Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) as food additives
2016; Wiley; Volume: 14; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4433
ISSN1831-4732
Tópico(s)Dye analysis and toxicity
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 14, Issue 3 4433 OpinionOpen Access Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) as food additives EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS), EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS)Search for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS), EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS)Search for more papers by this author First published: 31 March 2016 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4433Citations: 12 Panel members: Fernando Aguilar, Riccardo Crebelli, Alessandro Di Domenico, Birgit Dusemund, Maria Jose Frutos, Pierre Galtier, David Gott, Ursula Gundert-Remy, Claude Lambré, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Oliver Lindtner, Peter Moldeus, Alicja Mortensen, Pasquale Mosesso, Dominique Parent-Massin, Agneta Oskarsson, Ivan Stankovic, Ine Waalkens-Berendsen, Rudolf Antonius Woutersen, Matthew Wright and Maged Younes Correspondence: fip@efsa.europa.eu Acknowledgement: The Panel wishes to thank the members of the former Working Group "B" Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (2011–2014) and the members of the Standing Working Group on the re-evaluation of food additives other than gums and colours: Polly Ester Boon, Dimitrios Chrysafidis, Birgit Dusemund, David Gott, Rainer Gürtler, Ursula Gundert-Remy, Claude Lambré, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Daniel Marzin, Peter Moldeus, Pasquale Mosesso, Dominique Parent-Massin, Ivan Stankovic, Paul Tobback, Ine Waalkens-Berendsen, Rudolf Antonius Woutersen and Matthew Wright for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion; and EFSA staff members: Ana Rincon and Alexandra Tard for the support provided to this scientific opinion. The ANS Panel wishes to acknowledge all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and other organisations that provided data for this scientific opinion. Adoption date: 8 March 2016 Published date: 31 March 2016 Question number: EFSA-Q-2011-00001, EFSA-Q-2011-00002, EFSA-Q-2011-00003, EFSA-Q-2011-00004 On request from: European Commission AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion re-evaluating benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) when used as food additives. Benzoic acid and its sodium and potassium salts are rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The Panel considered that the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of calcium benzoate will be similar to sodium or potassium salt and, therefore, read-across between the salts was possible. The results of short-term and subchronic studies on benzoic acid and its salts indicate that their toxicity is low. The Panel considered that the use of benzoic acid and its sodium and potassium salts as food additives does not raise a concern with respect to genotoxicity and, based on read-across, also considered that this conclusion is applicable for calcium benzoate. Moreover, the Panel noted that the available data did not indicate any carcinogenic potential. A four-generation reproductive toxicity study with benzoic acid in the diet in rats was considered by the Panel as the pivotal study and a no observed adverse effect level of 500 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight (bw) per day, the highest dose tested, was identified. From the aforementioned studies, the Panel derived an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 5 mg/kg bw per day (expressed as benzoic acid) using an uncertainty factor of 100. Taking into account food categories for which direct addition of benzoic acid-benzoates is authorised, the group ADI was exceeded in the brand-loyal scenario in particular for toddlers and children consuming on a regular basis flavoured drinks. Considering additional exposure due to carry-over, the intake could be increased by up to two to three fold for all high-level consumers compared to the previous scenario with only direct addition to food. This results in exceedance of the group ADI in toddlers and children for the non-brand-loyal scenario. The main food categories contributing to this exceedance were unprocessed fruits and vegetables and flavoured drinks. References Amsel LP and Levy G, 1969. Drug biotransformation interactions in man. II: A pharmacokinetic study of the simultaneous conjugation of benzoic and salicylic acids with glycine. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 58(3), 321. Asero R, 2006. Sodium benzoate-induced pruritus. Allergy, 61, 1240– 1241. Assessment report, 2013a. Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products. Benzoic acid; Product-type 04 (food and feed area). September 2013, Germany. Available online: http://dissemination.echa.europa.eu/Biocides/ ActiveSubstances/1248-04/1248-04_Assessment_Report.pdf Assessment report, 2013b. Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products. Benzoic acid; Product-type 03 (Veterinary hygiene). September 2013, Germany. Available online: http://dissemination.echa.europa.eu/Biocides/ ActiveSubstances/1248-03/1248-03_Assessment_Report.pdf Barnes J, 1959. Chem. Ind., 557 (as referred to by JECFA, 1996). BAuA (Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2011. Annex VI report. Proposal for harmonised classification and labelling. Benzoic acid. August 2011. Bernhard K, Vuilleumier JP and Brubacher G, 1955. Zur Frage der Entstehung der Benzoesäure im Tierkörper. Helvetica Chimica Acta 38, 1438– 1444. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2005. Indications of the possible formation of benzene from benzoic acid in foods. BfR Expert Opinion No 013/2006, 1 December 2005. Available online: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/indications_of_the_possible_formation_of_benzene_from_benzoic_acid_in_foods.pdf BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2013. Fragen und Antworten zu Benzol in Erfrischungsgetränken und Karottensäften. Aktualisierte FAQ des BfR vom 16. December 2013. Available online: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/fragen-und-antworten-zu-benzol-in-erfrischungsgetraenken-und-karottensaeften.pdf Bridges JW, French MR, Smith RL and Williams RT, 1970. The fate of benzoic acid in various species. Biochem. J. 118, 47– 51. Can NO, Arli G and Lafci Y, 2011. A novel RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate in soft drinks using C18-bonded monolithic silica column. Journal of Separation Science, 34(16–17), 2214– 2222. Chang P and Ku K, 1993. Studies on benzene formation in beverages. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 1, 385– 393. Chang SH, Chun BC, Lee WJ and Christiani DC, 2000. Urinary excretion of hippuric acid after consumption of non-alcoholic beverages. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 6(3), 238– 242. ChemIDPlus, online. A database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system. (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov). Cong D, Fong AKY, Lee R and Pang KS, 2001. Absorption of benzoic acid in segmental regions of the vascularly perfused rat small intestine preparation. Drug metabolism and disposition, 29, 15391547. Crane SC and Lachance PA, 1985. The effect of chronic sodium benzoate consumption on brain monoamines and spontaneous activity in rats. Nutrition Reports International, 31, 169– 177. De Luca C, Passi S and Quattrucci, 1995. Simultaneous determination of sorbic acid, benzoic acid and parabens in foods: a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique adopted in a survey on Italian foods and beverages. Food additives and contaminants, 12, 1– 7. Demir E, Kocaoglu S and Kaya B, 2008. Genotoxicity testing of four benzyl derivatives in the Drosophila wing spot test. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 1034– 1041. Demir E, Kocaoglu S and Kaya B, 2010. Assessment of genotoxic effects of benzyl derivatives by the comet assay. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 1239– 1242. Deuel HJ, Alfin-Slater RB, Weil CS and Smyth HF, 1954. Sorbic acid as a fungistatic agent for foods. 1. Harmlessness of sorbic acid as a dietary component. Food Research, 19, 1– 12. Dong C and Wang W, 2006. Headspace solid-phase microextraction applied to the simultaneous determination of sorbic and benzoic acids in beverages. Analytica Chimica Acta, 562, 23– 29. EC (European Commission), 2003. Benzoic acid. SANCO/1396/2001. Final. 28 November 2003. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/?event=activesubstance.detail&language=EN&selectedID=1018 EC (European Commission), 2007a. Summary record of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health. Held in Brussels on 20 July 2007. SANCO - D1(2007)D/411718. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/committees/regulatory/scfcah/toxic/summary20072007_en.pdf EC (European Commission), 2007b. Summary record of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health. Held in Brussels on 14 December 2007. SANCO - D1(2007)D/412774. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/committees/regulatory/scfcah/toxic/summary14122007_en.pdf EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006. Scientific opinion of the Scientific Committee related to uncertainties in dietary exposure assessment. EFSA Journal 2006;438, 54 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2006.438 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC) on a request from the Commission on the results of the study by McCann et al. (2007) on the effect of some colours and sodium benzoate on children's behaviour. EFSA Journal 2008; 6(3):660, 54 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.660 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010. Management of left-censored data in dietary exposure assessment of chemical substances. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3): 1557, 96 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1557 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011a. Use of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database in Exposure Assessment. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(3):2097, 34 pp. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2097 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011b. Evaluation of the FoodEx, the food classification system applied to the development of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(3): 1970, 27 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1970 EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources), 2011. Scientific Opinion on re-evaluation of calcium carbonate (E 170) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(7):2318, 73 pp. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2318 EFSA CEF Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids), 2011. Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 3 (FGE.20Rev3): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldeydes, a related acetal, benzoic acid, and related esters from chemical group 23 and 30. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(7):2176, 136 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2176 EFSA CEF Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids), 2012. Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 4 (FGE.20Rev4): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldeydes, a related acetal, benzoic acid, and related esters from chemical group 23 and 30. EFSA Journal 2011; 10(12):2994, 140 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2994 EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain), 2009. Scientific Opinion on arsenic in food. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(10):1351, 199 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1351 EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain), 2010. Scientific Opinion on lead in food. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(4):1570, 151 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1570 EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain), 2012. Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA Journal 2012; 10(12):2985, 241 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985 EFSA FEED Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed). 2016. Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of benzoic acid as feed additive for pigs for fattening when used as acidity regulator and all animal species when used as a flavouring. EFSA Journal 2016; 14(1):4353, 13 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4353 Ene PC and Diacu E, 2009. High performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of benzoic acid in beverages. Scientific Bulletin - University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, Series B: Chemistry and Materials Science, 71(4), 81– 88. Fanelli GM and Halliday SL, 1963. Relative toxicity of chlorotetracycline and sodium benzoate after oral administration to rats. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de thérapie, 144, 120125. FCC (Food Chemical Codex), 2010–2011. Food Chemical Codex 2010–2011, seventh edition. US Pharmacopeia. ISBN 1-889788-86-9. pp 841. Fujitani T, 1993. Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxicology Letters, 69, 171– 179. Gad SC, Dunn BJ, Dobbs DW, Reilly C and Walsh RD, 1986. Development and validation of an alternative dermal sensitization test: the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 84, 93– 114. Gardner LK and Lawrence GD, 1993. Benzene production from decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition-metal catalyst. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 41, 693– 695. Gerberick GF, House RV, Fletcher ER and Ryan CA, 1992. Examination of the local lymph node assay for use in contact sensitization risk assessment. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 19, 438– 445. González M, Gallego M and Valcárcel M, 1999. Gas chromatographic flow method for the preconcentration and simultaneous determination of antioxidant and preservative additives in fatty foods. Journal of Chromatography A, 848, 529– 536. Goren AC, Bilsel G, §im§ek A, Bilsel M, Akcadag F, Topal K and Ozgen H, 2015. HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food and beverages: Performances of local accredited laboratories via proficiency tests in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 175, 273– 279. Griffith WH, 1929. Benzoylated amino acids in the animal organism. IV. Method for the investigation of the origin of glycine. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 82, 415– 427. Han F, He YZ, Li L, Fu GN, Xie HY and Gan WE, 2008. Determination of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in food products using electrokinetic flow analysis-ion pair solid phase extraction-capillary zone electrophoresis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 618, 79– 85. Hills DJ, 1975. Preparation of potassium benzoate. US Patent 3867439 A. Available online: http://www.google.com/patents/US3867439. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 2012. World Health Organization. Chemical Agents and related Occupations. Volume 100F. A review of human carcinogens. Available online: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F.pdf Ibekwe SE, Uwakwe AA and Monanu MO, 2007. Effect of oral intake of sodium benzoate on some haematological parameters of wistar albino rats. Scientific Research and Essays, 2, 6– 9. Ishidate MJr, Sofuni T, Yoshikawa D, Hayashi M, Nohmi T, Sawada M and Marsouka A, 1984. Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 22, 623– 633. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1962. Evaluation of the toxicity of a number of antimicrobials and antioxidants (Sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 228. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1966. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour-treatment agents, acids, and bases (Ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 339 JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1974a. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review of general principles and of specifications (Seventeenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 539. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1974b. Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening agents. Benzoic acid and its calcium, potassium and sodium salts. WHO Food Additives Series, 5. WHO, Geneva. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1983. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants (Twenty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 696. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1993. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants (Forty-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 837. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1996. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. Prepared by the 46th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid and its salts. WHO Food Additives Series 37. WHO, Geneva. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1997. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. (Forty sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series, 868, 41– 43. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2001. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Benzyl derivatives. WHO Food Additives Series, 48. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2002. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. (Fifty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 909 73–84. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2006. Monograph 1. Combined compendium of food additive specifications. Available online: http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-additives/search.html JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2015. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. (Eightieth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 995. Benzoates: dietary exposure assessment, 13–16. Jurcovan MM, Diacu E and Petronela Ene C, 2012. Quantification of the analytical parameters and uncertainty budget for traceable measurements of benzoic acid in soft drinks by HPLC method. UPB, Scientific Bulletin Series B, 74(1), 97– 108. Kawachi T, Komatsu T, Kada T, Ishidate M, Sasaki M, Sugiyama T and Tazima Y, 1980. Results of recent studies on the relevance of various short-term screening tests in Japan. In the Predictive value of short-term screening tests in carcinogenicity evaluation. Edited by GM Williams, R Kroes, HJ Waaijers and KW Poil. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 253– 267 Kieckebusch W and Lang K, 1960. Die Verträglichkeit dir Benzoesäure im chronischen Fütterungversuch. Arzneimittel Forschung, 10, 1001– 1003. Kokya TA, Farhadi TA and Kalhori AA, 2012. Optimized Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Determination of Sorbic Acid and Benzoic Acid in Beverage Samples by Gas Chromatography. Food Analytical Methods, 5, 351– 358. Kowalewski K, 1960. Abnormal pattern in tissue phospholipids and potassium produced in rats by dietary sodium benzoate. Protective action of glycine. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 124, 275– 280. Kubota K, Horai Y, Kushida K, Ishizaki T, 1988. Determination of benzoic acid in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 425, 67– 75 Kubota K and Ishizaki T, 1991. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid following oral administration of sodium benzoate to humans. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 41, 363– 368. Lang, H and Lang K, 1956. Fate of benzoic acid-14C and p-chlorobenzoic acid-14C in the organism. Archiv fur Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 229, 505– 512. Lennerz B, Vafai SB, Delaney NF, Clish CB, Deik AA, Pierce KA, Ludwig DS and Mootha VK, 2015. Effects of sodium benzoate, a widely used food preservative, on glucose homeostasis and metabolic profiles in humans. Molecular genetics and metabolism, 114, 73– 79. Lin F, Nong S, Huang X and Yuan D, 2013. Sensitive determination of organic acid preservatives in juices and soft drinks treated by monolith-based stir cake sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405(6), 2077– 2081. Lok KYW, Chan RSM, Lee VWY, Leung PW, Leung C, Leung J and Woo J, 2013. Food additives and behavior in 8- to 9-year-old children in Hong Kong: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Journal of Developmental and behavioral pediatrics, 34, 642– 650. Maier E, Kurz K, Jenny M, Schennach H, Ueberall F and Fuchs D, 2010. Food preservatives sodium benzoate and propionic acid and colorant curcumin suppress Th1-type immune response in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 1950– 1956. Maki T and Takeda K, 2000. Benzoic Acid and Derivatives, in 'Ullmann's Encyclopedia of industrial Chemistry� pp 329– 342, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Mandrou B, Nolleau V, Gastaldi E and Fabre H, 1998. Solid-phase extraction as a clean-up procedure for the liquid chromatographic determination of benzoic and sorbic acids in fruit-derived products. Journal of liquid chromatography and related technologies, 21(6), 829– 842. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO and Stevenson J, 2007. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 370, 1560– 1567. McNeal TP, Nyman PJ, Diachenko GW and Hollifield HC, 1993. Survey of benzene in foods by using headspace concentration techniques and capillary gas chromatography. Journal of AOAC International, 76, 1213– 1219. Michils A, Vandermoten G, Duchateau J and Yernault JC, 1991. Anaphylaxis with sodium benzoate. Lancet, 337, 1424– 1425. Mota FJM, Ferreira IM, Cunha SC, Beatriz M and Oliveira P, 2003. Optimisation of extraction procedures for analysis of benzoic and sorbic acids in foodstuffs. Food Chemistry, 82, 469– 473. Mpountoukas P, Vantarakis A, Sivridis E and Lialiaris T, 2008. Cytogenetic study in cultured human lymphocytes treated with three commonly used preservatives. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 2390– 2393. Nettis E, Colanardi MC, Ferrannini A and Tursi A. 2004. Sodium benzoate-induced repeated episodes of acute urticaria/angio-oedema: randomized controlled trial. The British Journal of Dermatology, 151(4), 898– 902. Njagi GDE and Gopalan HNB, 1982. Cytogenetic effects of the food preservatives sodium benzoate and sodium sulphite on Vicia faba root meristems. Mutation Research, 102, 213– 219. Noorafshan A, Erfanizadeh M and Karbalay-Doust S, 2014. Sodium benzoate, a food preservative, induces anxiety and motor impairment in rats. Neurosciences, 19 (1), 24– 28. Nour V, Trandafir I and Ionica ME, 2009. Simultaneous determination of sorbic and benzoic acids in tomato sauce and ketchup using high-performance liquid chromatography. Annals Food Science and Technology, 10(1), 157– 162. Nutley BP, 1990. Investigations into the metabolism of cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, and cinnamaldehyde in relation to their safety evaluation. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London, Department of Pharmacology. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2001. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, 414. Prenatal development toxicity study. Adopted on 22 January 2001. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2014. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, TG 475. Mammalian bone marrow chromosomal aberration test. Adopted on 26 September 2014. OECD SIDS (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Screening Information DataSet), 2001. Benzoates. Available online: http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/BENZOATES.pdf Ohtsuki, Takashi; Sato, Kyoko; Sugimoto, Naoki; Akiyama, Hiroshi; Kawamura, Yoko, 2012. Absolute quantification for benzoic acid in processed foods using quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Talanta, 99, 342– 348. Onodera H, Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Furuta K, Takeuchi M, Oono Y, Kubota T, Miyahara M, Maekawa A and Odashima S, 1978. Studies on effects of sodium benzoate on fetuses and offspring of Wistar rats. Bulletin of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, 96, 47– 55. Pacor ML, di Lorenzo G, Martinelli N, Mansueto P, Rini GB and Corrocher R, 2004. Monosodium benzoate hypersensitivity in subjects with persistent rhinitis. Allergy, 59, 192– 197. Piper PW, 1999. Yeast superoxide dismutase mutants reveal a pro-oxidant action of weak organic acid food preservatives. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27, 1219– 1227. Pylypiw HM and Grether MT, 2000. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in foods. Journal of Chromatography A 883, 299– 304. Salih FM, 2006. Risk assessment of combined photogenotoxic effects of sunlight and food additives. Science of the Total Environment, 362, 68– 73. Sasaki YF, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K, Tsuda S, 2002. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutation Research, 519, 103– 119. SCCNFP (Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products), 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Conumers concerning benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. SCCNFP/0532/01 final. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/sccp/out166_en.pdf SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), 2005. Opinion on benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. SCCP/0891/05. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_015.pdf SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1994. Opinion on benzoic acid and its salts. Expressed on 24 February 1994. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirty-Fifth Series. CEC, Luxembourg, 1996, 33– 39. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Benzoic acid and its salts SCF/CS/ADD/CONS/48 Final. 