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Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia

2021; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Volume: 7; Issue: 47 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1126/sciadv.abi7038

2375-2548

Vanessa Villalba‐Mouco, Camila Oliart Caravatti, Cristina Rihuete Herrada, Ainash Childebayeva, Adam B. Rohrlach, María Inés Fregeiro, Eva Celdrán Beltrán, Carlos Velasco Felipe, Franziska Aron, Marie Himmel, Cäcilia Freund, Kurt W. Alt, Domingo C. Salazar‐García, Gabriel García Atiénzar, María Paz de Miguel Ibáñez, Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Virginia Barciela González, Alejandro Romero, Juana Ponce, Andrés Martínez, Joaquí­n Lomba, Jorge Soler, Ana Pujante Martínez, Azucena Avilés Fernández, María Haber Uriarte, Consuelo Roca de Togores Muñoz, Ïñigo Olalde, Carles Lalueza‐Fox, David Reich, Johannes Krause, Leonardo García Sanjuán, Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó Pérez, Roberto Risch, Wolfgang Haak,

Archaeology and ancient environmental studies

The emerging Bronze Age (BA) of southeastern Iberia saw marked social changes. Late Copper Age (CA) settlements were abandoned in favor of hilltop sites, and collective graves were largely replaced by single or double burials with often distinctive grave goods indirectly reflecting a hierarchical social organization, as exemplified by the BA El Argar group. We explored this transition from a genomic viewpoint by tripling the amount of data available for this period. Concomitant with the rise of El Argar starting ~2200 cal BCE, we observe a complete turnover of Y-chromosome lineages along with the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. This pattern is consistent with a founder effect in male lineages, supported by our finding that males shared more relatives at sites than females. However, simple two-source models do not find support in some El Argar groups, suggesting additional genetic contributions from the Mediterranean that could predate the BA.