Compensation and Benefits Survey 2021
2021; Elsevier BV; Volume: 121; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1016/j.jand.2021.08.113
ISSN2212-2680
Autores ResumoEditor’s Note: The Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession continues to provide the most comprehensive and authoritative source of information on compensation in the profession. It should prove to be an asset to practitioners and their employers in all major practice settings, as well as provide reference material for self-employed nutrition/dietetics practitioners. A detailed electronic report of survey results is available through the Academy website. This comprehensive report details compensation for dozens of core dietitian and dietetics technician jobs, broken down by job title, region, education, experience, supervisory responsibility, and much more. Of particular interest to practitioners will be the interactive salary calculator, which offers the user an estimation of what practitioners with similar characteristics and in similar situations earn, on average. Access the full compensation and benefits survey report (free to Academy members) at About the SurveyOver the years, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has received many requests from members for objective, reliable information about industry norms for pay and benefit levels for the dietetics profession. The Academy responded to members’ needs in 2002 by commissioning the Dietetics Compensation & Benefits Survey, the most comprehensive survey of its type in the profession up to that point. To continue to provide this valuable resource, the Academy and the Commission on Dietetic Registration have funded updates of that original extensive survey in alternate years beginning in 2005, building on the strengths of the initial effort and improving it with several refinements. The 2021 survey was conducted across a probability sample drawn from the population of domestic Academy members plus domestic nonmembers maintaining current registration as an RDN or NDTR. To preserve confidentiality, an outside research firm was contracted to collect data via the internet from February 22 through March 24, 2021. From the sample of 35,732, a total of 6,314 usable responses were received—an 18% response rate. Because the survey sample was stratified by registration type (RDN vs NDTR), Academy membership status (member vs nonmember), and availability of e-mail address (to determine the contact method for the survey), results have been weighted in tabulation to accurately reflect true population proportions. The margin of error for all responding RDN practitioners was ±1.4 percentage points; for all responding NDTR practitioners, ±4.6 percentage points. As with any research, the results should be interpreted with the potential of nonresponse bias in mind. It is unknown how those who responded to the survey may be different from those who did not respond. In general, the higher the response rate, the lower the probability of estimation errors due to nonresponse and, therefore, the more stable the results. Results are in for the 10th edition of the most comprehensive survey of nutrition/dietetics compensation available: the Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021, sponsored by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Commission on Dietetic Registration. The median hourly wage among practicing registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) is $33.65 per hour (as of January 1, 2021). If annualized, this equates to a full-time salary of approximately $70,000 per year. The median hourly wage among practicing nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered (NDTRs) is $23.22 per hour, equating to an annualized full-time salary of approximately $48,300 per year. As in all past surveys, wages varied by position, and the importance of increased education and job responsibility to increased compensation is still apparent. Nutrition/dietetics practitioners continue to receive attractive benefits packages. As in all prior administrations (most recently, 20191Rogers D. Compensation and Benefits Survey 2019.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020; 120: 448-464Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (9) Google Scholar), the survey sought to measure compensation for nutrition/dietetics-related employment, which was purposely conceived broadly:A nutrition/dietetics-related position is considered to be any position that requires or makes use of your education, training, and/or experience in nutrition or dietetics, including situations outside of “traditional” dietetics practice. By way of example, respondents were referred to an enclosure naming and briefly describing 60 core nutrition/dietetics positions. These positions included not only “traditional” dietetics jobs, such as clinical dietitian, outpatient dietitian, or WIC (Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children) nutritionist, but also jobs in such areas as consulting, sales, and communications. Based on this definition of nutrition/dietetics-related employment, 82% reported they are currently employed or self-employed in the field (Table 1). Of the 19% not currently working in the field, roughly half would like to or expect to do so in the future. Five percent of all respondents indicated that they had been let go from a nutrition/dietetics-related job due to economic conditions (eg, staff reductions or facility closings) in the 12 months before the survey administration; that figure was higher than the 3% recorded in 2015, 2017, and 2019, but still well below the 12% recorded in 2009 during the last recession.Table 1Prevalence of nutrition/dietetics-related