Abstracts of Literature
1999; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 30; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/01.str.30.2.480
ISSN1524-4628
AutoresAskiel Bruno, Alfredo M. Lopez-Yunez,
Tópico(s)Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
ResumoHomeStrokeVol. 30, No. 2Abstracts of Literature Free AccessOtherPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyRedditDiggEmail Jump toFree AccessOtherPDF/EPUBAbstracts of Literature Askiel Bruno and Alfredo M. Lopez-Yunez Askiel BrunoAskiel Bruno and Alfredo M. Lopez-YunezAlfredo M. Lopez-Yunez Originally published1 Feb 1999https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.2.480Stroke. 1999;30:480–486Cerebral AneurysmsAB-14310-99 Influence of Endothelin ETA Receptor Antagonist—BQ-123—on Changes of Endothelin-1 Level in Plasma of Rats With Acute Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—Josko J (Silesian Medical Univ, Dept Physiol, Jordana 19, PL-41808 Zabrze, Poland), Hendryk S, Jedrzejowska-Szypula H, Gwozdz B, Herman ZS, Gawlik R—J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;49:367–375.Endothelin participates in regulating the vascular tone, and it is also involved in the pathogenesis of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced cerebral vasospasm is inhibited by ETA receptors specific antagonist-BQ-123; this protects the neurons from ischemic damage. The present study evaluates the dynamics of ET-1 concentration changes in the plasma of rats in the acute phase of vasospasm after SAH, which was induced by administering 100 microliters non-heparinized fresh autologous arterial blood into the brain cisterna magna (CM). The study also assesses the effect of blocking ETA receptors on the changes in ET-1 level. BQ-123, the specific ETA receptors antagonist, was administered to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through a cannula inserted into CM; the antagonist—40 nmol in 50 microliters CSF—was given 20 minutes prior to SAH. In the control group, sham SAH was induced by administering 100 microliters artificial CSF (aCSF) to CM. ET-1 concentration in the plasma of rats in the acute phase of vasospasm was assessed by radioimmunoassay 30 and 60 minutes after SAH or sham SAH. It has been showed that both SAH and sham SAH cause significant increase in the ET-1 concentration (p<0.05) in the rat plasma after 30 minutes; the concentration returns to an initial value after following 30 minutes, which may suggest that ET-1 released binds to its receptors in the acute phase of the vasospasm. On the other hand, in the two groups of rats with blocked ETA receptors there was a significant rise in ET-1 concentration 30 minutes after SAH or sham SAH, and a still further rise was observed 60 minutes after the procedure. The rise was significantly higher in animals with SAH (p<0.05). The dynamics of the ET-1 concentration changes observed in rats with blocked ETA receptor suggests that SAH is an ET-1 production stimulator significantly more potent than other factors assessed in the study, such as a rise in the intracranial pressure resulting from administering a CSF to CM. Blocking ETA receptors makes it impossible for the ET-1 released to bind to the receptors, which may be a factor preventing the occurrence of cerebral vasospasm following SAH.Key Words:, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasmAB-14311-99Effects of Unilateral Intrathecal Administrations of Low Dose Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator on Clot Lysis, Vasospasm and Brain Phospholipid Hydroperoxidation in a Primate Model of Bilateral Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—Suzuki H, Kanamaru K (MIE Univ School of Medicine, Dept of Neurosurgery, Tsu, MIE 5148507 Japan), Kuroki M, Sun H, Waga S, Miyazawa T—Neurol Res. 1998;20:625–631.In order to clarify the effect of clot lysis by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) on the brain lipid peroxidation, we measured phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) and phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxide (PEOOH) levels in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Monkeys were assigned into two groups; a tPA-treated group receiving intrathecal injections of 0.02 mg tPA, and a placebo-treated group receiving saline. The tPA or placebo was injected into the right side of the basal cistern every 8 h for 6 days following bilateral SAH induction. The tPA cleared the right side clots (p<0.0001), but not the left side clots. The degree of vasospasm in the right middle cerebral artery and the rCBF decrease in the right parietal cortex were significantly attenuated in the tPA group (p<0.05). In the placebo group, more severe vasospasm and marked rCBF reduction were noted in comparison with those in the tPA group. PCOOH levels in the parietal cortex were significantly higher in the placebo group than in the tPA group (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in brain PEOOH levels. These results may explain the limitations for clinical application of unilateral intrathecal administration of tPA.Key Words: subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasmAB-14312-99Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Intracranial Saccular Aneurysm Individuals—Takenaka K (Gifu Univ of School Medicine, Dept Neurosurgery, 40 Tsukasamachi, Gifu 5008705, Japan), Yamakawa H, Sakai H, Yoshimura S, Murase S, Okumura A, Nakatani K, Kimura T, Nishimura Y, Yoshimi N, Sakai N—Neurol Res. 1998;20:607–611.A polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with cerebrovascular diseases as a new potent risk factor. The purpose of this study was to investigate an association of the gene polymorphism with intracranial saccural aneurysmal patients. The study population consisted of 83 aneurysmal patients (age range 41–85 years) (the AN group) and 104 matched control subjects (age range 30–81 years) (the Control group). For detection of the ACE gene polymorphism, the standard PCR method was performed by using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. The PCR products were a 490-bp in the presence of the insertion (I) and a 190-bp fragment in the absence of the insertion (D). The ACE gene polymorphism was classified into three genotypes: I/I genotype (a 490-bp band); D/D genotype (a 190-bp band); or I/D genotype (both a 490-bp and a 190-bp band). The number of subjects with I/I, I/D, and D/D genotypes was 38, 40, and 5 in the AN group and 43, 45, and 16 in the Control group, respectively. The frequency of the D/D genotype in the AN group was significantly lower (5/83=0.06) than that in the Control group (16/104=0.15) (chi 2=4.06; p=0.044). There was no significant difference between the genotypes of hypertensive patients and normotensive patients in the AN group. Thus, this present study suggests that genetic heterogeneity of the ACE gene may be correlated with the etiology of intracranial aneurysms.Key Words: genetics, aneurysmClinicalAB-14313-99Stroke and Cocaine or Amphetamine Use—Petitti DB (393 E Walnut St, Pasadena, CA 91188), Sidney S, Quesenberry C, Bernstein A—Epidemiology. 1998;9:596–600.The association of cocaine and amphetamine use with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke is based almost solely on data from case series. The limited number of epidemiologic studies of stroke and use of cocaine and/or amphetamine have been done in settings that serve mostly the poor and/or minorities. This case-control study was conducted in the defined population comprising members of Kaiser Permanente of Northern and Southern California. We attempted to identify all incident strokes in women ages 15–44 years during a 3-year period using hospital admission and discharge records, emergency department logs, and payment requests for out-of-plan hospitalizations. We selected controls, matched on age and facility of usual care, at random from healthy members of the health plan. We obtained information in face-to-face interviews. There were 347 confirmed stroke cases and 1,021 controls. The univariate matched odds ratio for stroke in women who admitted to using cocaine and/or amphetamine was 8.5 (95% confidence interval=3.6–20.0). After further adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratio in women who reported using cocaine and/or amphetamine was 7.0 (95% confidence interval=2.8–17.9). The use of cocaine and/or amphetamine is a strong risk factor for stroke in this socioeconomically heterogeneous, insured urban population.Key Words: stroke classification, cocaineAB-14314-99Inherited Prothrombotic States and Ischaemic Stroke in Childhood—Ganesan V, (Newcomen Centre, Guys Hospital, St Thomas St, London SE1 9RT, UK), McShane MA, Liesner R, Cookson J, Hann I, Kirkham, FJ—J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:508–511.Objective—To investigate the prevalence of currently recognised inherited prothrombotic states in a population of children with arterial stroke.Methods—Children with arterial stroke presenting to a tertiary level paediatric neurology centre between 1990 and 1996 were investigated for inherited prothrombotic states.Results—Sixty seven children with arterial stroke were investigated. Abnormalities were initially identified in 16 patients; however, only eight children (12%) had an inherited prothrombotic state. This was type 1 protein S deficiency in one patient, the factor V Leiden mutation in six, and activated protein C resistance (without the factor V Leiden mutation) in one. The prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation was not significantly higher in children with arterial stroke (12%) than in a control population of children without thrombosis attending the same institution (5.2%; Fisher's exact test, p=0.19; difference in prevalence between patients and controls (95% confidence interval)=6.8% (−2.78% to 16.8%)).Conclusions—Currently recognised inherited prothrombotic tendencies were rarely associated with stroke in this group of children, although larger numbers of patients would be needed to confirm this. Age appropriate normal values should be used when interpreting the results of a prothrombotic screen. Prothrombotic abnormalities seen acutely are as often transient as inherited. Longitudinal assessment and family studies are required before low concentrations of an anticoagulant protein found acutely can be attributed to an inherited abnormality.Key Words: genetics, thrombosisAB-14315-99Central Poststroke Pain Correlation of MRI With Clinical Pain Characteristics and Sensory Abnormalities—Bowsher D (Pain Research Institute, Walton Hospital, Liverpool L9 1AE, UK), Leijon G, Thuomas K-A—Neurology. 