1–13. Schachter D, 1957. The chemical estimation of acyl glucuronides and its application to studies on the metabolism of benzoate and salicylate in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 36, 297– 302. Schanker LS, Tocco DJ, Brodie BB and Hogben CAM. 1958. Absorption of drugs from the rat small intestine. of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 123, 81– 88. Sen I, Shandil A, Shrivastava, VS, 2011. Determination of benzoic acid residue from fruit juice by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection technique. Archives of Applied Science Research, 3(2), 245– 252. Shalitin S, Abrahami M, Lilos P and Phillip M, 2005. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents referred to a tertiary-care center in Israel International Journal of Obesity, 29, 571– 578. Shtenberg AJ and Ignat'ev AD, 1970. Toxicological evaluation of some combinations of food preservatives. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 8, 369– 380. Smyth HF and Carpenter. P, 1948. Further experience with the range-finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. Journal of industrial hygiene and toxicology, 30, 63– 68. Sodemoto Y and Enomoto M, 1980. Report of carcinogenesis bioassay of sodium benzoate in rats: Absence of carcinogenicity of sodium benzoate in rats. Journal of environmental pathology and toxicology, 4, 87– 95. Steinbrenner N, Löbell-Behrends S, Reusch H, Kuballa T and Lachenmeier DW, 2010. Benzol in Lebensmitteln - Ein Überblick. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit [Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety], 5, 443– 452. Techakriengkrai I and Surakamkul R, 2007. Analysis of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in Thai rice wines and distillates by solid-phase sorbent extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of food composition and analysis, 20, 220– 225. Tfouni S and Toledo M, 2002. Determination of benzoic and sorbic acids in Brazilian food. Food Control, 13, 117– 123. TemaNord, 2002. Food additives in Europe 2000; Status of safety assessments of food additives presently permitted in the EU. Benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate and calcium benzoate. 221– 225 Toth B, 1984. Lack of tumorigenicity of sodium benzoate in mice. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 4, 494– 496. VKM (Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety), 2007. Impact on health when sugar is replaced with intense sweeteners in soft drinks, "saft" and nectar. Report 1. Wang, Z-Hua;, Xia, J-F, Zhao F-Y, Han Q, Guo X-M, Wang H and Ding M-Y, 2013. Determination of benzoic acid in milk by solid-phase extraction and ion chromatography with conductivity detection. Chinese Chemical Letters, 24(3), 243– 245. Wei R, Li W, Yang, L, Jiang Y, Xie T, 2011. Online pre-concentration in capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for sensitive determination of sorbic and benzoic acids in soy sauce. Talanta, 83(5), 1487– 1490. WHO (World Health Organization), 2005. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate (Rev. 1). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document (CICAD), 26, 1– 48. Available online: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/cicad26_rev_1.pdf WHO (World Health Organization), 2009. Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 240. Chapter 2: risk assessment and its role in risk analysis. WHO (World Health Organization), 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Fourth Edition. Benzene, p. 322. Available online: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/ Worm M, Vieth W, Ehlers I, Sterry W and Zuberbier T, 2001. Increased leukotriene production by food additives in patients with atopic dermatitis and proven food intolerance. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 31, 265– 273. Xie YT, Chen P and Wei WZ, 1999. Rapid analysis of preservatives in beverages by ion chromatography with series piezoelectric quartz crystal as detector. Microchemical Journal, 61, 58– 68. Yang J, Li D and Sun C, 2012. Simultaneous determination of eleven preservatives in foods using ultrasound-assisted emulsification micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical Methods, 4(10), 3436– 3442. Yilmaz S, Unal F and Yuzba§ioglu D, 2009. The in vitro genotoxicity of benzoic acid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotechnology, 60, 55– 61. Yilmaz S, Unal F, Yuzba§ioglu D and Celik M, 2014. DNA damage in human lymphocytes exposed to four food additives in vitro. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 30, 926– 937. Zengin, N, Yuzbasioglu D, Unal F, Yilmaz S, Aksoy H, 2011. The evaluation of the genotoxicity of two food preservatives: Sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49, 763– 7069. Zhang, Xinfeng; Xu, Shuxia; Sun, Yonghua; Wang, Yanyan; Wang, Cheng, 2011. Simultaneous determination of Benzoic Acid and Sorbic Acid in Food Products by CE after On-line Preconcentration by Dynamic pH Junction. Chromatographia, 73(11–12), 1217– 1221. Zhao Y-G, Chen X-H, Yao S-S, Pan S-D, Li X-P and Jin M-C, 2012. Analysis of nine food additives in red wine by ion-suppression reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using trifluoroacetic acid and ammonium acetate as ion-suppressors. Analytical Sciences, 28, 967– 971. Citing Literature Volume14, Issue3March 20164433 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)