Opinion of the Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substances in animal feed
2007; Wiley; Volume: 5; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2007.447
ISSN1831-4732
Tópico(s)Agricultural safety and regulations
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 5, Issue 5 447 OpinionOpen Access Opinion of the Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substances in animal feed European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author First published: 22 May 2007 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.447Citations: 5 Panel members: Jan Alexander, Guðjón Atli Auðunsson, Diana Benford, Andrew Cockburn, Jean-Pierre Cravedi, Eugenia Dogliotti, Alessandro Di Domenico, María Luisa Férnandez-Cruz, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Peter Fürst, Corrado Galli, Philippe Grandjean, Jadwiga Gzyl, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Niklas Johansson, Antonio Mutti, Josef Schlatter, Rolaf van Leeuwen, Carlos Van Peteghem, Philippe Verger. Acknowledgement: The Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain wishes to thank Christer Andersson, Leon Brimer, Bruce Cottrill, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Jerzy Jaroszewski, Merijn Roos and Hilmer Soerensen for the preparation of the draft opinion. Adoption date: 25 January 2007 Published date: 22 May 2007 Question number: EFSA-Q-2003-065 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Altamirano, J.C., Gratz, S.R. and Wolnik, K.A. 2005. Investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in commercial comfrey-containing products and botanical materials by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 88: 406– 412. ANFSA (Australia New Zealand Food Authority), 2001. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food. A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment. Technical report series no. 2. Canberra, Australia. www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/TR2.pdf. Arzt, J. and Mount, M.E. 1999. Hepatotoxicity associated with pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Crotalaria spp.) ingestion in a horse on Easter Island. Vet Human Toxicol 41: 96– 99. Beales, K., Colegate, S.M. and Edgar, J.A. 2004. Experiences with the quantitative trace analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids using GCMS and LCMS. In: Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins. T. Acamovic, C. S. Stewart and T. W. Pennycott, eds. CABI Publishing, Wallingford UK/Cambridge, MA (US), pp. 453– 458. Betteridge, K., Cao, Y. and Colegate, S.M. 2005. Improved method for extraction and LC-MS analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in honey: application to Echium vulgare honeys. J Agric Food Chem 53(6): 1894– 902. Bull, L.B., Culvenor, C.C.J. and Dick, A.T. 1968. The Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Their chemistry, pathogenicity and other biological properties, chap. 9, p. 177– 186. North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Candrian, U., Luthy, J., Schmid, P., Schlatter, Ch. and Gallasz, E. 1984. Stability of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in hay and silage. J Agric Food Chem 39: 930– 933. Cavallaro, V., Than, K.A., Colegate, S.M. and Edgar, J.A. 2004. An indirect competitive ELISA for pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum. In: Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins. T. Acamovic, C. S. Stewart and T. W. Pennycott, eds. CABI Publishing, Wallingford UK/Cambridge, MA (US), pp. 114– 119. Cheeke, P.R. 1988. Toxicity and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Anim Sci 66: 2343– 2350. Cheeke, P.R. 1991. Nutritional implications of Pyrrolizidine alkaloids as contaminants. In: Poisonous plant contamination of edible plants. A.