1998;51:1352–1358. Copyright ©1998 by the American Academy of Neurology.Objective: To correlate MRI and sensory changes in patients with spontaneous lesions in the cerebral "pain pathway." Methods: The authors used MRI and quantitative somatosensory testing in 73 patients with central poststroke pain (CPSP) and in 13 patients with pain-free stroke with sensory deficit. Results: Lesions in any part of the discriminatory somatosensory pathway may or may not produce CPSP. Most CPSP patients have multiple lesions, many probably unrelated to pain. Ventroposterior thalamic nuclear lesions are more likely to produce half-body pain than lesions elsewhere (including the brainstem). In supratentorial lesions, the greatest pain is more likely to be in an extremity, and in infratentorial lesions, the greatest pain is likely to be in the face. Supratentorial CPSP patients have a deficit of sharpness and cold (peripherally mediated by Aδ fibers) than pain-free stroke patients, whereas patients with infratentorial CPSP additionally have a deficit of C–fiber-mediated warmth and hot pain. Burning pain is more common than nonburning pain in younger patients. Warmth and cold, but not hot pain, exhibiting central convergence (spatial summation) are more affected in CPSP patients with burning than nonburning pain. Allodynic CPSP patients had a significantly greater deficit for warmth than patients without allodynia. Conclusions: Different stroke sites produce different patterns of sensory deficit. The progression from painless sensory deficit to CPSP is not purely quantitative.Key Words: stroke outcome, painAB-14316-99Specificity, Isotype, and Titer Distribution of Anticardiolipin Antibodies in CNS Diseases—D'Olhaberriague L, Levine SR (WSU School of Medicine, University Health Center, 6E, 4201 Saint Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201), Salowich-Palm L, Tanne D, Sawaya KL, Aurora TK, Perry M, Day M, Spencer T, Schultz L—Neurology. 1998;51:1376–1380. Copyright ©1998 by the American Academy of Neurology.Background and purpose: There is an association between anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and ischemic stroke. There are, however, also occasional reports linking aCL with other CNS diseases (OND), particularly with multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, we studied the specificity of aCL for ischemic stroke. Methods: Prospective, consecutively identified patients evaluated for aCL (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and immunoglobulin M [IgM] isotypes) were divided into two groups: ischemic stroke (first ever) and OND (stroke-free subjects affected by OND). Results: The ischemic stroke group (n=300) and the OND (n=149) differed in the following risk factors: age (64±14 versus 58±15 years; p<0.001) and proportions of African Americans (67% versus 29%; p<0.001); current cigarette smoker (26% versus 17%; p=0.028); hypertensive (69% versus 34%; p<0.001); diabetic (18% versus 7%; p=0.001); history of angina (16% versus 8%; p=0.015) or myocardial infarction (15% versus 3%; p 10 GPL (23% versus 11%; p=0.003) or IgG aCL >20 GPL (12% versus 4%; p=0.012) among the stroke group than among the OND group. No differences in IgG-aCL positivity were found between the MS group and the rest of the OND group but the MS patients had a higher rate of IgM-aCL positivity than the other OND patients. Conclusion: IgG-aCL positivity does not appear to be a marker for CNS disease generally but of ischemic stroke.Key Words: antibodies, antiphospholipid, cerebral ischemiaAB-14317-99Predicting Neurologic Deterioration In Patients With Cerebellar Hematomas—St. Louis EK, Wijdicks EFM (Dept of Neurology, W8A, Mayo Foundation, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905), Li H—Neurology. 1998;51:1364–1369. Copyright ©1998 by the American Academy of Neurology.Background: Patients with cerebellar hematomas may appear stable but may worsen suddenly. Whether certain clinical or CT scan findings predict worsening is not known. Methods: We reviewed clinical and neuroimaging data in 72 patients with cerebellar hematomas at the Mayo Clinic from 1973 through 1993 to identify predictive features for neurologic deterioration. Patients presenting in coma and patients with vascular malformations or malignancies were excluded. Data were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher's exact test, with calculation of odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on appropriate variables. Results: Thirty-three patients (46%) deteriorated, with a decrease in level of consciousness, new brainstem signs, or worsened motor response on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Clinical and neuroradiologic predictors for neurologic deterioration at p<0.05 were admission systolic blood pressure greater than 200 mm Hg, pinpoint pupils and abnormal corneal or oculocephalic reflexes, hemorrhage extending into the vermis, hematoma size more than 3 cm in diameter, brainstem distortion, intraventricular hemorrhage, upward herniation, and acute hydrocephalus. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that hemorrhage located in the vermis (p=0.03) and acute hydrocephalus (p=0.0006) on admission CT scanning independently predicted deterioration. Conclusion: Patients with a cerebellar vermian hematoma or acute hydrocephalus are at high risk for neurologic deterioration. These patients should be carefully monitored and are more likely to require consideration for neurosurgical intervention.Key Words: stroke outcome, cerebellar hemorrhageEpidemiologyAB-14318-99Influence of Risk Factors on Peripheral and Cerebrovascular Disease in Men With Coronary Artery Disease in Men with Coronary Artery Disease, Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels, and Desirable Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels— Papademetriou V (VA Medical Center, 50 Irving St, NW, Washington, DC 20422), Narayan P, Rubins H, Collins D, Robins S—Am Heart J. 1998;136:734–740. Copyright ©1998 by Mosby, Inc.Background The Veterans Administration-HDL Intervention Trial is an ongoing, 20-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aiming to assess the effect of gemfibrozil-improved low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates.Methods and Results Eligible patients were men with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and demonstrable coronary heart disease. A total of 2531 patients (average age 63.5 years) were randomly assigned in this study, with a mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 0.83 mmol/L (32 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 2.87 mmol/L (111 mg/dL). Baseline data provided the opportunity to assess the interaction of several coronary heart disease risk factors and comorbid vascular diseases. Of these patients, 206 had diabetes mellitus (DM) alone, 1021 had hypertension (HTN) alone, 421 had both DM and HTN, and 883 had neither ("others"). Considering the influence of these risk factors on comorbidities independent of smoking status, patients with DM alone had a 2-fold increase in the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease and a 1.5-fold increase in congestive heart failure. Patients with HTN had a significant increase in the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure. Patients with HTN and DM had a significant increase in all comorbidities. Smoking resulted in substantial increase of both peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. Compared with nonsmoking patients with no DM or HTN, patients with DM and HTN and smoking had a 3-fold increase in the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease and a 3.5-fold increase in cerebrovascular disease (P<.001).Conclusions We conclude that DM is a strong correlate of peripheral vascular disease, hypertension of cerebrovascular disease, and that there is a strong additive effect between DM, HTN, and smoking on both.Key Words: risk factors, cerebrovascular disordersAB-14319-99Risk Profile and Prediction of Long-Term Ischemic Stroke Mortality: A 21-Year Follow-Up in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease (IIHD) Project—Tanne D, Yaari S, Goldbourt U (Section of Epideminology, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel)—Circulation. 1998;98:1365–1371. Copyright ©1998 by American Heart Association, Inc.Background—Multinational comparisons demonstrate marked ethnic and regional variation in stroke mortality and risk-factor distribution. We assessed the role of ethnicity and estimated the cumulative effect of multiple risk factors on long-term ischemic stroke mortality.Methods and Results—Civil servants and municipal employees in Israel (n=9734 men; age, ≥42 years), chosen by stratified sampling in 6 prespecified areas of birth (those born in Israel and those who were immigrants from 5 other regional-ethnic strata), were included in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease (IIHD) Project. Over a 21-year follow-up period, age-adjusted mortality rates per 10 000 person-years attributed to ischemic stroke (n=282; International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-9 codes 433 to 438) were higher among immigrants to Israel from northern Africa and the Mideast (17.1 to 19.0), than from 3 parts of Europe (11.3 to 12.4). Crude rates per 1000 subjects observed in those born in Asia or Africa (29.4 to 31.2) exceeded rates predicted by risk-factor profiles (21.4 to 24.9). Adjusted hazard ratios were 3.00 for age (per 10 years), 2.15 for left ventricular hypertrophy, 1.69 for systolic blood pressure (BP, per 20 mm Hg), 1.86 for diabetes mellitus, 1.83 for peripheral vascular disease, 1.79 for smoking (>20 cigarettes per day), 1.51 for coronary heart disease, 1.16 for percent cholesterol contained in the HDL fraction (% HDL, per 5% decrease), and 1.88 for diastolic BP (per 12 mm Hg; assessed in