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The Renal Microcirculation

2008; Wiley; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/cphy.cp020413

2040-4603

L. Gabriel Navar, William J. Arendshorst, Thomas L. Pallone, Edward W. Inscho, John D. Imig, P. Darwin Bell,

Neuroscience of respiration and sleep

The sections in this article are: 1 Introduction 2 Structural-Functional Aspects Unique to the Renal Microcirculation 2.1 Microvasculature of the renal cortex 2.2 Glomerular and peritubular capillary networks 2.2.1 Glomerular capillaries 2.2.2 Peritubular capillaries 2.3 Renal interstitium and lymphatics 2.4 Microvasculature of the renal medulla 2.5 Juxtaglomerular complex and macula densa 2.6 Innervation of the renal vascular structures 3 Fluid and Solute Transcapillary Exchange in Renal Microcirculation 3.1 Glomerular ultrafiltration 3.2 Restricted permeability to macromolecules in glomerular capillaries 3.3 Peritubular capillaries and uptake of tubular reabsorbate 3.4 Regulation of the filtration coefficient 3.5 Transport of solutes and water in medullary microvasculature 3.5.1 Transport of water across the DVR wall 3.5.2 Transport of NaCl and urea in DVR and RBC 3.5.3 Transport of solutes and water across the AVR wall 3.5.4 AQPl and the enhancement of exchanger efficiency 3.5.5 Transport of macromolecules in medulla 4 Vascular Activating Mechanisms and Intrinsic Control of Renal Microcirculation 4.1 Membrane activating mechanisms 4.1.1 Voltage-dependent calcium channels 4.1.2 Voltage-independent, non-selective cation channels, store-operated channels (SOC), ROC, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels 4.1.3 Chloride channels 4.1.4 Potassium channels 4.1.5 Connexins 4.2 Mechanosensitive responses and renal autoregulation 4.3 TGF mechanism 5 Endothelial Interactions with Renal Vasculature 5.1 Endothelial-derived vasoactive factors 5.2 Nitric oxide 5.2.1 Intrarenal formation of NO 5.2.2 Renal cellular actions of NO 5.2.3 NO mediated responses of the renal vasculature 5.2.4 Inhibition of NO Synthesis 5.2.5 Effects of NO substrate and donors 5.2.6 Renal microcirculatory responses to NOS inhibition 5.2.7 Role of NO in renal autoregulation 5.2.8 Interactions of NO with other vasoactive factors 5.3 Endothelin and renal hemodynamics 5.3.1 Endothelin and ET receptors 5.3.2 Endothelin effects on renal hemodynamics 5.4 Endothelin effects on renal microcirculation 5.4.1 Cellular mechanisms of action of ET 5.5 Heme oxygenase and CO 5.6 Reactive oxygen species 6 Renin-Angiotensin System 6.1 Intrarenal formation of Ang II 6.2 Intrarenal angiotensin receptors 6.3 Actions of Ang II on renal microvasculature and renal hemodynamics 6.4 Differential activation and signal transduction mechanisms on afferent and efferent arterioles 6.4.1 Ang II activation of membrane channels 6.4.2 Differential activation mechanisms in afferent and efferent arterioles 6.5 Responses to ACE inhibitors and Ang II receptor blockers 6.6 Actions of intrarenally formed Ang II and renal interstitial Ang II 6.7 Modulation of TGF responsiveness by Ang II 6.8 Synergistic interactions between renal vascular and tubular effects of Ang II 7 Arachidonic Acid Related Paracrine Factors: Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase, Cytochrome P450 Pathways 7.1 Enzymes that metabolize eicosanoids 7.2 Renal microcirculatory actions of COX metabolites 7.3 Renal microcirculatory actions of CYP metabolites 7.4 Renal microcirculatory actions of LOX metabolites 7.5 Renal microvascular interactions between hormonal and paracrine factors and eicosanoids 7.6 Role of eicosanoids in renal autoregulation 7.7 Conclusions 8 Purinergic Factors Regulating the Renal Microcirculation 8.1 Overview of purinoceptors 8.2 Purinoceptors and their expression in the kidney 8.3 Purinoceptors and renal hemodynamics 8.4 Purinoceptors and the renal microcirculation: single vessel studies 8.5 Purinoceptors and renal autoregulation and TGF 8.5.1 Purinoceptors in hypertension 9 Mechanisms Regulating Medullary Microcirculation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Reduction of intramedullary hematocrit 9.3 The unique requirements of renal medullary perfusion 9.4 Autoregulation and pressure natriuresis 9.5 Diuresis and vasopressin 9.6 Angiotensin and medullary perfusion 9.7 Nitric oxide 9.8 Reactive oxygen species 9.9 Carbon monoxide 9.10 Endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor 9.11 Arachadonic acid metabolite 9.11.1 Prostaglandins 9.11.2 Cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid 9.12 Kinins 9.13 Adenosine 9.14 Endothelins 10 Neural Factors and Catecholamines 10.1 Innervation of the renal vascular structures 10.2 Neural effects on renal hemodynamics and microcirculation 10.3 Segmental vascular resistance and glomerular hemodynamics 10.4 Effects of renal nerves on autoregulation 10.5 Neural interactions with paracrine factors 10.6 Co-neurotransmitters 10.7 Afferent renal nerves 11 Concluding Comments 12 Acknowledgments