The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2017
2018; Wiley; Volume: 16; Issue: 12 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5500
ISSN1831-4732
Tópico(s)Zoonotic diseases and public health
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 16, Issue 12 e05500 Scientific ReportOpen Access The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017 European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA and ECDC), European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA and ECDC)Search for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA and ECDC), European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA and ECDC)Search for more papers by this author First published: 12 December 2018 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5500Citations: 31 Correspondence: zoonoses@efsa.europa.eu Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00751 Acknowledgements: EFSA and the ECDC wish to thank the members of the EFSA Scientific Network for Zoonoses Monitoring Data and of the ECDC Food and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Network, the ECDC Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Network and the ECDC Tuberculosis Network, who provided the data and reviewed the report; the members of the Scientific Network for Zoonoses Monitoring Data for their endorsement of this scientific report; the EFSA staff members (Frank Boelaert, Yves Van der Stede, Anca Stoicescu, Giusi Amore, Krisztina Nagy, Valentina Rizzi, Maria Teresa Da Silva Felicio, Winy Messens, Angel Ortiz Pelaez, Michaela Hempen, Eleonora Sarno, Daniel Thomas and Frank Verdonck), the ECDC staff members (Taina Niskanen, Joana Haussig, Hanna Merk and Joana Gomes Dias) and the EFSA contractors: the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Italy (and staff members: Lisa Barco, Marzia Mancin, Ilaria Patuzzi, Antonia Anna Lettini, Alessandra Longo, Carmen Losasso and Antonia Ricci), the Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Italy (and staff members: Stefano Morabito, Gaia Scavia, Arnold Knijn, Rosangela Tozzoli, Ornella Moro, Monica Gianfranceschi, Elisabetta Suffredini, Ilaria Di Bartolo, Elisabetta Delibato, Fabrizio Anniballi, Giovanni Ianiro and Antonella Maugliani), the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (and staff members: Edoardo Pozio and Adriano Casulli), the WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis (and staff member: Adriano Casulli), and the European Union Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes (the French agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES) and staff members: L. Guillier, B. Felix and B. Lombard), for the support provided to this scientific report. Approved: 19 November 2018 Amended: 18 February 2019 AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2017 in 37 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and nine non-MS). Campylobacteriosis was the commonest reported zoonosis and its EU trend for confirmed human cases increasing since 2008 stabilised during 2013–2017. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed human salmonellosis cases since 2008 ended during 2013–2017, and the proportion of human Salmonella Enteritidis cases increased, mostly due to one MS starting to report serotype data. Sixteen MS met all Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, whereas 12 MS failed meeting at least one. The EU flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys decreased or remained stable compared to 2016, and slightly increased in breeding turkeys. Salmonella results on pig carcases and target Salmonella serovar results for poultry from competent authorities tended to be generally higher compared to those from food business operators. The notification rate of human listeriosis further increased in 2017, despite Listeria seldom exceeding the EU food safety limit in ready-to-eat food. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed yersiniosis cases since 2008 stabilised during 2013–2017. The number of confirmed shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans was stable. A total of 5,079 food-borne (including waterborne) outbreaks were reported. Salmonella was the commonest detected agent with S. Enteritidis causing one out of seven outbreaks, followed by other bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses. The agent was unknown in 37.6% of all outbreaks. Salmonella in eggs and Salmonella in meat and meat products were the highest risk agent/food pairs. The report further summarises trends and sources for bovine tuberculosis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), West Nile virus and tularaemia. Introduction Legal basis of the EU-coordinated zoonoses monitoring The EU system for monitoring and collection of information on zoonoses is based on the Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC1, which obliges European Union (EU) Member States (MS) to collect relevant and, when applicable, comparable data on zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance and food-borne outbreaks. In addition, MS shall assess trends and sources of these agents, as well as outbreaks in their territory, submitting an annual report each year by the end of May to the European Commission covering the data collected. The European Commission should subsequently forward these reports to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA is assigned the tasks of examining these data and publishing the EU annual Summary Reports. In 2004, the European Commission entrusted EFSA with the task of setting up an electronic reporting system and database for monitoring of zoonoses (EFSA mandate No. 2004-01782). The data collection on human diseases from MS is conducted in accordance with Decision 1082/2013/EU3 on serious cross-border threats to health. This Decision replaced Decision 2119/98/EC on setting up a network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the EU in October 2013. The case definitions to be followed when reporting data on infectious diseases to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) are described in Decision 2012/506/EU1. ECDC has provided data on zoonotic infections in humans, as well as their analyses, for the EU Summary Reports since 2005. Since 2008, data on human cases have been received via The European Surveillance System (TESSy), maintained by ECDC. Reporting requirements According to Annex I of the Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC data on animals, food and feed must be reported on a mandatory basis (list A of Annex I of the Zoonoses Directive) for the following eight zoonotic agents: Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella, Trichinella and Echinococcus. In addition and based on the epidemiological situations in the MS, data must be reported on the following agents and zoonoses (list B of Annex I of the Zoonoses Directive): (i) viral zoonoses: calicivirus, hepatitis A virus, influenza virus, rabies, viruses transmitted by arthropods; (ii) bacterial zoonoses: borreliosis and their agents, botulism and their agents, leptospirosis and their agents, psittacosis and their agents, tuberculosis other than in M. bovis, vibriosis and their agents, yersiniosis and their agents; (iii) parasitic zoonoses: anisakiasis and their agents, cryptosporidiosis and agents thereof, cysticercosis and agents thereof, toxoplasmosis and their agents; and (iv) other zoonoses and zoonotic agents such as Francisella, Cysticercus and Sarcocystis). Furthermore, MS provide data on certain other microbiological contaminants in foods – histamine, staphylococcal enterotoxins and Cronobacter sakazakii for which food safety criteria are set down in the EU legislation. According to Article 9 of the Zoonoses Regulation, the MS shall assess trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and antimicrobial resistance in their territory and each MS shall send to the European Commission every year by the end of May a report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and antimicrobial resistance, covering the data collected pursuant to Articles 4, 7 and 8 during the previous year. Reports, and any summaries of them, shall be made publicly available. The general rules on monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in animals, food and feed are laid down in Article 4 of Chapter II of the Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC. Specific rules for the coordinated monitoring programmes, the food business operators (FBOp), antimicrobial resistance in animals, food and feed are laid down in Articles 5, 6 and 7 of Chapter II of the Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC, respectively. The minimum characteristics to be reported are described in Parts A to D of Annex IV of the Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC and in Part E for the food-borne outbreaks. Terms of reference In accordance with Article 9 of Directive 2003/99/EC, EFSA shall examine the submitted national reports and data of the EU MS 2017 zoonoses monitoring activities as described above, and publish an EU Summary Report on the trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and antimicrobial resistance in the EU. The 2017 data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents submitted and validated by the MS are published in a separate EU Summary Report. General description of methods Data sources This EU Summary Report 2017 on zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks (FBOs) was prepared by EFSA in collaboration with the ECDC. Member States (MS), other reporting countries, the European Commission, members of EFSA's Scientific Panels on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) and the relevant European Union Reference Laboratories (EURLs) were consulted while preparing the report. The efforts made by MS, the reporting non-MS and the European Commission in the reporting of zoonoses data and in the preparation of this report are gratefully acknowledged. The present EU Summary Report on zoonoses and FBOs focuses on the most relevant information on zoonoses and FBOs within the EU in 2017. If substantial changes compared with the previous year were observed, they have been reported. Human 2017 data collection The human data analyses in the EU Summary Report for 2017 were prepared by the Food- and Waterborne Diseases (FWD) and Zoonoses programme (brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, congenital toxoplasmosis, echinococcosis, listeriosis salmonellosis, STEC infection, trichinellosis, yersiniosis), Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases (EVD) Programme (Q-fever, rabies, tularaemia, West Nile virus infection) and Tuberculosis (TB) programme (TB due to M. bovis) at the ECDC. Data were based on the data submitted via The European Surveillance System (TESSy), hosted at ECDC. Please note, as explained above, that the numbers presented in the report may differ from national reports owing to differences in case definitions used at EU and national level or to different dates of data submission and extraction. The latter may also result in some divergence in case numbers presented in different ECDC reports. TESSy is a software platform that has been operational since April 2008 and in which data on 52 diseases and special health issues are collected. Both aggregated and case-based data were reported to TESSy. Although aggregated data did not include individual case-based information, both reporting formats were included where possible to calculate number of cases, country-specific notification rates and trends in diseases. Human data used in the report were extracted from TESSy as of 20 August 2018 for FWD), as of 10 September 2018 for EVD, and as of 5 October 2018 for TB due to M. bovis. The denominators used for the calculation of the notification rates were the human population data from Eurostat 1 January 2018 update. Data on human zoonoses cases were received from 28 MS and also from two non-MS: Iceland and Norway. Switzerland sent its data on human cases directly to EFSA. The human data for Switzerland include data from Liechtenstein. The data should be interpreted with caution and take into account data quality issues and differences between MS surveillance systems. The reader should refrain from making direct comparisons between countries without taking into account the limitations in the data, which may differ between countries depending on the characteristics of their surveillance systems. Data collection on food, animals and feed and food-borne outbreaks For the year 2017, 28 MS and 4 non-Member State (non-MS) European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries (Iceland, Norway, Lichtenstein, Switzerland) submitted data and national zoonoses reports on monitoring results in food, animals, feed and FBOs. In addition, data and reports were submitted by the four non-MS: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein.5 For some food, animal and feed matrices and FBOs, EFSA received data and reports from preaccession countries Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. Data were submitted electronically to the EFSA zoonoses database, through EFSA's Data Collection Framework (DCF). MS could also update data from previous years, before 2017. The deadline for data submission was 31 May 2018. Two data validation procedures were implemented, by 15 June 2018 and by 13 July 2018. Validated data on food, animals and feed used in the report were extracted from the EFSA zoonoses database on 25 July 2018. The draft EU Summary Report was sent to MS for consultation on 17 October 2018 and comments were collected by 31 October 2018. The utmost effort was made to incorporate comments and data amendments within the available time frame. The report was finalised by 16 November 2018 and published online by EFSA and ECDC on 12 December 2018. The detailed description of the terms used in the report is available in the EFSA's manuals for reporting on zoonoses (EFSA, 2018a,b,c,d). The national zoonoses reports submitted in accordance with Directive 2003/99/EC are published on the EFSA website together with the EU Summary Report. They are available online at http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/biological-hazards-data/reports. Data analysis General principles and presentation The current summary report for the year 2017 presents a harmonised structure for each chapter, including an abstract with the major findings. In addition, a section explaining the monitoring and surveillance in the EU for the specific disease or for FBOs is summarised. A results section summarises the major findings of 2017 as regards trends and sources. A summary table displaying the data of the last 5 years (2013–2017) for human cases and for major animal and food matrices is presented. Each chapter contains also a discussion and ends with a list of related projects and links with useful information for the specific disease. As mentioned, for each specific chapter, an overview table presenting all the MS that reported data during 2013–2017 is made available, with key summary statistics. However, for the summary tables, unless stated otherwise, data from industry own-control programmes and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) sampling as well as data from suspect sampling, selective sampling and outbreak or clinical investigations are excluded. If MS reported only regional data without reporting statistics at the national level, these were not extracted in the summary tables. Statistical trend analyses were carried out to evaluate the significance of temporal variations in the EU and the specifications of these analyses are explained in each separate chapter. For the human cases trend analyses were covered by data from the EU/European Economic Area (EEA). Also in humans, the implemented general-use statistical tests must be viewed as hypotheses-generating, not as confirmatory tests. Analyses other than trend analyses in humans are performed for confirmed and EU cases only (and EEA cases were not included). Spatial trends in food and animals were visualised using the R software ( www.r-project.org); packages ggplot2, lattice and tmap as well as ArcGIS from the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI). Choropleth maps with graduated colours over a continuous scale of values were used to map the proportion of positive sample units across the EU and other reporting countries. The Appendix lists all data summarised in tables and figures for the production of this report, for humans, foods, animals, feed and FBOs. Comparability and quality of the data Humans For data on human infections, please note that the numbers presented in this report may differ from national zoonoses reports due to differences in case definitions used at EU and national level or because of different dates of data submission and extraction. Results are generally not directly comparable between MS and sometimes not even between different years in one country. Food, animals, feed and food-borne outbreaks For data on food, animals and feed please note that the numbers presented in this report may differ from national zoonoses reports due to different dates of data submission and extraction. The data obtained in the EFSA DCF can vary according the level of data quality and harmonisation. Therefore, the type of data analyses suggested by EFSA strongly depends on this level of harmonisation and can either be a descriptive summary, or trend watching or a full trend analysis of the monitoring data. To make this clear for the reader, EFSA consistently proposed a type of analysis according to Table 1 and adopted from Boelaert et al. (2016). The table shows that the data can be divided into three main categories according to the sampling stage, the matrices collected and the zoonotic agent monitored. Table 1. Categorisation of data used in EUSR 2017 (adapted from Boelaert et al., 2016) Category Type of analyses Type/comparability between MS Examples I Descriptive summaries at national level and EU levelEU trend watching (trend monitoring) Spatial and temporal trends analyses at the EU level Programmed harmonised monitoring or surveillance Comparable between MS; results at EU level are interpretable Salmonella national control programmes in poultry; bovine tuberculosis; bovine and small ruminant brucellosis; Trichinella in pigs at slaughterhouse; Echinococcus granulosus at slaughterhouse II Descriptive summaries at national level and EU levelEU trend watching (trend monitoring) No trend analysis at the EU level Not fully harmonised monitoring or surveillanceNot fully comparable between MS; caution needed when interpreting results at the EU level Food-borne outbreak data. Monitoring of compliance with process hygiene and food safety criteria for L. monocytogenes, Salmonella and E. coli according Reg. No. 2073/2005. Monitoring of Rabies III Descriptive summaries at national level and EU levelNo EU trend watching (trend monitoring) No trend analysis at the EU level Non-harmonised monitoring or surveillance data with no (harmonised) reporting requirements Not comparable between MS; extreme caution needed when interpreting results at the EU level Campylobacter; Yersinia; Q-fever; Francisella tularensis; West Nile virus; Taenia spp.; other zoonoses; Toxoplasma Summary human zoonoses data, EU, 2017 The numbers of confirmed human cases of 14 zoonoses presented in this report are summarised in Figure 1. In 2017, campylobacteriosis was the most commonly reported zoonosis as it has been since 2005, representing alone almost 70% of all the reported cases. Campylobacteriosis was followed by other bacterial diseases; salmonellosis, yersiniosis and STEC infections in being the most frequently reported. Severity of the diseases was analysed based on hospitalisation and outcome of the reported cases (Table 2). Based on data on severity, listeriosis was the most severe zoonoses with the highest hospitalisation and mortality rate followed by West Nile fever infection. Almost all confirmed cases with data available on hospitalisation for these two diseases were hospitalised. One out of every seven and one out of nine confirmed listeriosis and West Nile fever cases, respectively, with known data were fatal. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Reported numbers and notification rates of confirmed human zoonoses in the EU, 2017 Note: Total number of confirmed cases is indicated in parenthesis at the end of each bar. 1Exception: West Nile fever where total number of cases were used. 2Exception: congenital toxoplasmosis notification rate per 100,000 live births. Table 2. Reported hospitalisation and case fatalities due to zoonoses in confirmed human cases in the EU, 2017 Disease Number of confirmeda Hospitalisation Deaths Human cases Status available (%) Number of reporting MSb Reported hospitalised cases Proportion hospitalised (%) Outcome available (%) Number of reporting MSb Reported Case Deaths Fatality (%) Campylobacteriosis 246,158 27.6 17 20,810 30.5 72.8 16 45 0.04 Salmonellosis 91,662 43.1 14 16,796 42.5 67.8 17 156 0.25 Yersiniosis 6,823 27.1 14 616 33.4 65.5 15 3 0.07 STEC infections 6,073 41.0 18 933 37.5 66.1 21 20 0.50 Listeriosis 2,480 40.4 16 988 98.6 65.8 18 225 13.8 Q-fever 928 NAc NA NA NA 56.0 10 7 1.35 Echinococcosis 827 31.2 14 140 54.3 30.1 14 1 0.40 Brucellosis 378 45.8 10 104 60.1 33.9 10 1 0.78 Tularaemia 321 38.3 9 76 61.8 51.1 9 1 0.6 West Nile fever a 212 72.2 8 134 87.6 98.6 9 25 12.0 Trichinellosis 168 44.6 9 56 74.7 40.5 9 0 0.0 Congenital toxoplasmosis 40 57.9 3 18 NA 63.2 3 0 0.0 Rabies 1 NAc NA NA NA 0.0 0 NA NA a Exception: West Nile fever where total number of cases were included. b Not all countries observed cases for all diseases. c NA: Not applicable as the information is not collected for this disease. 1 Campylobacter Tables and figures that are not presented in this section are published as supporting information to this report and are available in downloadable files at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1475841 1.1 Abstract In 2017, Campylobacter was the most commonly reported gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen in humans in the EU and has been so since 2005. The number of reported confirmed cases of human campylobacteriosis was 246,158 with an EU notification rate of 64.8 per 100,000 population. This represents a slight decrease compared with 2016. There was a significantly increasing trend over the period 2008–2017; however, in the last 5 years (2013–2017), the EU/EEA trend has not shown any statistically significant increase or decrease. Half of the MS reported significantly increasing trends in the long term (2008–2017) and one-third in the short term (2013–2017). Despite the high number of human campylobacteriosis cases, their severity in reported case fatality was low (0.04%), even though this was the third most common cause of mortality among the pathogens considered. From food and animals, about two-thirds of MS reported Campylobacter monitoring data for the year 2017. Eighteen and 10 MS reported monitoring results of Campylobacter in fresh meat from broilers and turkeys, respectively. In fresh meat, the occurrence of Campylobacter is still high ranging from 37.4% to 