-F. M. Rizk, ed. CRC Press, Boka Raton, pp. 157– 175. Chizzola, R., Ozelsberger, B. and Langer, T. 2000. Variability in chemical constituents in Petasites hybridus from Austria. Biochem Syst Ecol 28: 421– 432. Chou, M.W., Yan, J., Nichols, J., Xia, Q., Beland, F.A., Chan, P.C. and Fu, P.P. 2003a. Correlation of DNA adduct formation and riddelliine-induced liver tumorigenesis in F344 rats and B6C3F(1) mice. Cancer Lett 193: 119– 125. Chou, M.W., Wang, Y.P., Yan, J., Yang, Y.C., Beger, R.D., Williams, L.D., Doerge, D.R. and Fu, P.P. 2003b. Riddelliine N-oxide is a phytochemical and mammalian metabolite with genotoxic activity that is comparable to the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine. Toxicol Lett 145: 239– 247. Christov, V.S., Mikhova, B.P. and Evstatieva, L.N. 2002 Alkaloids from Senecio aquaticus. Fitoterapia 73: 171– 173. Chung, W.G., Miranda, C.L. and Buhler, D.R. 1995. A cytochrome P4502B form is the major bioactivation enzyme for the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in the guinea pig. Xenobiotica 25: 929– 939. Colegate, S.M., Edgar, J.A., Knill, A.M. and Lee, S.T. 2005. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides: a case study of Echium plantagineum. Phytochem Anal 16: 108– 119. Copple, B.L., Banes, A., Ganey, P.E. and Roth, R.A. 2002. Endothelial cell injury and fibrin deposition in rat liver after monocrotaline exposure. Toxicol Sci 65: 309– 318. Copple, B.L., Ganey, P.E. and Roth, R.A. 2003. Liver inflammation during monocrotaline hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 190: 155– 169. Copple, B.L., Rondelli, C.M., Maddox, J.F., Hoglen, N.C., Ganey, P.E. and Roth, R.A. 2004. Modes of cell death in rat liver after monocrotaline exposure. Toxicol Sci 77: 172– 182. Couet, C.E., Crews, C. and Hanley, A.B. 1996. Analysis, separation, and bioassay of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from comfrey (symphytum officinale). Nat Toxins 4: 163– 167. Craig, A.M., Pearson, E.G., Meyer, C. and Schmitz, J.A. 1991. Serum liver enzyme and histopathologic changes in calves with chronic and chronic-delayed Senecio jacobaea toxicosis. Am J Vet Res 52: 1969– 1978. Creeper, J.H., Mitchell, A.A., Jubb, T.F. and Colegate, S.M. 1999. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning of horses grazing a native heliotrope (Heliotropium ovalifolium). Aust Vet J 77: 401– 402. Curran, J.M., Sutherland, R.J. and Peet, R.L. 1996. A screening test for subclinical liver disease in horses affected by pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis. Aust Vet J 74: 236– 240. Deinzer, M.L., Arbogast, B.L., Buhler, D.R. and Cheeke, P.R. 1982. Gas chromatographic determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in goat's milk. Anal Chem 54: 1811– 1814. De Lanux-Van Gorder, V. 2000. Tansy ragwort poisoning in a horse in southern Ontario. Can Vet J 41: 409– 410. Dickinson, J.O., Cooke, M.P., King, R.R. and Mohamed, P.A. 1976. Milk transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in cattle. JAVMA 169: 1192– 1196. Eastman, D.F., Dimenna, G.P. and Segall, H.J. 1982. Covalent binding of two pyrrolizidine alkaloids, senecionine and seneciphylline, to hepatic macromolecules and their distribution, excretion, and transfer into milk of lactating mice. Drug Met Disp 10: 236– 240. Edgar, J.A., Röder, E. and Molyneux, R.J. 2002. Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A potential threat to health. J Agric Food Chem 50: 2719– 2730. Eloff, J.N., Jansen van Rijssen, F.W., Naudé, T.W. and Joubert, J.P.J. 2003. What levels of potentially toxic seed should be allowed in grains in South Africa? Background and pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants. South Afr J Sci 99: 337– 344. Eröksüz, H., Eröksüz, Y., Öser, H., Yaman, I., Tosun, F., Akyüz Kizilay, C. and Tamer, U. 2003. Toxicity of Senecio vernalis to laying hens and evaluation of residues in eggs. Vet Hum Toxicol 45: 76– 80. Estep, J.A., Lame, M.W., Morin, D., Jones, A.D., Wilson, D.W. and Segall, H.J. 1991. [14C]Monocrotaline kinetics and metabolism in the rat. Drug Metab Disp 19: 135– 139. Evans, J.V., Peng, A. and Nielsen, C.J. 1979. The gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of the new antitumor drug indicine-N-oxide utilizing a novel reaction accompanying trimethysilylation. Biomed Mass Spectrom 6: 38– 43. Fink-Gremmels, J. 2005. Mycotoxins in forages. In: D. Diaz (eds). The Mycotoxin Blue Book. Nottingham Press, pp 249– 268. Frischknecht, P.M., Schuhmacher, K., Müller-Schärer, H., and Baumann, T.W. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity of Senecio vulgaris from contrasting habitat types: growth and pyrrolizidine alkaloid formation. J Chem Ecol 27: 343– 358. Fu, P.P., Xia, Q., Lin, G. and Chou, M.W. 2002. Genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids- Mechanisms leading to DNA adduct formation and tumorigenicity. Int J Mol Sci 3: 948– 964. Fu, P.P., Xia, Q., Lin, G. and Chou, M.W. 2004. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-genotoxicity, metabolism, enzymes, metabolic activation and mechanisms. Drug Met Rev 36: 1– 55. Galey, F.D. 2002. Plants and other natural toxicants. In: Large Animal Internal Medicine. Eds. B.P. Smith 3rd Edition, St. Louis, Mosby, Inc. pp. 1616– 1618. Gaul, K.L., Gallagher, P.F., Reyes, D., Stasi, S. and Edgar, J. 1994. Plant-associated toxins. S.M. Colegate and P.R. Dorling (eds.) pp. 137– 42. Giles, C.J. 1983. Outbreak of Ragwort (Senecio jacobea) poisoning in horses. Equine Vet J 15: 248– 250. Goeger, D.E., Cheeke, P.R., Schmitz, J.A. and Buhler, D.R. 1982. Effect of feeding milk from goats fed tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to rats and calves. Am J Vet Res 43: 1631– 1633. Gordon, G.J., Coleman, W.B. and Grisham, J.W. 2000. Bax mediated apoptosis in the livers of rats after partial hepatectomy in the retrorsine model of hepatocellular injury. Hepatology 32: 312– 320. Gumaydin, S., Imai, Y., Takanashi, Y., Seo, K., Hagino, I., Chang, D. and Shinoka, T. 2002. The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertensive rabbits following cardiopulmonary bypass: a comparative study with isoproteronol and nitroglycerine. Cardiovascular Surgery 10: 138– 145. Hanumegowda, U.M., Copple, B.L., Shibuya, M., Malle, E., Ganey, P.E. and Roth, R.A. 2003. Basement membrane and matrix metalloproteinases in monocrotaline-induced liver injury. Toxicol Sci 76: 237– 246. Harper, P.A.W., Walker, K.H., Krahenbuhl, R.E. and Christie, B.M. 1985. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in calves due to contamination of straw by Heliotropium europium. Aust Vet J 62: 382– 383. Hendricks, J.D., Sinnhuber, R.O., Henderson, M.C. and Buhler, D.R. 1981. Liver and kidney pathology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids. Exp Mol Pathol 35: 170– 183. Hooper, P.T. 1974. The pathology of Senecio jacobeae poisoning in mice. J. Pathol. 133: 227– 230. Hooper, P.T. and Scanlan, W.A. 1977. Crotalaria retusa poisoning of pigs and poultry. Aust Vet J 53: 109– 114. Huan, J.Y., Miranda, C.L., Buhler, D.R. and Cheeke, P.R. 1998a. Species differences in the hepatic microsomal enzyme metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Toxicol Lett 99: 127– 137. Huan, J.Y., Miranda, C.L., Buhler, D.R. and Cheeke, P.R. 1998b. The roles of CYP3A and CYP2B isoforms in hepatic bioactivation and detoxification of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in sheep and hamsters. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 151: 229– 235. Ismailov, N.I., Madzhidov, N.M., Magrupov, A.I., Makhkamov, G.M., Mukminoa, S.G. 1970. Clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of Trichodesma toxicosis (alimentary toxic encephalopathy). Tashkent, Meditsina, p 85. Jago, M.V., Lanigan, G.W., Bingley, J.B., Piercy, D.W.T., Whittem, J.H. and Titchen, D.A. 1969. Excretion of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid heliotrine in the urine and bile of sheep. J Pathol 98: 115– 128. Ji, X., Khan, I., Mosjidis, J.A., Wang, H. and Livant, P. 2005. Variability for the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Crotolaria juncea L. Pharmazie 60: 620– 622. Kim, H.Y., Stermitz, F.R. and Coulombe, R.A., Jr. 1995. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced DNA-protein cross-links. Carcinogenesis 16(11): 2691– 7. Kirk, H., Macel, M., Klinkhamer, P.G. and Vrieling, K. 2004. Natural hybridization between Senecio jacobaea and Senecio aquaticus: molecular and chemical evidence. Mol Ecol 13: 2267– 2274. Knight, A.P., Kimberling, C.V., Sternitz, F.R. and Roby, M.R. 1984. Cynoglossum officinale (hound's-tongue)- A cause of pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in horses. JAVMA 185: 647– 650. Koekemoer, M.J. and Warren, F.L. 1951. The occurence and preparation of the N-oxides. An improved method of extraction of the Senecio alkaloids. J Chem Soc C195: 66– 68. Lafranconi, W.M., Ohkuma, S. and Huxtable, R.S. 1985. Biliary excretion of novel pneumotoxic metabolites of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. Toxicon 23: 983– 992. Lessard, P., Wilson, W.D., Olander, H.J., Rogers, Q.R. and Mendel, V.E. 1986. Clinicopathologic study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Senecio vulgaris) toxicosis. Am J Vet Res 47: 1776– 1780. Lin, G., Cui, L.L. and Liu, X.Q. 2003. Gender differences in microsomal metabolic activation of hepatotoxic clivorine in rat. Chem Res Toxicol 16: 768– 774. Luthy, J., Heim, T. and Schlatter, C. 1983. Transfer of [3H] pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vulgaris L. and metabolites into rat milk and tissues. Toxicol Lett 17: 283– 288. Macel, M., Vrieling, K. and Klinkhamer, P.G.L. 2004. Variation in pyrrolizidine alkaloid patterns of Senecio jacobaea. Phytochemistry 65: 865– 873. Mattocks, A.R. 1986. Extraction, Separation and Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. In: Chemistry and toxicology of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Eds. A.R. Mattocks London, Academic Press, pp. 40– 60. Mattacks, A.R. and Driver, H.E. 1983. A comparisn o analogues to pyrrolozodine alkaloid metabolites hoven intravenously to rats. f the pneumotoxicity of some pyrrolic esters and similar compounds. Toxicology 27: 159– 177. McComish, M., Bodek, I. and Braufman, A.R. 1980. Quantitation of the antineoplastic agent indicine-N-oxide in human plasma by differential pulse polarography. J Pharmacol Sci 69: 727– 729. McLean, E.K. 1970. The toxic actions of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids. Pharm Rev 22: 429– 441. Mendel, V.E., Witt, M.R., Gitchell, B.S., Gribble, D.N., Rogers, Q.R., Segall, H.J. and Knight, H.D. 1988. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced liver disease in horses: an early diagnosis. Am J Vet Res 49: 572– 578 Molyneux, R.J. and James, L.F. 1990. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in milk: Thresholds of intoxication. Vet Hum Toxicol 32 (Supplement): 94– 103. Mroczek, T., Glowniak, K. and Wlaszczyk, A. 2002. Simultaneous determination of N-oxides and free bases of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 949(1–2): 249– 62. Mroczek, T., Baj, S., Chribik, A., Glowniak, K. 2004. Screening for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant materials by electron ionization RP-HPLC-MA with thermabeam. Biomedical Chrontagr. 18, 745– 751. Noble, J.W., Crossley, J.D.B., Hill, B.D., Pierce, R.J., McKenzie, R.A., Debritz, M. and Morley, A.A. 1994. Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis of cattle associated with Senecio lautus. Aust Vet J 71: 196– 200. Nobre, V.M.T., Riet-Correa, F., Dantas, A.F.M., Tabosa, I.M., Medeiros, R.M.T. and Barbosa Filho, J.M. 2004. Intoxication by Crotolaria retusa in ruminants and equidae in the state of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil. In: Poisonous plants and related toxins. Eds. T. Acamovic, C.S. Stewart and T.W. Pennycott CABI Publishing, Wallingford UK/Cambridge, MA, USA, pp. 275– 279. Nobre, V.M.T., Dantas, A.F.M., Riet-Correa, F., Barbosa-Filho, J.M., Tabosa, I.M. and Vasconcelos, J.S. 2005. Acute intoxication by Crotolaria retusa in sheep. Toxicon 45: 347– 352. Oberlies, N.H., Kim, N., Brine, D.R., Collins, B.J., Handy, R.W., Sparacino, C.M., Wani, M.C. and Wall, M.E. 2004. Analysis of herbal teas made from the leaves of comfrey (Symphytum officinale): reduction of N-oxides results in order of magnitude increases in the measurable concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Public Health Nutrition 7: 919– 924. Odriozola, E., Campero, C., Casaro, A., Lopez, T., Olivieri, G. and Melucci, O. 1994. Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in Argentinan cattle caused by Senecio selloi. Vet Hum Tox 36: 205– 208. Panter, K.E. and James, L.F. 1990. Natural plant toxicants in milk: A review. J Anim Sci 68: 892– 904. Pass, D.A., Hogg, G.G., Russell, R.G., Edgar, J.A., Tence, I.M. and Rikard-Bell, L. 1979. Poisoning of chickens and ducks by pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum. Aust Vet J 55: 284– 288. Pearson, E.G. 1991. Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: Three cases (1982–1988). JAVMA 198: 1651– 1654. Pedersen, E. 1975. Echinatine and supinine: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Eupatorium cannabinum. Phytochemical report. Phytochemistry 14(9): 2086– 2087. Pelser, P.B., de Vos, H., Theuring, C., Beuerle, T., Vrieling, K. and Hartmann, T. 2005. Frequent gain and loss of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the evolution of Senecio section Jacobaea (Asteracaea). Phytochemistry 66: 1285– 1295. Picard, C., Lambotte, L., Starkel, P., Sempoux, C. Saliez, A., Van den Berge, V., De Saeger, C. and Horsmans, Y. 2003. Retrorsine: a kinetic study of its influence on rat liver regeneration in the portal branch ligation model. J Hepatol 39: 99– 105. Picard, C., Starkel, P., Sempoux, C., Saliez, A., Lebrun, V. and Horsmans, Y. 2004. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in the liver of rats after portal branch ligation with and without retrorsine. Lab Invest 84: 618– 628. Pierson, M.L., Cheeke, P.R. and Dickinson, E.O. 1977. Resistance of the rabbit to dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloid. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 16: 561– 564. Prakash, A.S., Pereira, T.N., Reilly, E.B. and Seawright, A.A. 1999. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in human diet. Mutation Research. 443: 53– 67. Rasenack, R., Mueller, C., Kleinschmidt, M., Raskanck, J., Wiedenfeld, H. 2003. Veno-occlusive diseases in a fetus caused by pyrrolizidin alkaloids of food origin. Fetal Diagnostics and Therpay 18, 223– 225. Reed, R.L., Miranda, C.L., Kedzierski, B., Henderson, M.C. and Buhler, D.R. 1992. Microsomal formation of a pyrrolic alcohol gluthatione conjugate of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine. Xenobiotica 22: 1321– 1327. Röder, E. 1995. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie 50: 83– 96. Röder, E. 2000. Medicinal plants in China containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie 55: 711– 725. Roth, R.A. and Reindel, J.F. 1991. Lung vascular injury from monocrotaline pyrrole, a putative hepatic metabolite. Adv Exp Med Biol 283: 477– 487. Schaneberg, BR., Molyneux R.J., Khan, I. A., 2004. Evaporative light scattering detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Phytochem. Anal. 15, 36– 39. Seaman, J.T. 1985. Hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning in sheep associated with grazing Echium plantagineum. Aust Vet J 62: 247– 248. Seawright, A.A., Kelly, W.R., Hrdlicka, J., McMahon, P., Mattocks, A.R. and Jukes, R. 1991a. Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in cattle due to Senecio species in Australia. Vet Rec 129: 198– 199. Seawright, A.A., Hrdlicka, J., Wright, J.D., Kerr, D.R., Mattocks, A.R., and Jukes, R. 1991b. The identification of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure in horses by the demonstration of sulphur-bound pyrrolic metabolites on their hemoglobin. Vet Hum Toxicol 33: 286– 287. Skaanild, M.T., Friis, C. and Brimer, L. 2001. Interplant alkaloid variation and Senecio vernalis toxicity in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 43: 147– 151. Stegelmeier, B.L., Gardner, D.R., James, L.F. and Molyneux, R.J. 1996. Pyrrole detection and the pathologic progression of Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue) poisoning in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 8: 81– 90. Swick, R.A., Cheeke, P.R., Patton, N.M. and Buhler, D.R. 1982. Absorption and excretion of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids and their effects on mineral metabolism in rabbits. J Anim Sci 55: 1417– 1424. Talcott, P. 2003. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Poisoning. In: Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. Eds. N.E. Robinson 5th Edition. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., pp. 788– 790. Than, K.A., Stevens, V., Knill, A., Gallagher, P.F., Gaul, K.L., Edgar, J.A. and Colegate, S.M. 2005. Plant-associated toxins in animal feed: screening and confirmation assay development. Animal Feed Sci Technol 121: 5– 21. Van Weeren, P.R., Morales, J.A., Rodriguez, L.L., Cedeño, H., Villalobos, J. and Poveda, L.J. 1999. Mortality supposedly due to intoxication by pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium indicum in a horse population in Costa Rica: a case report. Vet Quart 21: 59– 62. Vos, J.H., Geerts, A.A.J., Borgers, J.W., Mars, M.H., Muskens, J.A.M. and Van Wijckhuise-Sjouke, L.A. 2002. [Senecio jacobaea: deceiving beauty. Senecio jacobaea poisoning]. Tijdschr Dierg 127: 753– 756. Vrieling, K. and Derridj, S. 2003. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in and on the leaf surface of Senecio jacobaea L. Phytochemistry 64: 1223– 1228. Wang, Y.P., Yan, J., Beger, R.D., Fu, P.P. and Chou, M.W. 2005a. Metabolic activation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, leading to DNA adduct formation in vivo. Cancer Letters 226: 27– 35. Wang, Y.P., Yan, J., Fu, P.P. and Chou, M.W. 2005b. Human liver microsomal reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to form the corresponding carcinogenic parent alkaloid. Toxicol Lett 155: 411– 420. WHO-IPCS (World Health Organisation-International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1988. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environ Health Cri 80: 1– 345. www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc080.htm Williams, D.E., Reed, R.L., Kedzierski, B., Dannan, G.A., Guengerich, F.P. and Buhler, D.R. 1989. Bioactivation and detoxication of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in rat liver. Drug Metab Dispos 17: 387– 392. Williams, L., Chou, M.W., Yan, J., Young, J. F., Chan, P. C. and Doerge, D.R. 2002. Toxicokinetics of riddelliine, a carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, and metabolites in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182: 98– 104. Wilson, D.W., Segall, H.J., Pan, L.C., Lame, M.W., Estep, J.E. and Morin, D. 1992. Mechanisms and pathology of monocrotaline pulmonary toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 22: 307– 325. Witte, L., Ernst, L., Adam, H. and Hartmann, T. 1992. Chemotypes of two pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing Senecio species. Phytochemistry 31: 559– 565. Xia, Q., Chou, M.W., Lin, G. and Fu, P.P. 2004. Metabolic formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from a representative otonecine type pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine and the extract of Ligularia hodgsonii hook. Chem Res Toxicol 17: 702– 708. Xia, Q., Chou, M.W., Edgar, J.A., Doerge, D.R. and Fu, P.P. 2006. Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from metabolic activation of the prototype heliotridine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine. Cancer Lett 231(1): 138– 45. Yee, S.B., Ganey, P.E. and Roth, R.A. 2003. The role of Kupffer cells and TNF-alpha in monocrotaline and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury. Toxicol Sci 71: 124– 132. Yu, L. and Li, S.F. 2005. Dynamic pH junction-sweeping capillary electrophoresis for online preconcentration of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Chinese herbal medicine. Electrophoresis 26(22): 4360– 7. Yu, L., Xu, Y., Feng, H. and Li, S.F.Y 2005. Separation and determination of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in traditional Chinese herbal medicines by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with organic modifier. Electrophoresis 26: 3397– 3404. Citing Literature Volume5, Issue5May 2007447 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)