Artigo Revisado por pares

Uranium in foodstuffs, in particular mineral water

2009; Wiley; Volume: 7; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1018

ISSN

1831-4732

Tópico(s)

Heavy metals in environment

Resumo

EFSA JournalVolume 7, Issue 4 1018 OpinionOpen Access Uranium in foodstuffs, in particular mineral water European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 April 2009 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1018Citations: 9 Panel members: Jan Alexander, Diane Benford, Andrew Cockburn, Jean-Pierre Cravedi, Eugenia Dogliotti, Alessandro Di Domenico, María Luisa Férnandez-Cruz, Peter Fürst, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Corrado Galli, Philippe Grandjean, Jadwiga Gzyl, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Niklas Johansson, Antonio Mutti, Josef Schlatter, Rolaf van Leeuwen, Carlos Van Peteghem, Philippe Verger. Acknowledgement: The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain wishes to thank Davide Arcella, Valeriu Curtui, Stefan Fabiansson and Pietro Ferrari from the Data Collection and Exposure Unit, and Anna Federica Castoldi, Claudia Heppner and Luisa Ramos Bordajandi from the Unit on Contaminants, for the preparation of this opinion. Adoption date: 25 March 2009 Published date: 28 April 2009 Question number: EFSA-Q-2007-135 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Adams N and Spoor NL, 1974. Kidney and bone retention functions in the human metabolism of uranium. Phys. Med. Biol. 19, 460– 471. Anke M, Seeber O, Müller R., Schäfer U and Zerull J, 2009. Uranium transfer in the food chain from soil to plants, animals and man. Chem. Erde-Geochem. 69, 75– 90. Alirezazadeh N and Garshasbi H, 2003. A survey of natural uranium concentrations in drinking water supplies in Iran. Iran. J. Radiat. Res. 1, 139– 142. Arfsten DP, 2001. A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development. Toxicol. Ind. Health 17, 180– 191. Arnault E, Doussau M, Pesty A, Gouget B, van der Meeren A, Fouchet P and Lefevre B, 2008. Natural uranium disturbs mouse foliculogenesis in vivo and oocyte meiosis in vitro. Toxicology 247, 80– 87. ATSDR, 1990. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for uranium. U.S. Department of health and human services. Public Health Service. Report TP-90-29, Atlanta, USA. ATSDR, 1999. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for uranium. U.S. Department of health and human services. Public Health Service. Bagatti D, Cantone MC, Giussani A, Veronese I, Roth P, Werne E and Hoellriegl V, 2003. Regional dependence of urinary uranium baseline levels in non-exposed subjects with particular reference to volunteers from Northern Italy. J. Environ. Radioact. 65, 357– 364. Barber DS, Ehrich MF and Jortner BS, 2005. The effect of stress on the temporal and regional distribution of uranium in rat brain after acute uranyl acetate exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 68, 99– 111. Berlin M and Rudell B, 1986. Uranium, in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Vol. II, 2nd Ed., L. Friberg, G. Nordberg, and V. Vouk, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 623– 637. Berradi H, Bertho JM, Dudoignon N, Mazur A, Grandcolas L, Baudelin C, Grison S, Voisin P, Gourmelon P and Dublineau I, 2008. Renal anemia induced by chronic ingestion of depleted uranium in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 103, 397– 348. BfR, 2005. Uran in Mineralwasser. Bei Erwachsenen geringe Mengen tolerierbar, Wasser für Säulingsnahrung sollte uranfrei sein. Stellungnahme Nr. 024/2005 des BfR vom 13 Mai 2005. www.bfr.bund.de/cm/208/uran_in_mineralwasser.pdf. BfR, 2007. BfR empfiehlt die Ableitung eines europäischen Höchstwertes für Uran in Trink-und Mineralwasser. Gemeinsame Stellungnahme Nr. 020/2007 des BfS und des BfR vom 5 April 2007. (in German). www.bfr.bund.de/cm/208/bfr_empfiehlt_die_ableitung_eines_europaeischen_hoechstwertes_fuer_uran_in_trink_und_mineralwasser.pdf. Bussy C, Lestaevel P, Dhieux B, Amourette C, Paquet F, Gourmelon P and Houpert P, 2006. Chronic ingestion of uranyl nitrate perturbs acetylcholinesterase activity and monoamine metabolism in male rat brain. Neurotoxicol. 27, 245– 252. BVL, 2006. Berichte zur Lebensmittelsicherheit. Bundesweiter Überwachungsplan 2006. www.bvl.bund.de/cln_027/DE/01__Lebensmittel/00__doks__download/05__BUEp__dokumente/BUEp__Bericht__2006,templateId=daw,property=yublicationFile.pdf/BUEp_Bericht_2006.pdf. COT, 2006. COT statement on uranium levels in water used to reconstitute infant formula. Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment. Desideri D, Roselli C, Assunta Meli M, Feduzi L, Rongoni A and Saetta D, 2007. Radioactivity measurements and radiation dose evaluation in tap waters of Central Italy. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51, 1182– 1188. D'Ilio S, Violante N, Senoforte O and Petrucci F, 2007. Determination of depleted uranium in fish. Validation of a confirmation method by dynamix reaction cell ICP-MS (DRC-ICP-MS). Anal. Chim. Acta. 597, 195– 202. Domingo JL, 2001. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of natural and depleted uranium: a review. Reprod. Toxicol. 15, 603– 609. Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Tomas JM and Corbella J, 1987. Acute toxicity of uranium in rats and mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 168– 174. Domingo JL, Ortega A, Paternain JL, Corbella J, 1989a. Evaluation of the perinatal and postnatal effects of uranium in mice upon oral administration. J. Arch Environ. Health 44, 395– 398. Domingo JL, Paternain JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J, 1989b. The developmental toxicity of uranium in mice. Toxicology 55, 143– 152. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Committee related to Uncertainties in Dietary Exposure Assessment. www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsalocale-11786207538121178620763403.htm. EFSA, 2008. Concise European Food Consumption Database. www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/ScientificPanels/DATEX/efsa_locale-1178620753812_ConciseEuropeanConsumptionDatabase.htm. Feugier A, Frelon S, Gourmelon P and Claraz M, 2008. Alteration of mouse oocyte quality after a subchronic exposure to depleted uranium. Reprod. Toxicol. 26, 273– 277. Fisenne IM, PM Perry and Harley NH, 1988. Uranium in humans. Rad. Prot. Dosim. 24, 127– 131. Frengstad B, Skrede AK, Banks D, Krog JR and Siewers U, 2000. The chemistry of Norwegian groundwaters: III. The distribution of trace elements in 476 crystalline bedrock groundwaters, as analysed by ICP-MS techniques. Sci. Total Environ. 246, 21– 40. FSA, 2004. Uranium-238 in the 2001 Total Diet Study. Food Survey Information Sheet 56/04. Food Standard Agency, UK. www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsis2004branch/fsis5604. Gilman AP, Villeneuve DC, Secours VE, Yagminas AP, Tracy BL, Quinn JM, Valli VE, Willes RJ and Moss MA, 1998a. Uranyl nitrate: 28-day and 91-day toxicity studies in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Toxicol. Sci. 41, 117– 128. Gilman AP, Villeneuve DC, Secours VE, Yagminas AP, Tracy BL, Quinn JM, Valli VE, Willes RJ and Moss MA, 1998b. Uranyl nitrate: 91-day toxicity studies in the New Zealand white rabbit. Toxicol. Sci. 41, 129– 137. Gilman AP, Moss MA, Villeneuve DC, Secours VE, Yagminas AP, Tracy BL, Quinn JM, Long G and, Valli VE, 1998c. Uranyl nitrate: 91-day exposure and recovery studies in the male New Zealand white rabbit. Toxicol. Sci. 41, 138– 151. Gorman-Lewis D, Burns PC and Fein JB, 2008. Review of uranyl mineral solubility measurements. J. Chem. Thermodynamics 40, 335– 352. Harper RM and Kantar C, 2008. Ecotoxicology: Uranium. SE Jorgensen and BD Fath (eds.). 1st Edition, Elsevier B.V., Oxford, pp 3662– 3665. Harrison JD and Stather JW, 1981. The gastrointestinal absorption of protoactinium, uranium and neptunium in the hamster. Rad. Res. 88, 47– 55. Herranz M, Abelairas A and Legarda F, 1997. Uranium contents and associated effective doses in drinking water from Biscay (Spain). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, 857– 861. Hou X and Roos P, 2008. Review: Critical comparison of radiometric and mass spectrometric methods for the determination of radionuclides in environmental, biological and nuclear waste samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 608, 105– 139. Houpert P, Lestaevel P, Bussy C, Paquet F and Gourmelon P, 2005. Enriched but not depleted uranium affects central nervous system in long-term exposed rat. Neurotoxicology 26, 1015– 1020. Houpert P, Frelon S, Monleau M, Bussy C, Chazel V and Paquet F, 2007. Heterogeneous accumulation of uranium in the brain of rats. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 127, 86– 89. Hu QY and Zhu SP, 1990. Induction of chromosomal-aberrations in male-mouse germ-cells by uranyl fluoride containing enriched uranium. Mutat. Res. 244, 209– 214. Huikuri P, Salonen L and Hämäläinen K, 2001. Occurrence of Uranium in Finnish Bedrock Water and Its Removal with a Strongly Basic Anion-Exchange Resin. Radiochem. 43, 482– 486. ICRP, 1979. Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, Part 1. ICRP Publication 30. International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP 2 (Nos. 3/4), Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press. ICRP, 1995. Age-Dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides, Part 3. ICRP Publication 69. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP 25 (No 1), Pergamon Press. Jia G, Torri G, Sansone U, Innocenzi P, Rosamilia S, Di Lullo A and Gaudino S, 2006. Concentrations and characteristics of uranium isotopes in drinking waters collected in Italy and the Balcan regions and their radiological impact on the public. In: Radioactivity in the Environment. By V. Valković Ed. Vol 8. pp. 223– 234. Just RA and Emler VS, 1984. Generic report on health effects for U.S. gaseous diffusion plants. Report K/D-5050-Sect.8-Pt. 1, Martin Marietta Energy Systems. U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Oak Ridge, TN. Karpas Z, Paz-Tal O, Lorber A, Salonen L, Komulainen H, Auvinen A, Saha H and Kurttio P, 2005. Urine, hair, and nails as indicators for ingestion of uranium in drinking water. Health Phys. 88, 229– 242. Kathren RL and Burklin RK, 2008. Acute chemical toxicity of uranium. Health Phys. 94, 179– 179. Katsoyiannis IA, Hug SJ, Ammann A, Zikoudi A and Hatziliontos C, 2007. Arsenic specification and uranium concentrations in drinking water supply wells in Northern Greece: Correlations with redox indicative parameters and implications for groundwater treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 383, 128– 140. Kawabata Y, Yamamoto M, Aparin V, Ko S, Shiraishi M, Nagai M and Katayama Y, 2006. Uranium pollution of water in the western part of Uzbekistan. J. Radioanal. Nuclear Chem. 270, 137– 141. Kersting M, Alexy U, Sichert Hellert W, Manz F and Schoch G, 1998. Measured consumption of commercial infant food products in German infants: results from the DONALD study. Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometrical Longitudinally Designed. J. Pediatr. Gastroeneterol. Nutr. 27, 547– 552. Konietzka R, Dieter HH and Voss JU, 2005. Vorschlag für eine gesundheitlichen Leitwert für Uran in Trinkwasser. Umweltmed. Forsch. Prax. 10, 133– 143. Kozlowska B, Walencik A, Dorda J and Przylibski TA, 2007. Uranium, radium and 40K isotopes in bottled mineral waters from Outer Carpathians, Poland. Radiat. Meas. 42, 1380– 1386. Kumar M, Singh S and Mahajan RK, 2006. Trace level determination of U, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in drinking water samples. Environ. Monit. Assess. 112, 283– 292. Kumar SA, Shenoy NS, Pandey S, Souderajan S and Venkateswaran G, 2008. Direct determination of uranium in seawater by laser fluorimetry. Talanta 77, 422– 426. Kurttio P, Auvinen A, Salonen L, Saha H, Pekkanen J, Makelainen I, Vaisanen SB, Penttila IM and Komulainen H, 2002. Renal effects of uranium in drinking water. Environ. Health Persp. 110, 337– 342. Kurttio P, Komulainen H, Leino A, Salonen L, Auvinen A and Saha H, 2005. Bone as a possible target of chemical toxicity of natural uranium in drinking water. Environ. Health Persp. 113, 68– 72. Kurttio P, Salonen L, Ilus T, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E and Aivinen A, 2006. Well radio radioactivity and risk of cancers of the urinary organs. Environ. Res. 102, 333– 338. Kuwahara C, Koyama K and Sugiyama H, 1997. Estimation of daily uranium ingestion by urban residents in Japan. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 220, 161– 165. La Touche YD, Willis DL and Dawydiak OI, 1987. Absorption and biokinetics of U in rats following an oral administration of uranyl nitrate solution. Health Phys. 53, 147– 162. Leggett RW and Harrison JD, 1995. Fractional absorption of ingested uranium in humans. Health Phys. 68, 484– 498. Lestaevel P, Bussy C, Paquet, Dhieux B, Clarencon D, Houpert P and Gourmelon P, 2005. Changes in sleep-wake cycle after chronic exposure to uranium in rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 27, 835– 840. Li WB, Roth P, Wahl W, Oeh U, Höllriegl V and Paretzke HG, 2005. Biokinetic modeling of uranium in man after injection and ingestion. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 44, 29– 40. Lin RH, Wu LJ, Lee CH and Lin-Shiau SY, 1993. Cytogenetic toxicity of uranyl nitrate in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat. Res. 319, 197– 203. Linares V, Albina ML, Bellés M, Mayayoc E, Sánchez DJ, Domingo JL, 2005. Combined action of uranium and stress in the rat II. Effects on male reproduction. Toxicol. Lett. 158, 186– 195. Linares V, Bellés M, Albina ML, Sirvent JJ, Sánchez DJ and Domingo JL, 2006. Assessment of the pro-oxidant activity of uranium in kidney and testis of rats. Toxicol. Lett. 167, 152– 161. Llobet JM, Sirvent JJ, Ortega A and Domingo JL, 1991. Influence of chronic exposure to uranium on male reproduction in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 16, 821– 829. Lu S and Zhao FY, 1990. Nephrotoxic limit and annual limit on intake for natural uranium. Health Phys. 58, 619– 623. Magdo SH, Forman J, Graber N, Newman B, Klein K, Satlin L, Amler RW, Winston JA and Landrigan PJ, 2007. Grand Rounds: Nephrotoxicity in a young child exposed to uranium from contaminated well water. Environ. Health Persp. 115, 1237– 1241. Malenchenko AF, Barkun NA and Guseva GF, 1978. Effect of uranium on the induction and course of experimental autoimmune orchitis and thyroiditis. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immuno. 22, 268– 277. Mao Y, Desmueles M, Scaubel D, Bérubé D, Dyck R, Brule D and Thomas B, 1995. Inorganic components of drinking water and microalbuminuria. Environ. Res. 71, 135– 140. May CC, Worsfold PJ and Keith-Roach MJ, 2008. Analytical techniques for speciation analysis of aqueous long-lived radionuclides in environmental matrices. TRAC-Trend Anal. Chem. 27, 160– 168. Maynard EA and Hodge HC, 1949. Studies of the toxicity of various uranium compounds when fed to experimental animals. In: The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds. Nations Nuclear Energy Service. Division VI, Vol. I, Voegtlin C. and Hodge H.C., Ed. McGraw Hill, New York, NY. p. 309– 376. Maynard EA, Downs WL and Hodge HC, 1953. Oral toxicity of uranium compounds. In Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Volume 3. Edited by: C Voegtlin, HC. Hodge New York: McGraw Hill; 1221– 1369. McGuire SA, 1991. Chemical toxicity of uranium hexafluoride compared to acute effects of radiation. Report NUREG-1391. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. Miller AC and McClain D, 2007. A review of Depleted Uranium biological effects: in vitro and in vivo studies. Rev. Environ Health 22, 75– 89. Milvy P and Cothem RC, 1991. Scientific background for the development of regulations for radionuclides in drinking water. In: Radon, Radium and Uranium in Drinking Water. Cothern CR and Roberts PA Lewis, Mich. (eds.) pp. 1– 16. Misra NL, Dhara S and Singh Mudher KD, 2006. Uranium determination in seawater by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 61, 1166– 1169. Moss MA, 1985. Chronic low level uranium exposure via drinking water - clinical investigations in Nova Scotia. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Dalhousie University ( M.Sc. thesis). Neuman WF, Neuman MW, Main ER and Mulryan BJ, 1948. The deposition of uranium in bone III. The effect of diet. J. Biol. Chem. 175, 715– 719. Neves O and Matias MJ, 2008. Assessment of groundwater quality and concentration problems ascribed to an abandoned uranium mine (Cunha Baixa region, Central Portugal). Environ. Geol. 53, 1799– 1810. NCRP, 1975. National Council on Radiological Protection. Natural background radiation in the United States. Report 45, Bethesda, MD, USA. NRC, 2000. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations. www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/. OMEE, 1996. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. Monitoring data for uranium – 1990– 1995. Toronto (Ontario), Ontario Drinking Water Surveillance Program. Orcutt JA, 1949. The toxicology of compounds of uranium following application to the skin. K Voegtlin and HC Hodge (eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Vol. 1, pp. 376– 414. Orloff KG, Mistry K, Sharp P, Metcalf S, Marino R, Shelly T, Melaro E, Donohoe AM and Jones RL, 2004. Human exposure to uranium in groundwater. Env. Res. 94, 319– 326. Paquet F, Houpert P, Blanchardon E, Delissen O, Maubert C, Dhieux B, Moreels AM, Frelon S, Voisin Ph and Gourmelon P, 2006. Accumulation and distribution of uranium in rats after chronic exposure by ingestion. Health Phys. 90, 139– 147. Parrish RR, Hortswood M, Arnason JG, Chenery S, Brewer T, Lloyd NS and Carpenter DO, 2008. Depleted uranium contamination by inhalation exposure and its detection after ~20 years: implications for human health assessment. Sci. Tot. Environ. 390, 58– 68. Paternain JL, Domingo JL, Ortega A and Llobet JM, 1989. The effects of uranium on reproduction, gestation and postnatal survival in mice. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 17, 291– 296. Pavlakis N, Pollock CA, McLean G and Bartrop R, 1996. Deliberate overdose of uranium: Toxicity and treatment. Nephron. 72, 313– 317. Pawlak Z and Rabiega G, 2002. Comparison of ICP-MS and radiochemical techniques for total uranium in environmental water samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 5395– 5398. Pfenning G, Klewe-Nebenius H and Seelmann-Eggebert W, 1998. Chart of the Nuclides. 6th Edition revised reprint. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Prasada Rao T, Metilda P and Gladis JM, 2008. Review: Preconcentration techniques for uranium (VI) and thorium (IV) prior to analytical determination - an overview. Talanta 68, 1047– 1064. Priest ND, 2001. Toxicity of depleted uranium. Lancet 357, 244– 246. Raymond-Whish S, Mayer LP, O'Neal T, Martínez A, Sellers MA, Christian PJ, Marion SL, Begay C, Propper CR, Hoyer PB and Dyer CA, 2007. Drinking Water with Uranium below the U.S. EPA Water Standard Causes Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Responses in Female Mice. Environ. Health Persp. 115, 1711– 1716. Ribera D, Labrot F, Tisnerat G and Narbenne JF, 1996. Uranium in the Environment: occurrence, transfer, and biological effects. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 146, 53– 89. RIFE, 2007. Radioactivity in Food and the Environment. Food Standards Agency, UK. www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/radiosurv/rife13. Sadeghi S, Mohammadzadeh D and Yamini Y, 2003. Solid-phase extraction-spectrophotometric determination of uranium(VI) in natural waters. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375, 698– 702. Sadeghi S and Sheikhzadeh E, 2009. Solid phase extraction using silica gel modified with murexide for preconcentration of uranium (VI) ions from water samples. J. Haz. Mat. 163, 861– 868. Sánchez J, Bellés M, Albina ML, Gómez M, Linares V and Domingo JL, 2006. Exposure of pregnant rats to uranium and restraint stress: effects on postnatal development and behaviour of the offspring. Toxicology 228, 323– 332. Schnug E, Steckel H and Haneklaus S, 2005. Contribution of uranium in drinking water to the daily uranium intake of humans - a case study from Northern Germany, Landbauforschung Völkenrode 55, 227– 236. Sheppard MI, 1980. The environmental behaviour of uranium and thorium. Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, Atromica energy of Canda, Pinawa, Manitoba. Technical Report AECL-6795. Sheppard SC, Sheppard MI, Gallerand M-O and Sanipelli B, 2005. Derivation of ecotoxicity thresholds for uranium. J. Environ. Radioact. 79, 55– 83. Singh NP, Burleigh DP, Ruth HM and Wrenn ME, 1990. Daily uranium intake in Utah resident from food and drinking water, Health Phys. 59, 333– 337. Singh J, Singh H, Singh S and Bajwa BS, 2008. Estimation of uranium and radon concentration in some drinking water samples. Radiat. Meas. 43, Supplement 1, 523– 526. Sontag W, 1986. Multicompartment kinetic models for the metabolism of americium, plutonium and uranium in rats. Human Toxicol. 5, 163– 173. Stearns DM, Yazzie M, Bradley AS, Coryell VH, Shelley JT, Ashby A, Asplund CS and Lantz RC, 2005. Uranyl acetate induces hprt mutations and uranium-DNA adducts in Chinese hamster ovary EM9 cells. Mutagenesis 20, 417– 423. Sullivan MF and Gorham LS, 1980. Absorption of Actinide Elements from the Gastrointestinal tract of Neonatal Animals. Health Phys. 38, 173– 185. Sullivan MF, Ruemmler PS, Ryan JL and Buschbom RL, 1986. Influence of oxidizing or reducing agents on gastrointestinal absorption of U, Pu, Am, Cm and Pm by rats. Health Phys. 50, 223– 232. Svensson K, Darnerud PO and Skerfving S, 2005. A Risk Assessment of Uranium in Drinking Water. National Food Administration. Sweden. www.slv.se. Tagami K and Uchida S, 2007. Rapid uranium preconcentration and separation method from fresh water samples for total U and 235U/238U ratio measurements by ICP-MS. Anal. Chim. Acta 592, 101– 105. Tracy BL, Quinn JM, Lahey J, Gilman AP, Mancuso K, Yagminas AP and Villeneuve DC, 1992. Absorption and retention of uranium from drinking water by rats and rabbits. Health Phys. 62, 65– 73. UBA, 2005. Uranium and Human Biomonitoring Opinion of the Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz 48(7), 822– 827. www.umweltdaten.de/gesundheit-e/monitor/Uranium-in-urine.pdf. Unsworth ER, Cook JM and Hill SJ, 2001. Determination of uranium and thorium in natural waters with a high matrix concentration using solid-phase extraction inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 442, 141– 146. US-EPA, 1986. Environmental Radiation Data. Report 42. April-June 1985. NTIS PB166311. US-EPA, 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Uranium, Soluble Salts. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 1999. www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0421.htm. US-EPA, 1990. Occurrence and exposure assessment for uranium in public drinking water supplies. Report prepared by Wade Miller Associates, Inc. for the Office of Drinking Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 April 1990. US-EPA, 1991. Review of RSC analysis. Report prepared by Wade Miller Associates, Inc. for the US Environmental Protection Agency, 9 May 1991. US-EPA, 1994. EPA METHOD 200.8. Determination of trace elements in waters and wastes by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry. Revision 5.4. Environmental monitoring systems laboratory office of research and development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. US-EPA, 1999. EPA METHOD 908.0. Uranium in drinking water-radiochemical method. Revision 2.0. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. US-EPA, 2003. Drinking water contaminants. Accessed on 20 January 2009. www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html#rads. Vesterbacka P, Mäkeläinen I and Arvela H, 2005. Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 113, 223– 232. Vesterbacka P, 2005. 238U series radionuclides in Finnish groundwaters-based drinking water and effective doses. Academic Dissertation. University of Helsinki. Wallner G, Wagner R and Katzlberger C, 2008. Natural radionuclides in Austrian mineral water and their sequential measurement by fast methods. J. Environ. Radioact. 99, 1090– 1094. WHO, 1998. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality - Second Edition - Volume 2 – Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information – Addendum. WHO, 2001. Depleted uranium: sources, exposure and health effects. Department of Protection of the Human Environment. World Health Organization. Geneva. WHO/SDE/PHE/01.1. www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/ir_pub/en/. WHO, 2004. Guidelines for drinking-water quality – Third Edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. WHO, 2005. Uranium in Drinking Water. Background Document for development of WHO guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. WHO/SDE/03.04/118. WHO/IPCS, 2008. World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety. Part 1: guidance document on characterizing and communicating uncertainty in exposure assessment. www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/areas/draftundertainty.pdf. Wrenn ME, Durbin PW, Howard B, Lipsztein J, Rundo J, Still ET and Willis DL, 1985. Metabolism of ingested U and Ra. Health Phys. 48, 601– 633. Zamora ML, Tracy BL, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof DP and Moss MA, 1998. Chronic ingestion of uranium in drinking water: a study of kidney bioeffects in humans. Toxicol. Sci. 43, 68– 77. Zamora ML, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof D and Tracy B, 2002. Gastrointestinal absorption of uranium in humans. Health Phys. 83, 35– 45. Zamora ML, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof D, Moodie G, Falcomer R and Tracy B, 2003. Uranium gastrointestinal absorption: the F1 factor in humans. Rad. Prot. Dosim. 105, 55– 60. Citing Literature Volume7, Issue4April 20091018 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)