employment, from Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021CredentialResponding% Working in fieldUnweightedWeighted←n→RDNsaRDN = registered dietitian nutritionist.5,6996,04482NDTRsbNDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered.61527066Total6,3146,31482a RDN = registered dietitian nutritionist.b NDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered. Open table in a new tab Among those not currently employed in a nutrition/dietetics-related position, primary causes include being at home raising a family (21%), finding a higher-paying job outside of the field (14%), and changing career or profession (12%). About 1 in 10 (9%) indicated that they have not been able to find nutrition/dietetics employment, which matches the figure from the 2019 study. However, an additional 5% indicated they had experienced a job loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Other reasons cited for nonemployment in the field were the following: promoted to a nondietetics-related position (5%), relocated or in the process of relocating (5%), currently a student (4%), and disability or health problems (2%), and 34% identified themselves as retired, up 9 points since 2019. The balance of the results discussed here reflect the 5,094 respondents (5,150 weighted) who indicated they are currently employed or self-employed in a nutrition/dietetics-related position—”practitioners.” Those who were employed or self-employed in more than 1 such position were asked to respond only for what they considered to be their primary nutrition/dietetics-related position. Ninety-two percent of practitioners identify as women, similar to prior surveys. The median age of practitioners is 41 years, same as in 2019. Twenty-two percent are 55 years or older, and 34% are younger than 35 years. Six percent indicated Hispanic or Latino heritage and 10% indicated a race other than White (6% Asian, 3% Black or African American, and 1% American Indian or Alaska Native). Beginning in 2019 several disability or health-related questions were added to the survey instrument. A small percentage of practitioners indicated they have a long-lasting condition—1% have a condition that substantially limits 1 or more basic physical activities, such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying. Due to a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more, 3% have had difficulty learning, remembering, or concentrating, and 1% have had difficulty working at a job or business. Similar to the 4 previous studies, more than half of RDNs hold a graduate degree (52% master’s, 4% doctoral). The proportion of NDTRs holding a bachelor’s degree or higher is 57%, slightly higher than the 55% reported in the previous 2 studies. Thirty-eight percent of RDNs and 5% of NDTRs reported holding a state license or certification (not required in all states). The typical (median) RDN reports 13 years of work experience in the nutrition/dietetics field (excluding time taken off to return to school, raise a family, or work in other areas), which is similar to the median of 12 years reported in 2019. The median for NDTRs is now 11 years compared with 10 in 2019. Eight percent of practitioners are self-employed, 39% work at a for-profit firm, 37% at a nonprofit (other than government), and 16% for government (other than military). Fewer than 1% work for the military (Figure 1). Self-employment is more common among RDNs than NDTRs (8% vs 2%, respectively), and a somewhat greater proportion of NDTRs are found in nonprofit settings (37% of RDNs and 49% of NDTRs). The most common work setting for RDNs, indicated by about 1 in 4 (21%), is an inpatient acute-care facility. Twenty percent reported working in an ambulatory or outpatient care facility (eg, clinic or physician’s office), followed by long-term care at 9%. These top 3 settings employ approximately half of all practicing RDNs. The other half work across numerous other settings, with no other individual setting accounting for more than 8%. The majority of NDTRs work in the following 3 settings: inpatient acute-care facilities (31%), long-term care facilities (18%), or social services and public health organizations (16%). No other individual setting was indicated by more than 8% (Figure 2). The typical (median) practitioner works in a large organization, employing 2,015 people. RDNs tend to work in larger organizations than NDTRs (median 2,081 and 641, respectively) (Figure 3). Respondents were asked to review a list of 60 core position titles and brief descriptions, and identify the 1 description that most closely matched their primary position, even if the job title differed from their own. Ninety-five percent of responding practitioners found a match; the compensation data reported here represents the vast majority of nutrition/dietetics employment situations. The 60 positions are grouped into 7 distinct practice areas, with acute-care or inpatient the most prevalent. Consultation or business, long-term care, and education or research are among the least prevalent (Table 2). Among RDNs, the most commonly held positions are found in clinical and outpatient settings (Table 3). Among NDTRs, 7 positions account for most of the employment (Table 4).Table 2Practice area of practicing RDNsaRDN = registered dietitian nutritionist. (weighted n = 4,973) and practicing NDTRsbNDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered. (weighted n = 177), based on primary position selected, from Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021Practice areaRDNsNDTRs←%→Clinical nutritionAcute care or inpatient3948Ambulatory care141Long-term care77Community and public health nutrition1018Management and executive leadership1015Consultation, business