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Õiguse lähenemisest moraalile (Law's Point of View of Morality)

2017; RELX Group (Netherlands); Linguagem: Estoniano

1556-5068

Helen Eenmaa,

Legal Systems and Judicial Processes

Estonian Abstract: Normatiivse eetika valdkonda kuuluvad teooriad tegelevad kusimustega, kuidas peab (moraali vaatepunktist) kaituma, milline on oige voi vale, hea voi halb tegu, millel selline maaratlus pohineb ja kuidas on voimalik oma seisukohta koigis neis kusimustes filosoofiliselt pohjendada. Koik normatiivsed teooriad vastavad kusimusele, kuidas peab kaituma, arvestades kirjeldatavat olukorda. Selge on see, et nagu on normatiivsete teooriate hulgas olemas uti- litaristlik moraaliteooria ehk utilitaristide vaatepunkt sellele, milline on oige voi vale kaitumine voi milline on uhiskonnas oige kaitumisnor- mistik, leidub seal ka palju teisi samalaadseid. Luhemalt saame seda nimetada utilitaristide lahenemiseks moraalile. Moraal tahendab siin lihtsalt oiget kaitumisnormide kogumit. Samamoodi saame raakida oiguse lahenemisest moraalile, teatud religiooni lahenemisest moraalile jne. Erisugused lahenemised moraalile ehk erinevad normatiivsed susteemid esitavad meie kaitumisele pidevalt erinevaid noudeid ning on meie otsustada, millist neist me jargime. See, et saame raakida erinevatest lahenemistest moraalile (kasutades seda lihtsalt tehnilise moistena, mida voib mitut moodi sisustada), annab voimaluse nuansirikkamalt moista ja kirjeldada olukordi, kus on kaalul erinevad vaartused, eesmargid ja pohjendused. English Abstract: The paper reflects on the wide variety of possibilities to talk about morality and explains how this is relevant for understanding Hart’s and Dworkin’s theories on the nature of law. It follows an idea introduced by S. Shapiro and attempts to explain it to a broad audience. How do we describe a situation where we have multiple values and goals at play? One could express that with a nice phrase “a point of view”. The phrase is not mine but I try to explain how illuminating and significant it is for understanding such situations. We can distinguish between various points of view regarding what the correct code of conduct is in the society. Philosophers have long understood that the word “morality” can simply mean “the correct code of conduct”. Just as there is the law’s point of view of morality (i.e. law’s point of view of how one should behave or what the code of conduct is in the society), we can talk about the religion’s, the economist’s, or the utilitarian’s point of view of morality. It is worth transferring this understanding to our everyday practices.