Coaxial Thermocouple Heat Flux Measurements in Heavily Ionized Flows with Magnetic Fields
2022; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Volume: 36; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2514/1.t6446
ISSN1533-6808
AutoresAlexis Lefevre, David Gildfind, Christopher M. James,
Tópico(s)Planetary Science and Exploration
ResumoNo AccessTechnical NotesCoaxial Thermocouple Heat Flux Measurements in Heavily Ionized Flows with Magnetic FieldsAlexis Lefevre, David E. Gildfind and Christopher M. JamesAlexis Lefevre https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2262-3092The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia, David E. Gildfind https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-2660The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia and Christopher M. James https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-2389The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaPublished Online:14 Mar 2022https://doi.org/10.2514/1.T6446SectionsRead Now ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations About References [1] Tito D. A., Anderson G., Carrico J. P., Clark J., Finger B., Lantz G. A., Loucks M. E., MacCallum T., Poynter J., Squire T. H. and Worden S. P., "Feasibility Analysis for a Manned Mars Free-Return Mission in 2018," 2013 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 2013, p. 6. https://doi.org/10.1109/aero.2013.6497413 Google Scholar[2] Gupta R., Moss J. and Price J., "Assessment of Thermochemical Nonequilibrium and Slip Effects for Orbital Reentry Experiment (OREX)," 31st Thermophysics Conference, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1996-1859 Google Scholar[3] Graves C. A. and Harpold J. C., "Apollo Experience Report: Mission Planning for Apollo Entry," NASA TN D-6725, 1972, https://ntrs.nasa.gov [retrieved 15 April 2019]. Google Scholar[4] Neely A. and Morgan R., "Measurement of Heating Rates for Earth Entry at 13 km/s," 25th Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, AIAA, Washington, D.C., 1994. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-2606 Google Scholar[5] Geraets R. T. P., McGilvray M., Doherty L. J., Morgan R. G., James C. M. and Buttsworth D. R., "Development of a Fast-Response Diamond Calorimeter Heat Transfer Gauge," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2020, pp. 193–202. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.t5688 LinkGoogle Scholar[6] Vella S., "Expansion Tunnel Heat Transfer Measurements of the ESA-IXV Re-Entry Vehicle," Ph.D. Thesis, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The Univ. of Queensland, 2016. CrossrefGoogle Scholar[7] James C. M., Birch B., Smith D. R., Cullen T. G., Millard T., Vella S., Liu Y., Morgan R. G., Stern N. and Buttsworth D., "Testing of Ultra Fast Response, Durable Co-Axial Thermocouples for High Enthalpy Impulse Facilities," AIAA Aviation 2019 Forum, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2019, pp. 13–17. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-3007 Google Scholar[8] James C. M., Ravichandran R., Smith D. R., Cullen T. G. and Morgan R., "Scaled Apollo Capsule Heat Flux Measurements in the X3 Expansion Tube," AIAA Aviation 2020 Forum, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-3278 Google Scholar[9] Capra B. R. and Morgan R. G., "Total Heat Transfer Measurements on a Flight Investigation of Reentry Environment Model," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2013, pp. 494–503. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.a32333 LinkGoogle Scholar[10] Capra B. R., "Aerothermodynamic Simulation of Subscale Models of the FIRE II and Titan Explorer Vehicles in Expansion Tubes," Ph.D. Thesis, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2007. Google Scholar[11] Capra B. R. and Morgan R. G., "Radiative and Total Heat Transfer Measurements to a Titan Explorer Model," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2012, pp. 12–23. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.52961 LinkGoogle Scholar[12] Crombrugghe G. D., "On Binary Scaling and Ground-to-Flight Extrapolation in High-Enthalpy Facilities," Ph.D. Thesis, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2017.456 Google Scholar[13] Lourel I., "Aerothermodynamics of Hypervelocity Toroidal Aerobrakes," Ph.D. Thesis, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2008. Google Scholar[14] Palmer R. A., "Measurement of Heat Transfer in Superorbital Flows," Ph.D. Thesis, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 1999. Google Scholar[15] Chiu H. and Mee D. J., "Modified Bar Gauges," The Univ. of Queensland Research Rept. Number 2003/22, 2003, https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=no%3A62536289 [retrieved 7 July 2021]. Google Scholar[16] Chiu S. H.-H., "Using an Expansion Tube to Generate Rarefied Hypervelocity Gas Flows," Ph.D. Thesis, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2005. Google Scholar[17] Kim M. and Boyd I. D., "Effectiveness of a Magnetohydrodynamics System for Mars Entry," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 49, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.a32256 LinkGoogle Scholar[18] Katsurayama H., Abe T. and Konigorski D., "DSMC Simulation of Electrodynamic Aerobraking on a Reentry Capsule in a Hypersonic Rarefied Regime," 42nd AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2011, pp. 5–8. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-3467 Google Scholar[19] Fujino T., Yoshino T. and Ishikawa M., "Numerical Analysis of Reentry Trajectory Coupled with Magnetohydrodynamics Flow Control," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 45, No. 5, 2008, pp. 911–920. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.33385 LinkGoogle Scholar[20] Bisek N. J., Boyd I. D. and Poggie J., "Numerical Study of Magnetoaerodynamic Flow Around a Hemisphere," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2010, pp. 816–827. LinkGoogle Scholar[21] Fujino T., Sugita H., Mizuno M., Funaki I. and Ishikawa M., "Influences of Electrical Conductivity of Wall on Magnetohydrodynamic Control of Aeroynamic Heating," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2006, pp. 63–70. LinkGoogle Scholar[22] Guarendi A. N. and Chandy A. J., "Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Hypersonic Flow over a Cylinder Using Axial- and Transverse-Oriented Magnetic Dipoles," Scientific World Journal, Vol. 2013, No. 8, 2013, Paper 438381. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/438381 Google Scholar[23] Li K., Liu J. and Liu W., "Performance Analysis and Enhancement of Magnetohydrodynamic Heat Shield System for Hypersonic Vehicles," 21st AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonics Technologies Conference, AIAA Paper 2017-2214, 2017. Google Scholar[24] Poggie J. and Gaitonde D., "Computational Studies of Magnetic Control in Hypersonic Flow," 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper 2001-0196, 2001. LinkGoogle Scholar[25] Lee J. K., Kim T. and MacCormack R. W., "Simulation of Hypersonic Flow Within Electromagnetic Fields for Heat Flux Mitigation," 20th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference, AIAA Paper 2015-3503, 2015. LinkGoogle Scholar[26] Müller R. A., Pagan A. S., Upadhyay P. P. and Herdrich G., "Numerical Assessment of Magnetohydrodynamic Heat Flux Mitigation for Pico-Sized Entry Capsule Mockup," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2019, pp. 1–8. Google Scholar[27] Kai L., Jun L. and Weiqiang L., "Thermal Protection Performance of Magnetohydrodynamic Heat Shield System Based on Multipolar Magnetic Field," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 136, Feb. 2017, pp. 248–258. CrossrefGoogle Scholar[28] Shimosawa Y. and Fujino T., "Numerical Study of Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Control Along Superorbital Reentry Trajectories," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2016, pp. 528–537. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A33340 Google Scholar[29] Poggie J. and Gaitonde D. V., "Magnetic Control of Flow Past a Blunt Body: Numerical Validation and Exploration," Physics of Fluids, Vol. 14, No. 5, 2002, pp. 1720–1731. CrossrefGoogle Scholar[30] Takahashi T., Shimosawa Y., Masuda K. and Fujino T., "Numerical Study of Thermal Protection Using Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Control in Mars Entry Flight," 46th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, AIAA Paper 2015-3365, 2015. Google Scholar[31] Wilkinson J., "Magnetohydrodynamic Effects on Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer from Partially Ionized Nonequilibrium Gases in Supersonic Flow," Engineering Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics, Vol. 64, 1962, p. 413. Google Scholar[32] Knapp A., "Investigation of MHD Impact on Argon Plasma Flows by Variation of Magnetic Flux Density," The Open Plasma Physics Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2012, pp. 11–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876534301205010011 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[33] Gülhan A., Esser B., Koch U., Siebe F., Riehmer J., Giordano D. and Konigorski D., "Experimental Verification of Heat-Flux Mitigation by Electromagnetic Fields in Partially-Ionized-Argon Flows," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2009, pp. 274–283. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.39256 LinkGoogle Scholar[34] Kawamura M., Katsurayama H., Otsu H., Yamada K. and Abe T., "Magnetic-Field Configuration Effect on Aerodynamic Heating of a Magnetized Body," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2012, pp. 207–211. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.a32116 LinkGoogle Scholar[35] Gildfind D. E., Smith D., Lewis S. W., Kelly R., James C. M., Wei H. and McIntyre T., "Expansion Tube Magnetohydrodynamic Experiments with Argon Test Gas," 2018 Flow Control Conference, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-3754 Google Scholar[36] Gildfind D., Smith D., Thompson O., Jacobs P., Morgan R., Kelly R. and McIntyre T., "Evaluation of Electrically Insulating Coatings for Magnetohydrodynamic Aerobraking Experimentation," Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Shock Waves (ISSW32 2019), Research Publishing Services, Singapore, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2730-4_0014-cd Google Scholar[37] Lefevre A., Gildfind D. E., Gollan R. J., Jacobs P. A., McIntyre T.. J. and James C. M., "Expansion Tube Experiments of Magnetohydrodynamic Aerobraking for Superorbital Earth Reentry," AIAA Journal, Vol. 59, No. 8, 2021, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J060253 Google Scholar[38] Smith D. R., Gildfind D. E., Jacobs P. A., Cullen T. G., James C. M., Liu Y., Gollan R. and McIntyre T. J., "Magnetohydrodynamic Drag Measurements in an Expansion Tunnel with Argon Test Gas," AIAA Journal, Vol. 58, No. 10, 2020, pp. 4495–4504. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.j059540 LinkGoogle Scholar[39] Smith D. R., Gildfind D. E., Mee D. J., James C. M. and Allsop B. V., "Magnetohydrodynamic Drag Force Measurements in an Expansion Tunnel Using a Stress Wave Force Balance," Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 61, No. 8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-03015-4 Google Scholar[40] Smith D. R., Gildfind D. E., McIntyre T. J. and Mee D. J., "Stress Wave Force Balance Sting Design for Magnetohydrodynamic Drag Force Measurements in Expansion Tubes," APISAT 2019: Asia Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology, Engineers Australia, Springer, New York, 2019, p. 1930. Google Scholar[41] Schultz D. L. and Jones T., "Heat-Transfer Measurements in Short-Duration Hypersonic Facilities," Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development TR AG-165, Neuilly-Sur-Seine (Paris), 1973, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0758590 [retrieved 28 March 2021]. Google Scholar[42] Sanderson S. R. and Sturtevant B., "Transient Heat Flux Measurement Using a Surface Junction Thermocouple," Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 73, No. 7, 2002, pp. 2781–2787. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1484255 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[43] Desikan S., Suresh K., Srinivasan K. and Raveendran P., "Fast Response Co-Axial Thermocouple for Short Duration Impulse Facilities," Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 96, March 2016, pp. 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.074 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[44] Mohammed H., Salleh H. and Yusoff M. Z., "Design and Fabrication of Coaxial Surface Junction Thermocouples for Transient Heat Transfer Measurements," International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 35, No. 7, 2008, pp. 853–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2008.03.009 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[45] Mohammed H. A., Salleh H. and Yusoff M. Z., "Thermal Product of Fast Response Temperature Sensors for Transient Heat Transfer Applications with Numerically Determined Surface Heat Flux History," Open Thermodynamics Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2010, pp. 36–49. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396x01004010036 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[46] Mohammed H. A., Salleh H. and Yusoff M. Z., "Dynamic Calibration and Performance of Reliable and Fast-Response Coaxial Temperature Probes in a Shock Tube Facility," Experimental Heat Transfer, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2011, pp. 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2010.482752 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[47] Mohammed H. A., Salleh H. and Yusoff M. Z., "The Effect of Scratch Technique on the Thermal-Product Value of Temperature Sensors," Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2011, pp. 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0869864311010070 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[48] Menezes V. and Bhat S., "A Coaxial Thermocouple for Shock Tunnel Applications," Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 81, No. 10, 2010, Paper 104905. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3494605 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[49] Flaherty W. and Austin J. M., "Comparative Surface Heat Transfer Measurements in Hypervelocity Flow," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2011, pp. 180–183. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.50450 LinkGoogle Scholar[50] Manjhi S. K. and Kumar R., "Stagnation Point Transient Heat Flux Measurement Analysis from Coaxial Thermocouples," Experimental Heat Transfer, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2018, pp. 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2018.1431738 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[51] Kumar R. and Sahoo N., "Dynamic Calibration of a Coaxial Thermocouples for Short Duration Transient Measurements," Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 135, No. 12, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024593 Google Scholar[52] Agarwal S., Sahoo N. and Singh R. K., "Experimental Techniques for Thermal Product Determination of Coaxial Surface Junction Thermocouples During Short Duration Transient Measurements," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 103, Dec. 2016, pp. 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.07.062 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[53] Agarwal S., Sahoo N., Irimpan K., Menezes V. and Desai S., "Comparative Performance Assessments of Surface Junction Probes for Stagnation Heat Flux Estimation in a Hypersonic Shock Tunnel," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 114, Nov. 2017, pp. 748–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.06.109 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[54] PCB Piezotronics, Model 112A22 High Resolution ICP Pressure Probe, 50 psi, 100 mV/psi, 0.218" dia. Installation and Operating Manual, Shock Waves, PCB Piezotronics, Depew, NY, 2013. Google Scholar[55] Gordon S. and McBride B. J., "Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications. Part 1: Analysis," 1994, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19950013764 [retrieved 9 May 2020]. Google Scholar[56] Boggs P. T. and Rogers J. E., Orthogonal Distance Regression, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Inst. of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1990, pp. 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1090/conm/112/1087109 Google Scholar[57] James C. M., Gildfind D. E., Lewis S. W., Morgan R. G. and Zander F., "Implementation of a State-to-State Analytical Framework for the Calculation of Expansion Tube Flow Properties," Shock Waves, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2017, pp. 349–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-017-0763-3 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[58] Oldfield M. L. G., "Impulse Response Processing of Transient Heat Transfer Gauge Signals," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 130, No. 2, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2752188 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[59] Buttsworth D. R., "Assessment of Effective Thermal Product of Surface Junction Thermocouples on Millisecond and Microsecond Time Scales," Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2001, pp. 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1777(01)00093-0 CrossrefGoogle Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails What's Popular Volume 36, Number 4October 2022 CrossmarkInformationCopyright © 2022 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. All requests for copying and permission to reprint should be submitted to CCC at www.copyright.com; employ the eISSN 1533-6808 to initiate your request. See also AIAA Rights and Permissions www.aiaa.org/randp. TopicsEnthalpyHeat ConductionHeat FluxHeat TransferNumerical Heat TransferPhase TransitionThermal Control and ProtectionThermal MeasurementThermocouplesThermodynamic ProcessThermodynamic PropertiesThermodynamicsThermophysical PropertiesThermophysics and Heat Transfer KeywordsFast Response ThermocouplesHeat FluxMagnetic FieldsFreestream VelocityShock LayersFlow ConditionsHeat Transfer MeasurementsEarthStagnation PointElectrical ConductivityAcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank the following: X2's operating team for helping to operate the facility, Neil Duncan and the UQ Engineering Architecture and Information Technology faculty Workshop, the Australian Research Council for support and funding, the UQ High Performance Computing (HPC) Support Group for supercomputing support, the UQ Early Career Research Grant Scheme for support and funding, and the Queensland node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF) for the sputtering jobs. A. Lefevre is a recipient of UQ's Research Training Program Scholarship; D. Gildfind is a recipient of an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Award (project DE170100263) funded by the Australian Government.PDF Received2 August 2021Accepted7 February 2022Published online14 March 2022
Referência(s)