The Siege of Lisbon and the Second Crusade
2004; Modern Humanities Research Association; Volume: 20; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1353/port.2004.0010
ISSN2222-4270
Autores Tópico(s)Byzantine Studies and History
ResumoThe SiegeofLisbonand theSecondCrusade ALAN FOREY Atonetimetheparticipation ofa northern fleet inthecaptureofLisbon in 1147 was seen by mostcommentators as an unplannedmatter: the Portuguese ruler AfonsoHenriques merely tookadvantage ofthefactthat a crusading fleethad putintoPortoon itswaydowntheIberiancoast. More recently thisviewhas beenchallenged. It has beenarguedthatSt Bernard had soughtto promote AfonsoHenriques'sproposedcampaign andhadevenbeenpreaching thecrossintheLow Countries inaid ofthe reconquista in Portugal, and thatco-operation withthePortuguese had beendiscussed andplannedbefore thefleet setsail:northern participation atthesiegeofLisbonwas premeditated.1 Thisinterpretation oftheattack on Lisbonis seen as a further indicationthatthesecondcrusadewas plannedas an assaulton all non-Christian powers.2Yet the evidence whichhas been adduced to supportthisreadingof eventsis scarcely compelling. The case forSt Bernard'sinvolvement restslargely on a shortletter attributed to him,usuallyreferred to as letter 308: To Afonso, illustrious king ofthePortuguese, Bernard, innameAbbotofClairvaux, theprayer ofa sinner, ifthatisofanyworth. Wehavereceived theletters andgreetings ofyour Highness, rejoicing inhim'who commands deliverances forJacob'.Whatwe havedoneinthismatter, theoutcome willreveal forus,andyouwillalsodiscover from theoutcome; youwilldiscern our readiness toactfrom thecarewehavetaken oratleastfrom ourknown friendship. Pedro,thebrother ofyourHighness, and worthy ofall glory, related thematters enjoined on himbyyou,and is now fighting in Lorraine, after roaming in arms through France; andheissoontofight fortheLordofhosts. 1HaroldLivermore, 'The"Conquest ofLisbon"anditsAuthor', Portuguese Studies, 6 (1990), 8-12;Jonathan Phillips, 'StBernard ofClairvaux, theLowCountries andtheLisbonLetter of theSecondCrusade', Journal ofEcclesiastical History, 48 (1997),485-97;SusanB. Edgington, 'Albert ofAachen, StBernard andtheSecondCrusade',in TheSecondCrusade:Scopeand Consequences, ed.byJonathan Phillips andMartin Hoch(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001),p. 60;Joseph F. O'Callaghan, Reconquest andCrusade inMedieval Spain(Philadelphia : University ofPennsylvania Press, 2003),pp. 42-43.Thisviewwas foreshadowed by LuizGonzagade Azevedo, História de Portugal, 6 vols(Lisbon:Bíblion, 1935-44), IV(I942-)» 47-48. The issueis not addressedin detailby JaimeFerreiro Alemparte, Arribadas de Normandos y cruzadosa las costasde la Península Ibérica(Madrid:Sociedadespañolade estudios medievales, 1999),or byBrunoMeyer,'El papelde los cruzadosalemanesen la reconquista de la Península Ibérica enlossiglosXII yXIII',Enla Españamedieval, 23 (2000), 42-48,although thelatter assumesthatnegotiations forassistance alwaystookplaceafter crusaders arrived inPortugal. Inherintroduction toA Conquista deLisboaaos Mouros.Relato de umCruzado, ed. byAiresA. Nascimento (Lisbon:Vega,2001),pp.26,34,MariaJoãoV. Branco regards theargument ofpremeditation as anhypothesis; seealsotheeditor's comment, Nascimento, pp. 160-61n. 69. Thisviewofthesecond crusade wasfirst advanced indetail byGilesConstable, 'TheSecond Crusade as seenbyContemporaries', Traditio, 9 (1953),213-79. 2 ALAN FOREY Brother Roland, ourson,is bringing letters conveying thepapalconcessions. May youcommit toyourcarehim, ourbrothers residing with you,andmyself.3 Its authenticity has in recent yearsbeenacceptedand defended against thosewhohavevieweditas a forgery, andithasbeenarguedthatitrefers to theproposedLisboncampaign:St Bernard was giving hisbackingto theproposedexpedition againsttheMoors and was also enlisting papal support.4 Thisletter first appearsinBrito'sChronicade Cister, published in 1602;5and it is generally acceptedthatthiswork is based partly on documents whicharenotgenuine.6 No individual manuscript ofletter 308 exists,and it is not foundin any earlycollectionof St Bernard's letters.7 Itsprovenance therefore giveslegitimate grounds forcautionand forexamining itstextcloselyin orderto determine whether itis in fact genuine. Doubtsareraisedfirst bytheincipit. AfonsoHenriques is addressed as king,a title thatthepapacydidnotallowtoPortuguese rulers until1179. Iftheletter is genuine ithas to be assumedthatStBernard was ignorant ofthepapalstanceinthe1140s,eventhough itwouldhavetobeaccepted thathe had been in consultation withEugeniusIII about Portuguese affairs shortly before thedispatch oftheletter.8 Doubtshavealso beenexpressed abouttheexistence ofPedro,Afonso Henriques'ssupposedbrother, who is mentioned in theletter.9 This is admittedly not theonlyreference to him:he is namedin severallatemedievalchronicles , suchas thenarratives knownas Crónicasdos sete primeiros reisand Crónicade cinco reis,whichoriginated in theearly fifteenth century,10 and also thefourth of theCrónicasbrevesof Santa 3S. Bernardi Opera,ed. byJ.Leclercq, C. H. Talbotand H. M. Rocháis,8 vols (Rome: Cistercienses, 1957-77), vin(1977), 228,doc.308;thisandallsubsequent translations from the Latinaremyown.Another English translation is provided in The Letters ofSt Bernard of Clairvaux, trans, byBruno Scott James (Stroud: Sutton, 1998),p. 469no. 397. Livermore, pp.9-12;theviewsexpressed inthisarticle havebeenaccepted without discussionbyPhillips , pp.492-94.Theletter's validity wasrejected byMaurCocheril, Etudes surle monachisme en Espagneetau Portugal (Paris:Sociétéd'éditions 'Les belleslettres'; Lisbon: Bertrand, 1966), pp.269-312, andhisviews wereaccepted bytheeditors ofS. Bernardi Opera, vin,xiv.Itisregarded as apocryphal inLetters ofStBernard, p. 549. Bernardo deBrito, Primeira parte da Chronica deCister (Lisbon: Crasbeeck, 1602), in,5,fols 130-31. Fora nineteenth-century critique ofBrito's work, seeAntonio d'Almeida, 'Erroshistoricochronologicosde Fr. Bernardode Britona Chronicade Cister',Memorias da Academia Real das Scienciasde Lisboa, 12 (1837), 45-152. S. BernardiOpera, vm, xiv. 8Livermore, p. 10...
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