and industry, entrepreneur92Education and research62a RDN = registered dietitian nutritionist.b NDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered. Open table in a new tab Table 3Most prevalent positions among practicing RDNsaRDN = registered dietitian nutritionist. (weighted n = 4,973), from Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021Position%Clinical dietitian18Specialist—diabetes4Specialist—renal6Pediatric or neonatal dietitian3Nutrition support dietitian3Outpatient dietitian, general5Clinical dietitian, long-term care7WICbWIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children. nutritionist5Director of food and nutrition services3Private practice dietitian—patient or client nutrition care3Clinical nutrition manager2a RDN = registered dietitian nutritionist.b WIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Open table in a new tab Table 4Most prevalent positions among practicing NDTRsaNDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered. (weighted n = 177), from Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021Position%Dietetic technicianClinical45Long-term care7WICbWIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children. nutritionist11Director of food and nutrition services4Dietetic technician, foodservice management6School foodservice director3School or childcare nutritionist3a NDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered.b WIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Open table in a new tab Six percent of RDNs and 2% of NDTRs indicated they are owners of, or partners in, their practices. Twenty-three percent of practitioners overall are executives, directors, or managers and another 16% are supervisors or coordinators (Figure 4). Thirty-four percent of RDNs and 42% of NDTRs reported that they directly or indirectly supervise employees compared with 35% and 40%, respectively, in 2019 (Figure 5). For those supervising, the median number supervised is 7 for RDNs and 8 for NDTRs. Twenty-two percent of RDNs and 25% of NDTRs reported managing a budget, results similar to recent surveys. Nine percent of both RDNs and NDTRs manage budgets of $500,000 or more. Median budget size (among those managing budgets) is $325,000 for RDNs and $304,000 for NDTRs (Figure 6).Figure 5Number supervised directly or indirectly by nutrition/dietetics practitioners (weighted n = 5,150). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 6Budget responsibility of nutrition/dietetics practitioners (weighted n = 5,150). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Eighty-two percent of practicing RDNs reported that their primary nutrition/dietetics-related positions are full-time and year-round, similar to 2019 (81%). Sixty-three percent of practicing RDNs are paid a salary by an employer, 29% are paid an hourly wage, 3% are a business owner paying themselves a regular salary, and 4% have some other pay basis (including those self-employed and nonsalaried owners). Because the prevalence of part-time employment can make salary comparisons difficult, compensation is reported in terms of hourly wage and in terms of total cash compensation (which includes not only salary but also earnings from overtime pay, shift differentials, on-call premiums, commissions, incentive pay, bonuses, and profit sharing). Hourly wage is assessed for all answering respondents; total cash compensation is examined only for those working full time for at least 1 year in the position. Among all practicing RDNs in all positions, the median hourly wage as of January 1, 2021 was $33.65 per hour. If annualized (× 40 hours per week × 52 weeks per year), this equates to a full-time salary of approximately $70,000 per year. Median total cash compensation for RDNs employed in the position full time (year-round) for at least 1 year was $72,000. These results are higher than the most current Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) estimates for dietitians and nutritionists, at $30.84 per hour (on average), annualized at $64,150.2Occupational Employment Statistics, May 2020: 29-1031 Dietitians and Nutritionists. US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes291031.htmGoogle Scholar Two factors help account for the discrepancy; these survey data are current as of January 1, 2021, eight months more current than the BLS estimate; and BLS does not restrict its estimate to RDNs and nutritionists. Compensation spans a wide range for RDNs (Table 5). Helping to account for this range, a number of factors show strong associations with RDN compensation. The figures that follow (Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 14, Figure 15) demonstrate the relationship between hourly wage and a number of variables. Note that all factors are based on respondent self-reports and are subject to some variation in how terms were understood.Table 5RDNaRDN = registered dietitian nutritionist. compensation at selected percentiles: hourly wage (weighted n = 4,754), and total cash compensation for full-time employees in position at least 1 year (weighted n = 3,420), from Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021PercentileHourly wageTotal cash←$→10th (10% earn less)24.4852,00025th (25% earn less)28.0060,30050th (50% earn less)33.6572,00075th (75% earn less)40.8787,70090th (90% earn less)51.44114,300a RDN = registered dietitian nutritionist. Open table in a new tab Figure 8Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by Academy membership. Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 9Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by experience (years in the field). Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 10Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by number directly or indirectly supervised. Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 11Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by budget responsibility. Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 12Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by patient or client nutritional risk. Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 13Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by practice area of primary position. Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). bus = consultation and business; comm = community and public health nutrition; edu = education and research; inpt = inpatient; LTC = long-term care; mgmt = management and executive leadership; outpt = outpatient or ambulatory care. From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 14Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by employment sector. Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 15Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) hourly wage by location (Census divisions). Bars are delimited by the 25th and 75th percentiles; horizontal line marks the median (50th percentile). EN = East North; ES = East South; WN = West North; WS = West South. From Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Education beyond the bachelor’s degree continues to be associated with hourly wage gains. The difference between the median wage of RDNs with a bachelor’s as their highest degree (any major), and that of RDNs with a master’s degree (any major), is $0.78 per hour in 2021. Earning a doctorate degree is associated with even greater gains; median earnings for those with a doctorate (at $48.08) are more than $15 per hour above RDNs with a bachelor’s degree (Figure 7). Historically, those with a state license earned somewhat less than those without, likely due (at least in part) to the effects of the large nonlicensed pool of RDNs in California, a high-wage state. In 2021, that median gap is $1.32 per hour. Holding 1 or more of the specialty certifications asked about correlates with a more significant wage differential: $35.00 per hour vs $33.17 for those without. Highest median hourly wages by specialty certifications include CSSD (Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics, $39.04), CDCES (Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist, $37.45), and CSOWM (Certified Specialist in Obesity and Weight Management, $37.25). The association between Academy membership and compensation is positive at the 50th percentile (difference of $0.20 between members and nonmembers) and even greater at the 75th percentile (difference of $1.50) (Figure 8). As would be expected, years of experience in the nutrition/dietetics field is strongly associated with compensation; those with 20 or more years of experience earn a median wage $11.08 per hour above those in the field under 5 years (Figure 9). Supervisory responsibility is strongly associated with wage gains; those reporting direct or indirect supervision of 100 or more employees have a median hourly wage $17.47 greater than those who do not supervise others (Figure 10). More than 6 in 10 RDNs report no supervisory authority; this represents a potential area of opportunity for increased earnings. Budget responsibility also correlates with hourly wages, with gains increasing as budget size increases. Those responsible for budgets of $1 million or more earn a median hourly wage 47% greater than those with no budget responsibility (Figure 11). Although 34% of practicing RDNs have some supervisory responsibility, only 22% manage budgets. Acquiring budget responsibility represents another possible growth opportunity for RDN income. As in prior surveys, subjectively assessed nutritional risk of the majority of patients or clients seen shows little correlation with wages, with the median amount being very similar for those working mostly with high-risk patients ($32.00 per hour) and those working mostly with lower-risk patients ($32.69 per hour). However, RDNs who do not see patients or clients earn substantially more than those who do, earning a median wage more than $10 per hour higher. This finding is primarily attributable to the fact that those who do not see patients or clients have other characteristics that correlate with higher wages. For example, being faculty members, being involved in management and supervisory functions, and having budget authority (Figure 12). Hourly wages tend to be highest in the practice areas of food and nutrition management, consultation and business, and education and research (Figure 13). Among those employed, median wages tend to be similar for RDNs across different employment sectors, with military and those who are self-employed slightly higher than others (Figure 14). RDN compensation varies to some degree according to location. In terms of the 9 standard Census divisions, RDNs in New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific states earn median wages higher than $34 per hour. RDNs in other areas of the country earn medians less than $34 (Figure 15). In addition to their base pay, nearly half of practicing RDNs (47%) indicated they received at least 1 type of additional cash compensation in the 12 months before January 1, 2021—most commonly bonuses (27%), other incentive pay (11%), or overtime (10%) (Figure 16). Eighty-seven percent of practicing NDTRs reported that their primary nutrition/dietetics-related position is full-time and year-round. Among all practicing NDTRs in all positions, the median hourly wage as of January 1, 2021 was $23.22 per hour; if annualized, this equates to a salary of approximately $48,300 per year. Median total cash compensation for NDTRs employed in the