an alternative model). Accounting for regression dilution bias and assessed from repeat measurements, we found that hazard ratio estimates associated with diastolic BP, systolic BP, and percent HDL (per increments described) increased to 3.22, 2.23, and 1.23, respectively. Ischemic stroke mortality rates were 30-fold greater among subjects at the highest versus the lowest quintile of predicted probability according to risk-factor profiles (81.2 versus 2.6 per 1000 subjects).Conclusions—Assessment of multiple risk factors provides useful quantitative prediction of long-term ischemic stroke mortality risk. Regional-ethnic variations are consistent with a hypothesis that other, undetermined inherent genetic or sociocultural factors act to increase ischemic stroke mortality rates in immigrants to Israel from the Mideast and northern Africa over that predicted by conventional risk factors.Key Words: risk factors, cerebral ischemiaExperimental PathologyAB-14320-99Delayed Treatment With Aminoguanidine Decreases Focal Cerebral Ischemic Damage and Enhances Neurologic Recovery in Rats—Nagayama M, Zhang F, Iadecola C (Dept of Neurology, Univ of Minnesota Medical School, Box 295 UMHC, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455)—J Cerb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18:1107–1113. Copyright ©1998 The International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.Delayed treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), a relatively selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, ameliorates brain damage produced by occlusion of the rat's middle cerebral artery (MCA). We investigated whether the protection exerted by AG is dose-dependent and whether it is associated with improved neurologic outcome. We also studied the effect of the timing of administration of AG relative to the induction of cerebral ischemia. Halothane-anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats underwent permanent MCA occlusion distal to the lenticulostriate branches. Neurologic deficits were assessed daily by the postural reflex test and beam balance test. Infarct volume was determined in thionin-stained sections 96 hours after ischemia and values corrected for swelling. Treatment with AG (intraperitoneally, twice daily), starting 24 hours after MCA occlusion, decreased neocortical infarct volume in comparison to vehicle-treated rats. After correction for swelling, the decrease was 8±12% at 50 mg/kg (n=8; P>.05; analysis of variance), 25±13% at 100 mg/kg (n=7; P<.05), 30±16% at 200 mg/kg (n=7; P<.05) and 32±9% at 400 mg/kg (n=5; P<.05). Twenty-four hours after induction of ischemia neurologic deficits scores did not differ between treated and untreated rats (P>.05). However, from 48 to 96 hours after ischemia, neurologic deficits improved significantly in rats treated with AG (100 to 400 mg/kg) compared to rats in which vehicle was administered (P<.05). The decrease in neocortical infarct volume was greatest when AG (100 mg/kg; twice daily) was administered 12 (26±17%; n=9) or 24 hours (25±13; n=7) after MCA occlusion. The findings show that AG decreases ischemic brain damage dose-dependently and improves neurologic recovery. Delayed treatment with AG may be a therapeutic strategy to selectively target the evolution of ischemic damage that occurs in the post-ischemic period.Key Words: cerebral ischemia, neuroprotectionAB-14321-99Spatial Stability of Extracellular Potassium Ion and Blood Flow Distribution in Rat Cerebral Cortex After Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion—Sick TJ (Dept of Neurology, Univ of Miami School of Medicine, South Campus, Bldg B, 12500 SW 152 St, Miami FL 33177), Feng Z-C, Rosenthal M—J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18:1114–1120. Copyright ©1998 The International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.Extracellular potassium ion activity ([K+]o) increases precipitously during brain ischemia when blood flow falls below threshold values less than approximately 15 mL/100 g/min. This flow threshold for increase of [K+]o occurs also in focal ischemia producing gradient from ischemic core to adjacent normally perfused brain. In this study we investigated the spatial and temporal stability of extracellular potassium ion and blood flow gradients after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. [K+]o and regional CBF were measured, respectively, with K+-sensitive and polarographic hydrogen-sensitive microelectrodes at different cortical locations in the middle cerebral artery distribution region. Spatial assessment of [K+]o and regional CBF was conducted at 30, 90, and 180 minutes after MCAO. [K+]o in the more lateral cortex (core) increased from near 3 mmol/L before MCAO to greater than 50 mmol/L and was associated with flow values less than 25% of pre-ischemic levels. Measurements medial to the core (penumbra) indicated progressively decreasing levels of [K+]o and improvement of CBF. There was a tendency for [K+]o in penumbral zones to decrease toward normal levels with time, but there was little dissipation of [K+]o in core regions. In contrast, the spatial CBF