31.5% in broilers and turkeys, respectively. Up to nine MS reported on Campylobacter in milk and milk products (including cheeses) with an occurrence lower than 2%. For the year 2017, one MS, Spain, reported on Campylobacter contamination levels from chilled broiler carcasses and 66 (44%) out of 150 tested carcasses were carrying more than 1,000 colony forming units per gram (CFU/g) of Campylobacter. Few MS reported 2017 monitoring data on Campylobacter in animals and most samples originated from broilers (6 MS, 12.3% positive units). None of the MS reported monitoring data from turkeys. The highest proportion positive sampled units (29.3%) was reported in cats and dogs from 7 MS followed by pigs (17.6%) by 10 MS. In addition to the low volumes of food and animal monitoring data reported from investigations on Campylobacter, the sampling and reporting rules are not harmonised, so precluding trend analyses and trend watching. Together these deficiencies prevent inferences being made, beyond the sample statistics, on trends or sources of Campylobacter in foods or animals. 1.2 Surveillance and monitoring of Campylobacter in the EU 1.2.1 Humans The notification of campylobacteriosis is mandatory in most EU MS, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, except for six EU MS, where notification is based on a voluntary system (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) or other systems (the United Kingdom). No surveillance system exists in Greece. The surveillance systems for campylobacteriosis cover the whole population in all MS except four (France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain). The coverage of the surveillance system is estimated to be 20% in France and 52% in the Netherlands. These proportions of populations were used in the calculation of notification rates for these two MS. No estimate of population coverage in Italy and Spain was provided, so notification rates were not calculated for these two MS. In Belgium, full national coverage was established in 2015 and rates before this date are not displayed. All countries report case-based data except Belgium and Bulgaria, which reported aggregated data. Both reporting formats were included to calculate numbers of cases, notification rates and disease trends. Diagnosis of human infection is generally based on culture from human stool samples and both culture and non-culture methods (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) are used for confirmation. Biochemical tests or molecular methods are used for species determination of isolates submitted to the National Reference Laboratory. 1.2.2 Food and animals Monitoring data on Campylobacter from food and animals and submitted to EFSA (according to Chapter II ('monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents') of the Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC) are collected without harmonised design. These data allow for descriptive summaries at the EU level to be made. They preclude trend analyses and trend watching at the EU level (Table 3). In 2017, data on food reported to EFSA by MS and non-MS were mainly derived from official, industry and private sampling in the context of national monitoring and surveillance and/or organised surveys. Other monitoring data on poultry meat were collected in 2017 according to the process hygiene criterion described in Regulation (EC) No. 2017/14956 amending Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 and in force since 1 January 2018. The criterion is relevant for FBOp and a limit of (< 1,000 CFU/g) applies. This new Regulation aims to keep Campylobacter in broiler carcasses under control and to reduce the number of human campylobacteriosis cases attributable to the consumption of poultry meat. The reporting of monitoring data collected by the competent authorities (CA) and verifying the compliance with the new Campylobacter process hygiene criterion becomes mandatory from 2020 onwards. Monitoring data from animals provided by MS and non-MS to EFSA are mainly derived from non-harmonised official, industry and private sampling in the context of national monitoring and surveillance and/or organised surveys. Other reported samples were from clinical investigations by private veterinarians and industry (artificial insemination centres). Detection of Campylobacter in food and animals is generally based on culture. Biochemical, molecular methods (PCR) and mass spectrometry (such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)), are used for confirmation. Table 3. The surveillance and monitoring of Campylobacter in food and animals according to the sampling stage, the sampler and the objective of the sampling Preharvest (animals) Harvest and processing (food) Retail (food) Sampler and context Official sampling by CA. Private sampling by veterinarians. Monitoring and surveillance; surveys; clinical investigations Official sampling by CA; industry sampling by FBOp.Monitoring and surveillance; surveys; surveillance for process hygiene criteria foreseeing the compliance with Regulation No. 2017/1495 Official sampling by CA; industry sampling by FBOp.Monitoring and surveillance; surveys Samples Detection of Campylobacter from animal faeces Animal faeces, organs, tissues, preputial lavages (artificial insemination centres) Detection and quantification of Campylobacter in food-producing animals at the slaughterhousea, and processing and cutting plants Detection of Campylobacter at retail, catering, hospital care facilities and automatic distribution for consumers (self-service machines) Objective of the sampling Assess the occurrence or prevalence in animals, livestock, zoo animals and pets. Clinical diagnosis or exclusion of campylobacteriosis Compliance with own checks and HACCP sys
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