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Investigating the Blazar TXS 0506+056 through Sharp Multiwavelength Eyes During 2017–2019

2022; IOP Publishing; Volume: 927; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3847/1538-4357/ac531d

1538-4357

V. A. Acciari, T. Aniello, Stefano Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, Manuel Artero, Katsuaki Asano, Dominik Baack, A. Babić, Andrés Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, Ivana Batković, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, M. Bernardos, A. Berti, Jürgen Besenrieder, W. Bhattacharyya, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch, Hendrik Bökenkamp, G. Bonnoli, Ž. Bošnjak, G. Busetto, R. Carosi, Giovanni Ceribella, M. Cerruti, Yating Chai, A. Chilingarian, S. Cikota, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, Giacomo D’Amico, V. D’Elia, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, B. De Lotto, Antonino Del Popolo, M. Delfino, J. Delgado, C. Delgado Mendez, Davide Depaoli, F. Di Pierro, L. Di Venere, E. Do Souto Espiñeira, D. Dominis Prester, Alice Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsäesser, V. Fallah Ramazanı, L. Fariña, Alicia Fattorini, L. Font, C. Fruck, Satoshi Fukami, Y. Fukazawa, M. D. Caballero‐García, M. Garczarczyk, Sargis Gasparyan, M. Gaug, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, Paweł Gliwny, N. Godinović, Jarred Gershon Green, D. Green, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, Lea Heckmann, J. Herrera, John Hoang, Dario Hrupec, Moritz Hütten, Tomohiro Inada, Roman Iotov, Kazuma Ishio, Y. Iwamura, Irene Jiménez Martínez, Jenni Jormanainen, L. Jouvin, D. Kerszberg, Yukiho Kobayashi, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. Lamastra, A. La Barbera, F. Leone, E. Lindfors, Lena Linhoff, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, R. López-Coto, Marcos López, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, C. Maggio, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, G. Maneva, M. Manganaro, K. Mannheim, M. Mariotti, M. Martı́nez, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, D. Mazin, Stefano Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mičanović, Davide Miceli, Tjark Miener, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, E. Molina, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, V. Moreno, E. Moretti, Takeshi Nakamori, Lara Nava, V. Neustroev, M. Nievas Rosillo, Cosimo Nigro, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, S. Nozaki, Yoshiki Ohtani, Tomohiko Oka, Jorge Otero-Santos, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, Lovro Pavletić, Pablo Peñil, M. Persic, Marine Pihet, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, Ivica Puljak, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, J. Rico, Chiara Righi, A. Rugliancich, N. Sahakyan, T. Saito, S. Sakurai, K. Satalecka, Francesco Gabriele Saturni, Bernd Schleicher, K. Schmidt, Felix Schmuckermaier, T. Schweizer, J. Sitarek, I. Šnidarić, D. Sobczyńska, Alessia Spolon, A. Stamerra, Jelena Strišković, D. Strom, M. Strzys, Y. Suda, T. Surić, Mitsunari Takahashi, Ryuji Takeishi, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzić, M. Teshima, Luca Tosti, Stefano Truzzi, Antonio Tutone, Santiago Ubach, Juliane van Scherpenberg, G. Vanzo, M. Vázquez Acosta, Sofia Ventura, V. Verguilov, Ilaria Viale, C. Vigorito, V. Vitale, Ievgen Vovk, Martin Will, Carolin Wunderlich, Tokonatsu Yamamoto, Darko Zarić, Mark Hodges, T. Hovatta, S. Kiehlmann, Ioannis Liodakis, W. Max-Moerbeck, T. J. Pearson, A. C. S. Readhead, R. Reeves, A. Lähteenmäki, M. Tornikoski, J. Tammi, F. D’Ammando, Alessandro Marchini,

Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae

The blazar TXS 0506+056 got into the spotlight of the astrophysical community in September 2017, when a high-energy neutrino detected by IceCube (IceCube-170922A) was associated at the 3 $\sigma$ level to a $\gamma$-ray flare from this source. This multi-messenger photon-neutrino association remains, as per today, the most significant one ever observed. TXS 0506+056 was a poorly studied object before the IceCube-170922A event. To better characterize its broad-band emission, we organized a multi-wavelength campaign lasting 16 months (November 2017 to February 2019), covering the radio-band (Mets\"ahovi, OVRO), the optical/UV (ASAS-SN, KVA, REM, Swift/UVOT), the X-rays (Swift/XRT, NuSTAR), the high-energy $\gamma$ rays (Fermi/LAT) and the very-high-energy (VHE) $\gamma$ rays (MAGIC). In $\gamma$ rays, the behaviour of the source was significantly different from the 2017 one: MAGIC observations show the presence of flaring activity during December 2018, while the source only shows an excess at the 4$\sigma$ level during the rest of the campaign (74 hours of accumulated exposure); Fermi/LAT observations show several short (days-to-week timescale) flares, different from the long-term brightening of 2017. No significant flares are detected at lower energies. The radio light curve shows an increasing flux trend, not seen in other wavelengths. We model the multi-wavelength spectral energy distributions in a lepto-hadronic scenario, in which the hadronic emission emerges as Bethe-Heitler and pion-decay cascade in the X-rays and VHE $\gamma$ rays. According to the model presented here, the December 2018 $\gamma$-ray flare was connected to a neutrino emission that was too brief and not bright enough to be detected by current neutrino instruments.