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Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

2021; Wiley; Volume: 35; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/cobi.13756

1523-1739

Molly K. Grace, H. Reşi̇t Akçakaya, Elizabeth L. Bennett, Thomas M. Brooks, Anna Heath, S. Blair Hedges, Craig Hilton‐Taylor, Michael Hoffmann, Axel Hochkirch, Richard Jenkins, David A. Keith, Barney Long, David Mallon, Erik Meijaard, E.J. Milner‐Gulland, Jon Paul Rodrı́guez, P. J. Stephenson, Simon N. Stuart, Richard P. Young, Pablo Acebes, Joanna Alfaro‐Shigueto, Silvia Alvarez‐Clare, Raphali R. Andriantsimanarilafy, Marina P. Arbetman, Claudio Azat, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Ruchi Badola, Luís Barcelos, João P. Barreiros, Sayanti Basak, Danielle J. Berger, Sabuj Bhattacharyya, Gilad Bino, Paulo A. V. Borges, Raoul K. Boughton, H. Jane Brockmann, Hannah L. Buckley, Ian J. Burfield, James Burton, Teresa Camacho‐Badani, Luis Santiago Cano, Ruth H. Carmichael, Christina Carrero, John P. Carroll, Giorgos Catsadorakis, David G. Chapple, Guillaume Chapron, Gawsia Wahidunnessa Chowdhury, Louw Claassens, Donatella Cogoni, Rochelle Constantine, Christie Craig, Andrew A. Cunningham, Nishma Dahal, Jennifer C. Daltry, Goura Chandra Das, Niladri Dasgupta, Alexandra Davey, Katharine Davies, Pedro F. Develey, Vanitha Elangovan, David V. Fairclough, Mirko Di Febbraro, Giuseppe Fenu, Fernando Moreira Fernandes, Eduardo P. Fernandez, Brittany Finucci, Rita Földesi, Catherine M. Foley, Matthew Ford, Michael R. J. Forstner, Néstor García, Ricardo García-Sandoval, Penny C. Gardner, Roberto Garibay‐Orijel, Marites Gatan‐Balbas, Irene Gauto, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah Ghazi, Stephanie S. Godfrey, Matthew Gollock, Benito A. González, Tandora D. Grant, Thomas N. E. Gray, Andrew J. Gregory, Roy H. A. van Grunsven, Marieka Gryzenhout, Noelle C. Guernsey, Garima Gupta, Christina Hagen, Christian A. Hagen, Madison B. Hall, Eric M. Hallerman, Kelly M. Hare, Tom Hart, Ruston Hartdegen, Yvette Harvey‐Brown, Richard G. Hatfield, Tahneal Hawke, Claudia Hermes, Rod Hitchmough, P. Hoffmann, C.H. Howarth, Michael A. Hudson, Syed Ainul Hussain, Charlie Huveneers, Hélène Jacques, Dennis Jørgensen, Suyash Katdare, Lydia K.D. Katsis, Rahul Kaul, Boaz Kaunda‐Arara, Lucy W. Keith‐Diagne, Daniel Kraus, Thales Moreira de Lima, Kenyon C. Lindeman, Jean Linsky, Edward E. Louis, Anna Loy, Eimear Nic Lughadha, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Paul Marinari, Gabriel M. Martín, Gustavo Martinelli, Philip J.K. McGowan, Alistair McInnes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa Mendes, Michael J. Millard, Claire Mirande, Daniel Money, Joanne M. Monks, Carolina L. Morales, Nazia Naoreen Mumu, Raquel Negrão, Anh Ha Nguyen, Md. Nazmul Hasan Niloy, Grant Norbury, Cale Nordmeyer, Darren Norris, Mark O’Brien, Gabriela Akemi Macedo Oda, Simone Orsenigo, Mark E. Outerbridge, Stesha A. Pasachnik, Juan Carlos Pérez‐Jiménez, Charlotte Pike, Fred Pilkington, Glenn Plumb, Rita de Cássia Quitete Portela, Ana Prohaska, Manuel G. Quintana, Eddie Fanantenana Rakotondrasoa, Dustin H. Ranglack, Hassan Rankou, Ajay Prakash Rawat, James T. Reardon, Marcelo Lopes Rheingantz, Stephen C. Richter, Malin Rivers, Luke Rollie Rogers, Patrícia Rosa, Paul Rose, Emily Royer, Catherine Ryan, Yvonne Sadovy de Mitcheson, Lily Salmon, Carlos Henrique Salvador, Michael J. Samways, Tatiana Sanjuán, Amanda S. Santos, Hiroshi Sasaki, Emmanuel Schütz, Heather Ann Scott, Robert Michael Scott, Fabrizio Serena, Surya Prasad Sharma, John A. Shuey, Carlos Julio Polo Silva, John P. Simaika, David R. Smith, Julia L. Y. Spaet, Shanjida Sultana, Bibhab Kumar Talukdar, Vikash Tatayah, Philip Thomas, Angela Tringali, Hoang Trinh‐Dinh, Chongpi Tuboi, Aftab Alam Usmani, Aída M. Vasco‐Palacios, Jean‐Christophe Vié, Evelyn Virens, Alan Walker, Bryan P. Wallace, Lauren J. Waller, Hongfeng Wang, Oliver R. Wearn, M. van Weerd, Simon Weigmann, Daniel Willcox, John C. Z. Woinarski, Jean Wan Hong Yong, Stuart Young,

Economic and Environmental Valuation

Abstract Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score ) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics ( conservation legacy, conservation dependence , conservation gain , and recovery potential ). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories : fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty‐nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics , indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard.