Pest categorisation of Amyelois transitella
2021; Wiley; Volume: 19; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6666
ISSN1831-4732
AutoresClaude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie‐Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas‐Cortés, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappalà, Chris Malumphy, Ewelina Czwienczek, Virág Kertész, Andrea Maiorano, Alan MacLeod,
Tópico(s)Insect Pheromone Research and Control
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 19, Issue 6 e06666 Scientific OpinionOpen Access Pest categorisation of Amyelois transitella EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Claude BragardSearch for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina Dehnen-SchmutzSearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Francesco Di SerioSearch for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Paolo GonthierSearch for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Marie-Agnès JacquesSearch for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Josep Anton Jaques MiretSearch for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Annemarie Fejer JustesenSearch for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Christer Sven MagnussonSearch for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Panagiotis MilonasSearch for more papers by this authorJuan A Navas-Cortes, Juan A Navas-CortesSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Stephen ParnellSearch for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Roel PottingSearch for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Philippe Lucien ReignaultSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Hans-Hermann ThulkeSearch for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Wopke Van der WerfSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Antonio Vicent CiveraSearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Jonathan YuenSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Lucia ZappalàSearch for more papers by this authorChris Malumphy, Chris MalumphySearch for more papers by this authorEwelina Czwienczek, Ewelina CzwienczekSearch for more papers by this authorVirag Kertesz, Virag KerteszSearch for more papers by this authorAndrea Maiorano, Andrea MaioranoSearch for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Alan MacLeodSearch for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) alpha@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:alpha@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorClaude Bragard, Claude BragardSearch for more papers by this authorKatharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina Dehnen-SchmutzSearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Di Serio, Francesco Di SerioSearch for more papers by this authorPaolo Gonthier, Paolo GonthierSearch for more papers by this authorMarie-Agnès Jacques, Marie-Agnès JacquesSearch for more papers by this authorJosep Anton Jaques Miret, Josep Anton Jaques MiretSearch for more papers by this authorAnnemarie Fejer Justesen, Annemarie Fejer JustesenSearch for more papers by this authorChrister Sven Magnusson, Christer Sven MagnussonSearch for more papers by this authorPanagiotis Milonas, Panagiotis MilonasSearch for more papers by this authorJuan A Navas-Cortes, Juan A Navas-CortesSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Parnell, Stephen ParnellSearch for more papers by this authorRoel Potting, Roel PottingSearch for more papers by this authorPhilippe Lucien Reignault, Philippe Lucien ReignaultSearch for more papers by this authorHans-Hermann Thulke, Hans-Hermann ThulkeSearch for more papers by this authorWopke Van der Werf, Wopke Van der WerfSearch for more papers by this authorAntonio Vicent Civera, Antonio Vicent CiveraSearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Yuen, Jonathan YuenSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Zappalà, Lucia ZappalàSearch for more papers by this authorChris Malumphy, Chris MalumphySearch for more papers by this authorEwelina Czwienczek, Ewelina CzwienczekSearch for more papers by this authorVirag Kertesz, Virag KerteszSearch for more papers by this authorAndrea Maiorano, Andrea MaioranoSearch for more papers by this authorAlan MacLeod, Alan MacLeodSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 June 2021 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6666Citations: 1 Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2021-00212 Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappalà. Declarations of interest: The declarations of interest of all scientific experts active in EFSA's work are available at https://ess.efsa.europa.eu/doi/doiweb/doisearch. Acknowledgements: EFSA wishes to acknowledge Caterina Campese for her contribution to the establishment part. Amendment: The text in Sections 3.5 Impacts and 3.2.1 Pest distribution outside EU was amended to clarify the source of the text. Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder: Figure 1a: © Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org, Figure 1b: Mark Dreiling, Bugwood.org Adopted: 19 May 2021 Amended: 29 September 2021 AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for the EU. This polyphagous species feeds on citrus, almonds, pistachios, grapes and other crops cultivated in the EU. A. transitella occurs in North, Central and South America in a range of climates some of which also occur in the EU. Adult females lay up to 200 eggs on overripe, damaged, cracked or mummified fruits or nuts. In citrus, eggs are laid at the navel end of damaged fruit. On occasions, they may be found on adjacent leaves or stems. This species is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. Potential entry pathways for A. transitella, such as plants for planting, and fruit, exist. The pest is not known to be present in the EU territory although it has been intercepted in Italy and Austria. Should A. transitella arrive in the EU the availability of hosts and occurrence of potentially suitable climates would be conducive for establishment. Should this species establish in the EU, yield and quality losses in citrus, nuts, stone and pome fruit production is anticipated. A. transitella satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor 1.1.1 Background The new Plant Health Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, on the protective measures against pests of plants, is applying from 14 December 2019. Conditions are laid down in this legislation in order for pests to qualify for listing as Union quarantine pests, protected zone quarantine pests or Union regulated non-quarantine pests. The lists of the EU regulated pests together with the associated import or internal movement requirements of commodities are included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Additionally, as stipulated in the Commission Implementing Regulation 2018/2019, certain commodities are provisionally prohibited to enter in the EU (high risk plants, HRP). EFSA is performing the risk assessment of the dossiers submitted by exporting to the EU countries of the HRP commodities, as stipulated in Commission Implementing Regulation 2018/2018. Furthermore, EFSA has evaluated a number of requests from exporting to the EU countries for derogations from specific EU import requirements. In line with the principles of the new plant health law, the European Commission with the Member States are discussing monthly the reports of the interceptions and the outbreaks of pests notified by the Member States. Notifications of an imminent danger from pests that may fulfil the conditions for inclusion in the list of the Union quarantine pest are included. Furthermore, EFSA has been performing horizon scanning of media and literature. As a follow-up of the above mentioned activities (reporting of interceptions and outbreaks, HRP, derogation requests and horizon scanning), a number of pests of concern have been identified. EFSA is requested to provide scientific opinions for these pests, in view of their potential inclusion by the risk manager in the lists of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 and the inclusion of specific import requirements for relevant host commodities, when deemed necessary by the risk manager. 1.1.2 Terms of Reference EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, to provide scientific opinions in the field of plant health. EFSA is requested to deliver 53 pest categorisations for the pests listed in Annex 1A, 1B, 1D and 1E (for more details see mandate M-2021-00027 on the Open.EFSA portal). Additionally, EFSA is requested to perform pest categorisations for the pests so far not regulated in the EU, identified as pests potentially associated with a commodity in the commodity risk assessments of the HRP dossiers (Annex 1C; for more details see mandate M-2021-00027 on the Open.EFSA portal). Such pest categorisations are needed in the case where there are not available risk assessments for the EU. When the pests of Annex 1A are qualifying as potential Union quarantine pests, EFSA should proceed to phase 2 risk assessment. The opinions should address entry pathways, spread, establishment, impact and include a risk reduction options analysis. Additionally, EFSA is requested to develop further the quantitative methodology currently followed for risk assessment, in order to have the possibility to deliver an express risk assessment methodology. Such methodological development should take into account the EFSA Plant Health Panel Guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment and the experience obtained during its implementation for the Union candidate priority pests and for the likelihood of pest freedom at entry for the commodity risk assessment of High Risk Plants. 1.2 Interpretation of the Terms of Reference Amyelois transitella is one of a number of pests listed in Annex 1 to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a regulated pest for the area of the EU excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores, and so inform European Commission decision-making as to its appropriateness for potential inclusion in the lists of pests of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. If a pest fulfils the criteria to be potentially listed as a regulated pest specific import requirements for relevant host commodities will be identified; for pests already present in the EU additional risk reduction options will be identified. 2 Data and methodologies 2.1 Data 2.1.1 Literature search A literature search on Amyelois transitella was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the pest as search term. Papers relevant for the pest categorisation were reviewed, and further references and information were obtained from experts, as well as from citations within the references and grey literature. 2.1.2 Database search Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Global Database (EPPO, online), the CABI databases and scientific literature databases as referred above in Section 2.1.1. Data about the import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT (Statistical Office of the European Communities). The Europhyt and TRACES databases were consulted for pest-specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web-based network run by the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTÉ) of the European Commission, and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto-Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. TRACES is the European Commission's multilingual online platform for sanitary and phytosanitary certification required for the importation of animals, animal products, food and feed of non-animal origin and plants into the European Union, and the intra-EU trade and EU exports of animals and certain animal products. Up until May 2020, the Europhyt database managed notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the Member States and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread. The recording of interceptions switched from Europhyt to TRACES in May 2020. 2.2 Methodologies The Panel performed the pest categorisation for Amyelois transitella following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018), the EFSA guidance on the use of the weight of evidence approach in scientific assessments (EFSA Scientific Committee, 2017) and the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 11 (FAO, 2013) and No. 21 (FAO, 2004). The criteria to be considered when categorising a pest as an EU-regulated quarantine pest (QP) is given in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 article 3. Table 1 presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. In judging whether a criterion is met the Panel uses its best professional judgement (EFSA Scientific Committee, 2017) by integrating a range of evidence from a variety of sources (as presented above in Section 2.1) to reach an informed conclusion as to whether or not a criterion is satisfied. The Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, deemed to be a risk management decision, the Panel will present a summary of the observed impacts in the areas where the pest occurs, and make a judgement about potential likely impacts in the EU. Whilst the Panel may quote impacts reported from areas where the pest occurs in monetary terms, the Panel will seek to express potential EU impacts in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, in agreement with the EFSA guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). Article 3 (d) of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 refers to unacceptable social impact as a criterion for quarantine pest status. Assessing social impact is outside the remit of the Panel. Table 1. Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) Criterion of pest categorisation Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest (article 3) Identity of the pest (Section 3.1) Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible? Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section 3.2) Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly Regulatory status (Section 3.3) If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future. Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section 3.4) Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section 3.5) Would the pests' introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory? Available measures (Specific import requirements) (Section 3.6) Are there measures available to prevent the entry into the EU such that the likelihood of introduction becomes mitigated? Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section 4) A statement as to whether 1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and 2) if not, which one(s) were not met. 3 Pest categorisation 3.1 Identity and biology of the pest 3.1.1 Identity and taxonomy Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and/or to be transmissible? Yes, the identity of the species is established and Amyelois transitella (Walker) is the accepted name. Amyelois transitella (Walker, 1863) is an insect of the order Lepidoptera, family Pyralidae. Junior synonyms are Paramyelois transitella (Walker, 1863); Emporia cassiae Dyar, 1917; Myelois duplipunctella Bagenot, 1857; Myelois notatalis Walker, 1863; Myelois solitella Zeller, 1881; Myelois venipars Dyar, 1914 (AQIS, 1999). The common name for this species is navel caterpillar and navel orangeworm (EPPO, online); however, most literature describes damage on nuts (e.g. Rosenheim et al., 2017 and other literature). The EPPO code1 for this species is: PARMTR (EPPO, online). 3.1.2 Biology of the pest Adult A. transitella are nocturnal. They emerge from pupae in the early evening, followed by mating and oviposition within the next one to two nights. Females emit a pheromone to attract male moths (Wang et al., 2010), who then proceed through a series of courtship behaviours before mating (Girling and Cardé, 2006), after which they remain in copula for at least 2 h (Wade, 1961). Mating typically takes place in the final hours of the night just before dawn. However, sexual activity starts earlier in the night when temperatures drop below 17°C. Gravid females can produce ~ 100–200 eggs each and complete most oviposition on the first few nights after mating (Burks, 2014). Eggs are laid singly, primarily on nuts while they are still on the tree. They may be laid on 'mummies' (nuts that remain on the tree after harvest), or on damaged fresh nuts, or fresh nuts after hull split (Strand, 2002). Larvae of A. transitella pass through five to six instars and will reach a length of 13–19 mm before pupation. Young larvae enter the nut shortly after egg hatch and will remain inside until they reach the adult stage. Typically found in association with their own frass and webbing, multiple larvae may be found in a single nut. The quality of fruit is reduced by insect damage making the fruit susceptible to pathogenic fungi. Increased fruit drop may occur. The lower developmental threshold of A. transitella is 12.8°C and the upper threshold 34.4°C (Engle and Barnes, 1983; Seaman and Barnes, 1984). Eggs and pupae require 56 and 113 degree days (DD) to complete development, respectively (Engle and Barnes, 1983; Sanderson et al., 1989). Development from egg to adult requires 424–427 DD on new crop almonds, but this rate varies with host quality. Developmental rates proved different across multiple crops as well as among varieties within the same crop and multiple strains of A. transitella. Under California conditions, A. transitella can have three to four generations per year. In California, A. transitella overwinter as larvae inside either unharvested tree nuts that have been left in the orchard (i.e. 'mummies' or 'mummy nuts') or other vulnerable agricultural commodities such as apples, figs and oranges (Wilson et al., 2020). Navel orangeworm is more likely to be found on blighted, codling moth2 infested or otherwise damaged walnuts (Strand, 2002). Newly hatched larvae feed directly on nutmeats, although in almonds, larvae may feed on the hull as well as the kernel. Figure 1 shows the larva and adults of Amyelois transitella. Key biological features of the organism relevant to the pest categorisation are summarised in Table 2. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Amyelois transitella larva and adult (both illustrations under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License) Table 2. Important features of the life history strategy of Amyelois transitella Life stage Phenology and relation to host Other relevant information (UC IPM, 2019; Wilson et al., 2020) Egg Eggs (100–200/female) are laid singly on overripe, damaged, cracked or mummified fruits or nuts. In navel group of citrus eggs are laid at the navel end. There is no data about location of oviposition in other citrus. On occasion, they may be found on adjacent leaves or stems. Eggs hatch after 4–23 days depending on temperature. Larva Larvae enter the nut shortly after egg hatch and will remain inside until they reach the adult stage. Typically found in association with their own frass and webbing. Multiple larvae may be found in a single nut. Larvae can overwinter in mummified nuts either in trees or on the ground. The larvae develop more rapidly when relative humidity is high. At 55%, they take 55 days to develop, but at 95%, they require only 22 days (Bugguide website accessed on 27/4/2021) Larvae measure 13–19 mm long before pupating in infested fruit or nuts. Pupa A. transitella pupates either within the infested nut or outside of the shell. Pupae are dark brown in coloration, 7.25–12 mm long, and are typically encased within silk cocoons. Pupation lasts for about a week Adult In the spring adults emerge and begin to lay eggs. Adults are nocturnal. They enclose from pupae in the early evening, followed by mating and oviposition within the next one to two nights. Females emit a pheromone to attract male moths. Mating typically takes place in the final hours of the night just before dawn although sexual activity starts earlier in the night when temperatures drop below 17°C. Females can be multiply mated, although in the wild, this is not very common and tends to correlate with increased moth abundance. Gravid females complete most oviposition on the first few nights after mating. Upwind movement of adults as far as 375 m was observed and increased damage in pistachio orchards adjacent to infested almond blocks. While originally noted as a weak disperser (Wade, 1961), more recent literature (Burks and Higbee, 2006; Sappington and Burks, 2014) reports a high dispersal capacity up to 1,000 metres in 24 h with mated females that tend to fly further than unmated ones (Rovnyak et al., 2018). Longer distance spread occurs by the movement of nuts and plant material infested with larvae or pupae of navel orangeworm. 3.1.3 Host range A. transitella is highly polyphagous on a variety of fruits and nuts belonging to 15 botanical families. Hosts include Citrus spp. Juglans regia, Pistacia vera, Prunus spp., Vitis vinifera. An extensive list of hosts is provided in Appendix B. 3.1.4 Intraspecific diversity Although there are lighter and darker forms of this species, and adult size can vary considerably (Wilson et al., 2020), this intraspecific phenotypic diversity has not been related to any feature affecting the conclusions of this categorisation. 3.1.5 Detection and identification of the pest Are detection and identification methods available for the pest? Yes. The adult pest can be detected in the field using various types of traps (e.g. pheromone, egg and bait traps) and symptoms and damage on the hosts can be seen in the field (e.g. frass and webbing). Morphological keys are available to identify the species. Adult A. transitella are small and grey, measuring approximately 9–10 mm from head to the tip of the abdomen with a wingspan of 19–20 mm. The forewings of the species are predominantly silver grey, marked with irregular black patterning. The hindwings of the species are a uniform white to dusky grey with some darkening one the wing edge and veins. There are lighter and darker forms, and adult size can vary considerably (Wilson et al., 2020). Eggs are small (0.5–1.0 mm), dorsoventrally flattened, reticulated and oval in shape with ridge-like marks. At oviposition eggs are creamy white but develop a reddish-orange hue as they mature. Young worms are reddish orange and later appear cream-coloured, although their diet can influence colouration. They have a crescent-shaped sclerite on each side of the second body segment behind the head. As the worm matures, the head becomes reddish brown (UC IPM, 2019; Wilson et al., 2020). Larvae of A. transitella pass through five to six instars and will reach a length of 13–19 mm before pupation. Young larvae are reddish orange but become pinkish orange or cream coloured after the first moult. Body coloration is influenced by diet, for instance, those fed on walnuts develop a pinkish orange hue, whereas those reared on almonds remain creamy white. Larval head capsules are a solid dark red-brown, may exhibit some mottling and do not change in colour or pattern between instars. The carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), present in the EU, may be hard to distinguish from A. transitella, also due to overlapping niche in Mediterranean climates. The two species can be differentiated based on pupal characteristics—E. ceratoniae has a raised dark ridge towards the head and two short spines on each abdominal segment, whereas A. transitella does not (Haviland et al., 2020). 3.2 Pest distribution 3.2.1 Pest distribution outside the EU The moth is believed to be of neotropical origin (Figure 2). First described in Mexico in 1915, it was later discovered in Arizona on navel oranges, giving it its common name; it is possible, however, that it was already present in Arizona prior to 1915 (Wade, 1961). Introduced into California in the 1940s, it became a serious pest of walnuts, almonds, pistachios and figs (Johnson, 2013). In the US, the moth is reported from Florida to Texas north to Tennessee and in Washington. Further records are Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Panama, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina and Peru (AQIS, 1999; USDA, 2015; Muñoz Agudel et al., 2014; EPPO, online). Biosecurity Queensland (2011) mentions Canada, but no other record was found. Figure 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Global distribution of Amyelois transitella (Source: as in Appendix A) For more details about the distribution, see the table in Appendix A. 3.2.2 Pest distribution in the EU Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? No. The pest is not known to be present in the EU territory although it has been intercepted in Italy and Austria. According to DROPSA, 2016 Minidatasheet, as accessed through the EPPO database: 'The presence in Italy is mentioned in several publications (e.g. AQIS, 1999; USDA, 2015); however, this record appears to originate from an interception (Trematerra, 1988). Similarly, A. transitella entered Austria (Essl and Rabitsch, 2002), but is rated as not established. Although Lopez-Vaamonde (2010) reports these countries as 'invaded' the pest does not seem to be established. A. transitella is also recorded as present in Germany according to Fauna Europaea (de Jong et al., 2014); however, no record was found, and it may also refer to an interception. Consequently, the pest was considered absent from the EU, with an uncertainty (DROPSA, 2016).' 3.3 Regulatory status 3.3.1 Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 Amyelois transitella is not included in EU plant health regulation EC 2019/2072, the implementing act of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031. 3.3.2 Hosts of Amyelois transitella that are prohibited from entering the Union from third countries As specified in Annex VI of 2019/2072, some plants, which are also A. transitella host plants, are prohibited from entering the EU as plants for planting, or have specific conditions applied. Hosts plants that are prohibited from the Americas are Cydonia, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus (Annex VI, 9.), Vitis (Annex VI, 10) and Citrus (Annex VI, 11.). Table 3. List of plants, plant products and other objects that are Amyelois transitella hosts whose introduction into the Union from certain third countries is prohibited (Source: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, Annex VI) List of plants, plant products and other objects whose introduction into the Union from certain third countries is prohibited Description CN Code Third country, group of third countries or specific area of third country 9. Plants for planting of […] Cydonia Mill., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L. […], Third countries other than: […] United States 10. Plants of Vitis L., other than fruits Third countries other than Switzerland 11. Plants of Citrus L.,[…] other than fruits and seeds All third countries 3.3.3 Legislation addressing the organisms vectored by Amyelois transitella (Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072) A. transitella is able to introduce spores of Aspergillus flavus Link into the nuts (Palumbo et al., 2014). The fungal pathogen has a cosmopolitan distribution and is not regulated by EU
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