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Cerebral Circulation

1983; Wiley; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/cphy.cp020305

2040-4603

Donald D. Heistad, Hermes A. Kontos,

Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques

The sections in this article are: 1 Anatomy 1.1 Arterial System 1.2 Capillaries, Veins, and Lymphatics 1.3 Blood-Brain Barrier 1.4 Choroid Plexus and Cerebrospinal Fluid 2 Methods 2.1 Direct Observation of Pial Vessels 2.2 Venous Outflow Techniques 2.3 Cerebral Arterial Inflow 2.4 Diffusible Indicators 2.5 Measurement of Clearance With Electrodes 2.6 Autoradiography 2.7 Microspheres 2.8 Experimental Comparison of Methods 3 Distribution of Segmental Vascular Resistance 4 Neural Regulation 4.1 Innervation 4.2 Neurotransmitters and Neuromuscular Mechanisms 4.2.1 Adrenergic Stimuli 4.2.2 Cholinergic, Histaminergic, and Peptidergic Stimuli 4.3 Effects of Sympathetic Nerves 4.4 Effects of Cholinergic and Peptidergic Nerves 4.5 Reflex Effects of Sympathetic Nerves 4.6 Role of Central Neural Pathways 5 Chemical Regulation 5.1 Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion on Cerebral Vessels 5.2 Effects of Arterial Blood PCO2 on Cerebral Blood Flow 5.3 Effects of Oxygen on Cerebral Vessels 5.4 Effects of Oxygen on Cerebral Blood Flow 5.5 Angiotensin, Vasopressin, Oxytocin, and Prostaglandins 6 Metabolic Regulation 6.1 Relationship of Cerebral Function and Blood Flow 6.2 Cerebral Function and Metabolism 6.3 Correlation Between Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 6.4 Mechanisms by Which Metabolism Influences Cerebral Blood Flow 6.4.1 Adenosine and Adenosine Phosphorylated Derivatives 6.4.2 Hypoxia 6.4.3 Potassium Ion 6.4.4 Hydrogen Ion and Carbon Dioxide 6.4.5 Osmolarity 6.4.6 Calcium Ion 6.4.7 Prostaglandins 6.4.8 Interactions Between Metabolites 6.5 Autoregulation 6.5.1 Effects of Arterial and Venous Pressures on Pial Vessels 6.5.2 Pressure-Flow Curves 6.5.3 Mechanisms of Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow 6.5.4 Effects of Chronic Hypertension 6.6 Effects of Atherosclerosis 6.7 Effects of Changes in Hematocrit and Blood Viscosity 7 conclusion7 Conclusion