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Diversification and secondary contact in the magpie‐jays ( Calocitta ) throughout the pacific lowlands of Mesoamerica

2021; Wiley; Volume: 59; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/jzs.12571

1439-0469

Luis A. Sánchez‐González, Vicente J Castillo-Chora, Enrique Arbeláez‐Cortés, Adolfo G. Navarro‐Sigüenza,

Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies

The Mesoamerican dry forests (MDF), rich in species and in endemic taxa, are distributed nearly continuously nearly continuously along the American Pacific slope from Mexico to Costa Rica; however, several of the bird species inhabiting the MDF show clear phenotypic differentiation recognized through the description of subspecies. There are two currently recognized species of magpie-jays of the genus Calocitta (Corvidae) distributed throughout the MDF: the monotypic black-throated magpie-jay (C. colliei) and the polytypic white-throated magpie-jay (C. formosa). These two species have sometimes been considered conspecific and have been reported to hybridize in sympatric areas, where birds with intermediate plumage characters are recorded. Using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers from individuals of the two species, we analyze the phylogeographic structure and the genetic diversity within Calocitta under an isolation with migration (IM) model. The results showed strong genetic structure, in which the two currently recognized species and some of the C. formosa subspecies grouped into four well-supported and reciprocally monophyletic clades. IM analyses suggested divergence dates for the split between C. colliei and C. formosa that were congruent with geological factors, as well as with the deep divergence of the three lineages within C. formosa. These factors likely led to a dynamic demographic history in all lineages. We also found strongly limited gene flow, null or near null migration values, and large genetic fixation and genetic distance values. We suggest that the strong genetic differentiation between lineages is the result of allopatric differentiation with later secondary contact, further supporting a highly dynamic biotic history in MDF. Los bosques secos Mesoamericanos (MDF) son ricos en especies y están distribuidos casi de manera continua a lo largo de la vertiente pacífica de México hasta Costa Rica; sin embargo, varias de las especies de aves que los habitan muestran clara diferenciación fenotípica, lo que se ha reconocido a través de la descripción de subespecies. Existen dos especies actualmente reconocidas de urracas del género Calocitta (Corvidae) que se distribuyen en los MDF: la monotípica Urraca Hermosa Carinegra (C. colliei) y la politípica Urraca Hermosa Cariblanca (C. formosa). Estas dos especies a veces han sido consideradas conespecificas y se ha reportado que hibridizan en áreas de simpatría, donde se han registrados individuos con caracteres intermedios de plumaje. Usando marcadores de DNA mitocondrial y nuclear para individuos de ambas especies, analizamos la estructura filogeográfica y la diversidad genética dentro de Calocitta bajo un modelo de Aislamiento con Migración (IM). Los resultados muestran una fuerte estructura genética, en la cual las dos especies reconocidas y algunas de las subespecies de C. formosa se agrupan en cuatro clados bien soportados y recíprocamente monofiléticos. Los análisis de IM sugieren fechas de divergencia para la división entre C. colliei y C. formosa que son congruentes con factores geológicos, al igual que para las tres divergencias profundas entre los linajes dentro de C. formosa. Esos factores posiblemente llevaron a una historia demográfica dinámica en todos los linajes. También encontramos flujo génico muy limitado, valores de migración nulos o casi nulos, y valores altos de fijación y distancia genéticas. Sugerimos que esa fuerte diferenciación genética es el resultado de diferenciación alopátrica con posterior contacto secundario, apoyando aún más una historia biótica altamente dinámica en los MDF. Figure S1. Species tree and estimated divergence times for Calocitta magpie-jays using both mtDNA and nuDNA. Green bars represent 95 % high posterior density (HPD). Table S1. Primers used in this study and amplicon lengths. Alignment S1. Multilocus sequence alignment of Calocitta and outgroup species in tour study. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.