position full time for at least 1 year was $49,900. As with RDNs, these current survey estimates are much higher than those published by the BLS for dietetics technicians (May 2020 mean = $15.83, annualized at $32,920).3Occupational Employment Statistics, May 2020: 29-2051 Dietetic Technicians. US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes292051.htmGoogle Scholar Two factors help account for the discrepancy: these survey data are current as of January 1, 2021, eight months more current than the BLS estimate; and BLS does not restrict its estimate to NDTRs. Thirty-one percent of NDTRs are paid a salary by an employer, 67% are paid an hourly wage, and 2% have some other pay basis (including those self-employed). Like RDNs, NDTR compensation also spans a considerable range (Table 6).Table 6NDTRaNDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered. compensation at selected percentiles: hourly wage (weighted n = 171), and total cash compensation for full-time employees in position at least one year (weighted n = 135), from Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021PercentileHourly wageTotal cash←$→10th (10% earn less)16.9035,50025th (25% earn less)19.1441,50050th (50% earn less)23.2249,90075th (75% earn less)28.7962,00090th (90% earn less)35.4977,600a NDTR = nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered. Open table in a new tab Major factors associated with NDTR compensation levels are the same as for RDNs: experience, responsibility, and location. The practice area of management and executive leadership appears to hold the greatest promise for NDTRs, with a median wage of $31.14. As with RDN compensation, median NDTR wages do vary somewhat by location. Median wage for those in the South Atlantic and Pacific states is $2 and $3 per hour above the national figure, respectively; those in Mountain states reported a median of more than $3 less than the national figure. Academy membership is associated with modestly higher compensation levels for NDTRs; the differential in median hourly wage in 2021 is $0.58 per hour. Although many are employed part-time, nutrition/dietetics practitioners as a group are offered considerable benefits packages through their employers (Table 7). Eighty-five percent of practitioners reported their employers offer them some type of retirement benefit (whether they take advantage of it or not). This figure is essentially unchanged from 2011, although the proportion being offered a defined benefit plan (pension) has plummeted from 36% to 18%. In 2021, 69% of employers offer a defined contribution plan (eg, 401[k]) to which they contribute, and another 10% such a plan without employer contribution.Table 7Prevalence of benefits offered to nutrition/dietetics practitioners (weighted n = 5,150) as part of employment or self-employment, from Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021BenefitOffered, %NETaNET = 1 or more items in category.: any retirement benefit85Defined benefit retirement plan (pension)18Defined contribution plan79InsuranceLife78Disability (long or short term)76Accidental death and dismemberment67Long-term care48Business travel22High-deductible medical for employees65High-deductible medical for dependents64Lower-deductible medical or managed care plan for employees72Lower-deductible medical or managed care plan for dependents70Dental or group plan for employees81Dental or group plan for dependents78Prescription drug benefit72Vision or group plan79Health care reimbursement or flexible spending account74Retiree medical coverage30NET: Paid time off84NET: Benefits related to professional or career development70NET: Other benefits related to quality of work life88a NET = 1 or more items in category. Open table in a new tab A majority of practitioners are offered the following: life insurance, disability insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, medical coverage for themselves and dependents, dental coverage for themselves and dependents, a prescription drug benefit, vision insurance, and a health care reimbursement or flexible spending account. The proportions of employers contributing toward most of those coverages, however, are significantly lower. Results for a long list of other benefits, including paid time off and professional career development items, are quite similar to those seen in 2019. The biggest shift being 39% reporting a telecommuting benefit compared with just 17% in 2019. Eighty-four percent of practitioners are offered some form of paid time off, including 81% offered paid vacation or personal time off, 69% paid holidays, and 65% paid sick days. Seventy percent are offered 1 or more of the benefits classified as “professional or career development,” led by funding or time off for professional development (eg, conferences and seminars), and college tuition for employees. Eighty-eight percent are offered 1 or more of a variety of “quality of work life” benefits, led by on-site parking, employee assistance programs, wellness programs, and unpaid personal leave. Very few employers are offering adoption assistance, child care subsidies or on-site facilities, tuition assistance for dependents, stock options, or profit sharing. In underwriting the Compensation & Benefits Survey of the Dietetics Profession 2021, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Commission on Dietetic Registration have again provided a comprehensive and current resource to help nutrition/dietetics practitioners manage their careers. This survey provides valuable perspectives on how specific jobs are compensated, shows how a variety of factors relate to compensation levels, and identifies important trends.
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