Corrigendum
2021; Wiley; Volume: 47; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/ab.21946
ISSN1098-2337
Tópico(s)Plant Virus Research Studies
ResumoAggressive BehaviorVolume 47, Issue 3 p. 379-380 CORRIGENDUMFree Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: Effects of cartoon violence on aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors Qian Zhang, Yi Cao, JingYa Gao, Xiong Yang, Detlef H. Rost, Gang Cheng, ZhaoJun Teng, Dorothy L. Espelage, Volume 45Issue 5Aggressive Behavior pages: 489-497 First Published online: April 8, 2019 First published: 09 January 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21946AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat The article entitled “A Correlational Study Between Cartoon Violence, Aggressive Thoughts and Aggressive Behaviors: New Analyses and Clarifications” published in aggressive behavior (Volume 45, Issue 5) had errors in the participant assignment description were discovered in original article (Zhang et al., 2019). Most importantly, participants were not randomly assigned to watch a violent or nonviolent cartoon. Rather, they chose which of two cartoons to watch, before measurement of the dependent variables. Thus, the main independent variable (cartoon watched) should be interpreted as a correlational variable, not an experimentally manipulated one. The authors apologize for this mistake. In addition, several new data analyses are reported, in which trait aggression was treated as a continuous variable, instead of a 3-level (low, medium, high) categorical variable. The following sections present the new results. 1 ABSTRACT This article reports a correlational study between viewing cartoon violence and aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors among Chinese children (n = 3,000). Results indicated that children who chose to watch a violent cartoon displayed higher aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors than those who chose to watch a nonviolent cartoon, even after controlling for trait aggression. The association between type of cartoon viewed and aggressive behavior was partially mediated by aggressive thoughts, but was not moderated by trait aggression. 2 PARTICIPANTS CLARIFICATIONS & CORRECTIONS The initial sample consisted of 3,048 participants (male = 1527; female = 1521). Each individual participant chose a specific cartoon to watch, watched that cartoon in a classroom setting, and then completed measures of aggressive cognition and aggressive behavior. Initially, 3,048 participants were run. Data from 13 participants were excluded because of failure to complete the study (males in violent cartoon condition = 3, males in nonviolent cartoon condition = 3; females in nonviolent cartoon condition = 7). So the sample is more likely to be a representative rather than randomized one. To create equal sized groups of males and females and the total number of participants who watched the violent and nonviolent cartoons, we deleted 35 participants at random (males in violent cartoon condition = 21; females in nonviolent condition = 14). 1,500 males (violent cartoon condition = 644 (43%); nonviolent cartoon condition = 856) and 1,500 females (violent cartoon condition = 856; nonviolent cartoon condition = 644) were kept for final analysis. In the Chinese translated version of Peppa Pig (the nonviolent cartoon), Peppa Pig and her brother George like to jump in the mud and eat spaghetti and chocolate cake. The character is very much like a little boy in reality, lively and mischievous. In Chinese version of Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (the violent cartoon), most of the dubbing actors are females, and the cartoon characters (e.g., little sheep) are mainly females. We believe that these differences in cartoon characters and voices explain why male participants were more likely to choose to watch the nonviolent cartoon (Peppa Pig) than the violent one (Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf), whereas females were more likely to choose to watch the violent cartoon. 3 PROCEDURAL CLARIFICATIONS The BPAQ was administered before the children watched the cartoon. Each participant choose whether to view a violent or a nonviolent cartoon. Participants then viewed the chosen cartoon in a group setting with classmates who chose to watch the same cartoon. The rest of the study procedures were carried out in the same group setting, immediately after viewing the cartoon. 4 DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS FROM TREATING TRAIT AGGRESSION AS A CONTINUOUS VARIABLE A 2 (cartoon: violent vs. nonviolent) × 2 (sex: male vs. female) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with trait aggression included as a covariate. The dependent variables were aggressive thoughts (ATS) and aggressive behaviors (CRTT). Basically, there were no substantial changes from the original article results. 