions were applied in the search strategy. The Panel used several databases (Table 3) to compile the list of pests associated with the U. tuberosus. As for Web of Science, the literature search was performed using a specific, ad hoc established search string (see Appendix B). The string was run in 'All Databases' with no range limits for time or language filters (Section 2.3.2 and Appendix D). Table 3. Databases used by EFSA for the compilation of the pest list associated with U. tuberosus Database Platform/Link A catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2014_World_Cecidomyiidae_Catalog_3rd_Edition.pdf A Catalog of the Eriophoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the world https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19951100613 Aphids on World Plants http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/C_HOSTS_AAIntro.htm CABI Crop Protection Compendium https://www.cabi.org/cpc/ Database of Insects and their Food Plants http://www.brc.ac.uk/dbif/hosts.aspx Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/index.dsml EPPO Global Database https://gd.eppo.int/ EUROPHYT https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/europhyt/ TRACES NT https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/tracesnt/ Leaf-miners http://www.leafmines.co.uk/html/plants.htm Nemaplex http://nemaplex.ucdavis.edu/Nemabase2010/PlantNematodeHostStatusDDQuery.aspx New Zealand Fungi https://nzfungi2.landcareresearch.co.nz/default.aspx?NavControl=search&selected=NameSearch NZFUNGI - New Zealand Fungi (and Bacteria) https://nzfungi.landcareresearch.co.nz/html/mycology.asp?ID= Plant Pest Information Network https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/resources/registers-and-lists/plant-pest-information-network/ Plant Viruses Online http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/famindex.htm Scalenet http://scalenet.info/associates/ Spider Mites Web https://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb/advanced.php USDA ARS Fungi Database https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm Web of Science: All Databases (Web of Science Core Collection, CABI: CAB Abstracts, BIOSIS Citation Index, Chinese Science Citation Database, Current Contents Connect, Data Citation Index, FSTA, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, MEDLINE, SciELO Citation Index, Zoological Record) Web of Science https://www.webofknowledge.com World Agroforestry http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1749 Additional searches, limited to retrieve documents, were run when developing the opinion. The available scientific information, including previous EFSA opinions on the relevant pests and diseases (see pest data sheets in Appendix A) and the relevant literature and legislation (e.g. Regulation (EU) 2016/2031; Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) 2018/2019; (EU) 2018/2018 and (EU) 2019/2072) were taken into account. 2.3 Methodology When developing the opinion, the Panel followed the EFSA Guidance on commodity risk assessment for the evaluation of high-risk plant dossiers (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019a). In the first step, pests associated with the commodity in the country of origin (EU-regulated pests and other pests) that may require risk mitigation measures were identified. In this opinion, relevant EU non-quarantine pests were selected based on evidence for their potential impact for the EU. After the first step, all the relevant pests that may need risk mitigation measures were identified. In the second step, the overall efficacy of the proposed risk mitigation measures for each pest was evaluated. A conclusion on the pest freedom status of the commodity for each of the relevant pests was achieved and uncertainties were identified. 2.3.1 Commodity data Based on the information provided by the SENASA, the characteristics of the commodity were summarised. 2.3.2 Identification of pests potentially associated with the commodity To identify which pests could potentially enter the EU with the import of ulluco tubers from Peru a pest list was compiled. The pest list is a compilation of all identified plant pests associated with U. tuberosus based on information provided in the Dossier Section 1 and on searches performed by the Panel. The search strategy and search syntax were adapted to each of the databases listed in Table 3, according to the options and functionalities of the different databases and CABI keyword thesaurus. The scientific names of the host plants (i.e. Ullucus tuberosus) were used when searching in the EPPO Global database and CABI Crop Protection Compendium. The same strategy was applied to the other databases excluding EUROPHYT and Web of Science. EUROPHYT and TRACES NT was consulted by searching for the interceptions associated with commodities imported from Peru, at species and genus level, from 1995 to present. The search strategy used for Web of Science Databases was designed combining common names for pests and diseases, terms describing symptoms of plant diseases and the scientific and common names of the commodity. All of the pests already retrieved using the other databases were removed from the search terms in order to be able to reduce the number of records to be screened. The established search stri
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