profile remained remarkably constant for the entire recording period. Thus, unlike infarction which has been reported to expand with time after focal ischemia, the spatial [K+]o disturbance tends to contract primarily due to decreasing [K+]o with time in the penumbra. Thus, steady state levels of [K+]o after focal ischemia may not be a valuable predictor of cell viability.Key Words: cerebral ischemia, focal, potassiumAB-14322-99Mice Overexpressing Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Have Increased Resistance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia—Sheng H (Dept of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Duke Univ Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710), Bart RD, Oury TD, Pearlstein RD, Crapo JD, Warner DS—Neuroscience. 1998;88:185–191. Copyright ©1998 IBRO Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.Transgenic mice, which had been transfected with the human extracellular superoxide dismutase gene, causing an approximate five-fold increase in brain parenchymal extracellular superoxide dismutase activity, were used to investigate the role of extracellular superoxide dismutase in ischemic brain injury. Transgenic (n=21) and wild-type (n=19) mice underwent 90 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion. Severity of resultant hemiparesis and cerebral infarct size were measured. Wild-type mice had larger infarcts (cortex: wild type=37±14 mm3, transgenic=27±13 mm3, P=0.03; subcortex: wild type=33±14 mm3, transgenic=23±10 mm3, P=0.02). Neurological scores, however, were similar (P=0.29). Other mice underwent autoradiographic determination of intra-ischemic cerebral blood flow. The volume of tissue at risk of infarction (defined as volume of tissue where blood flow was <25 ml/100 g/min) was similar between groups (cortex: wild type=51±15 mm3, transgenic=47±9 mm3, P=0.65; subcortex: wild type=39±16 mm3, transgenic=37±17 mm3, P=0.81).These results indicate that antioxidant scavenging of free radicals by extracellular superoxide dismutase plays an important role in the histological response to a focal ischemic brain insult.Key Words: cerebral ischemia, focal, superoxide dismutaseImagingAB-14323-99Diffusion-Weighted MR of Acute Cerebral Infarction: Comparison of Data Processing Methods—Chong J, Lu D, Aragao F, Singer MB, Schonewille WJ, Silvers A, Tuhrim S, Atlas SW (Dept of Radiology, Stanford Univ Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford CA 94035)—AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:1733–1739. Copyright ©American Society of Neuroradiology.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Some investigators have proposed that either calculated diffusion trace images or apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, which require imaging with multiple diffusion sensitivities and/or postacquisition image processing, are essential for the accurate interpretation of diffusion-weighted images in acute stroke because of the possible pitfalls of regional diffusion anisotropy, magnetic susceptibility artifacts, and confounding T2 effects, all of which alter signal on diffusion-weighted MR images. The purpose of our study was to compare the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of simple, orthogonal-axis diffusion-weighted imaging for the diagnosis of early cerebral infarction with three other sets of postacquisition-processed images: isotropic diffusion-weighted, diffusion trace-weighted, and diffusion trace images.METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive adult patients with signs and symptoms consistent with a clinical diagnosis of early cortical and/or subcortical cerebral infarction and 17 control subjects were studied with multisection, single-shot, spin-echo echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging at 1.5 T to generate a set of three orthogonal-axis diffusion-weighted images. Isotropic diffusion-weighted, diffusion trace-weighted, and diffusion trace (mean ADC) images were then generated off-line and all four sets of images were interpreted blindly by two neuroradiologists.RESULTS: The average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the orthogonal-axis diffusion-weighted images were 98.1%, 97.1%, and 97.7%, respectively. The average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for isotropic diffusion-weighted images were 88.5%, 100%, and 93% respectively. The average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diffusion trace-weighted images were 82.7%, 73.6%, and 79.1%, respectively. The average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diffusion trace images were 50.0%, 85.3%, and 64.0%, respectively.CONCLUSION: Orthogonal-axis diffusion-weighted images have the highest sensitivity and accuracy and very high specificity for early cerebral infarction. Our data contradict the contention that quantitative diffusion maps, requiring imaging with multiple diffusion sensitivities and/or subsequent image processing, are necessary for clinical stroke imaging.Key Words: cerebral infarction, magnetic resonance imagingAB
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