5 ANOVA ON AGGRESSIVE THOUGHTS The main effect of cartoon on ATS remained significant and was slightly larger than in the original article. Children who chose to watch a violent cartoon showed higher mean ATS score than those who chose to watch a nonviolent cartoon [F(1, 2995) = 49.29, p < .001, d = 0.26, partial η2 = 0.02; M = 179.90 versus M = 159.29]. The main effect of BPAQ on ATS remained nonsignificant, and was slightly smaller than in the original article [F(1, 2995) = 1.88, p = .17, d = 0.05, partial η2 < 0.001]. The main effect of sex on ATS was significant. Females displayed a slightly higher mean ATS score than males [F(1, 2995) = 8.94, p = .003, d = 0.11, partial η2 = 0.003; M = 173.98 versus M = 165.20]. The cartoon × sex interaction on ATS remained significant and was slightly smaller than in the original article [F(1, 2995) = 12.46, p < .001, partial η2 = 0.004]. A simple effect analysis indicated that there was no significant sex difference in mean ATS score in the violent cartoon condition [F(1, 2995) = 0.15, p = .70, partial η2 < 0.001; M = 179.10 versus M = 180.69], but females displayed a small but significant higher mean ATS score than males in the nonviolent cartoon condition [F(1, 2995) = 21.27, p < .001, partial η2 = 0.007; M = 168.86 versus M = 149.72]. 6 ANOVA ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS The main effect of cartoon on CRTT scores remained significant, and was slightly larger than in the original article. Children who chose to watch a violent cartoon showed higher mean CRTT scores than those who chose to watch a nonviolent cartoon [F(1, 2995) = 147.34, p < .001, d = 0.44, partial η2 = 0.05; M = 3.31 versus M = 2.76]. The main effect of BPAQ on CRTT scores remained small and significant, [F(1, 2995) = 5.69, p = .02, d = 0.09, partial η2 = 0.002]. The main effect of sex on CRTT scores was not significant [F(1,2995) = 0.46, p = .50, d = 0.03, partial η2 < 0.001]. The cartoon × sex interaction on CRTT scores remained small and significant, and was slightly larger than in the original report [F(1, 2995) = 41.21, p < .001, partial η2 = 0.014]. A simple effect analysis demonstrated that males displayed small but significantly higher CRTT scores than females in the violent cartoon condition [F(1, 2995) = 16.49, p < .001, partial η2 = 0.005; M = 3.44 versus M = 3.18], whereas females displayed small but significantly higher CRTT scores than males in the nonviolent cartoon condition [F(1, 2995) = 25.20, p < .001, partial η2 = 0.008; M = 2.92 versus M = 2.60]. 7 MODERATING EFFECT OF TRAIT AGGRESSION: NEW ANALYSIS To test whether trait aggression (TA) is a moderator of the correlation between selected cartoon and aggression, we ran a moderation analysis (standardized coefficient) on the effect of cartoon violence (CV) on aggressive behavior (AB). In this analysis we dropped the CV x Sex interaction term but added a CV x TA term with sex included as a covariate (coefficients standardized). This interaction was not significant, F(1, 2995) < 1.00, β = .008; SE = 0.02; 95% CI = [−0.03, 0.04]. Thus, there was no hint of a trait aggression moderation effect. 8 IMPLICATIONS OF CORRECTIONS Because participants chose which cartoon to view, this study has a correlational design, not experimental. Thus, causal inferences concerning the effect of the cartoons that participants watched are risky, at best. Nonetheless, this correlational study with a large sample of Chinese children provides useful information to understand the positive correlation between cartoon violence and aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors. The study has a good ecological validity, because self-selecting cartoons is similar to the situation that children choose to watch cartoons themselves in real life. Indeed, this is one of the relatively few studies to examine how short term exposure to a chosen violent (vs. nonviolent) cartoon is associated with higher levels of aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors immediately after watching the cartoon. Children who chose to and then watched a violent cartoon reported higher ATS and CRTT scores than those who chose to and then watched a nonviolent cartoon. Furthermore, this effect on aggressive behavior was not moderated by trait aggression, but was partially mediated by aggressive thoughts (see original article for the mediation analysis). These results replicate the main findings of many correlational and longitudinal screen violence studies conducted mostly with Western samples. Such replication with a large Eastern sample is valuable, supporting the generalizability of media violence effects to some extent. REFERENCE Zhang, Q., Cao, Y., Gao, J., Yang, X., Rost, D. H., Cheng, G., Teng, Z., & Espelage, D. L. (2019). Effects of cartoon violence on aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors. Aggressive Behavior, 45, 489– 497. Wiley Online LibraryPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume47, Issue3May 2021Pages 379-380 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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