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First Report of Colletotrichum chrysophilum Causing Apple Bitter Rot in Spain

2021; American Phytopathological Society; Volume: 106; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1094/pdis-07-21-1578-pdn

1943-7692

Jordi Cabrefiga, Daniel Pizà, P. Vilardell, Jordi Luque,

Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 106, No. 6First Report of Colletotrichum chrysophilum Causing Apple Bitter Rot in Spain PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Colletotrichum chrysophilum Causing Apple Bitter Rot in SpainJordi Cabrefiga, Daniel Pizà, Pere Vilardell, and Jordi LuqueJordi CabrefigaSustainable Plant Protection, IRTA, 08348 Cabrils, Spain, Daniel PizàDepartment of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, EEABB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain, Pere VilardellSustainable Plant Protection, IRTA, 08348 Cabrils, Spain, and Jordi Luque†Corresponding author: J. Luque; E-mail Address: jordi.luque@irta.cathttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-9692Sustainable Plant Protection, IRTA, 08348 Cabrils, Spain AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Jordi Cabrefiga1 Daniel Pizà2 Pere Vilardell1 Jordi Luque1 † 1Sustainable Plant Protection, IRTA, 08348 Cabrils, Spain 2Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, EEABB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain Published Online:14 Apr 2022https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-21-1578-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleBitter rot of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a cosmopolitan disease affecting fruit, and it causes considerable losses worldwide. In September 2020, symptoms of bitter rot were observed on 'Pink Lady' apples in two orchards (∼2.5 ha each) in Gualta, Catalonia, Spain (42.03803 N, 3.09831 E and 42.03942 N, 3.10931 E). Early symptoms consisted of light-brown and sunken circular lesions (1 to 4 mm) that enlarged over time, which later became dark brown and water soaked and extended cone-shaped toward the core. Sporulation was mostly noticed in larger lesions. Estimated incidence was 2 and 20% of 150 trees surveyed in each orchard, respectively. Twenty-one fungal isolates were obtained from diseased fruit by culturing small pieces of necrotic tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with rifampicin at 50 mg/liter. Colonies on PDA looked identical. They were cottony, initially light gray colored on top, and darkened with age; the colony reverse was initially cream colored and darkened with age. Conidia were produced in orange acervular masses on Spezieller Nährstoffarmer agar and were aseptate, hyaline, cylindrical with obtuse ends, and measured 10.1 to 14.7 × 4.5 to 7.1 μm (average 13.1 ± 1.04 × 5.3 ± 0.67 μm [mean ± SD], n = 50) with a mean length/width ratio of 2.6 ± 0.39 (n = 16 isolates). Perithecia were not observed. Based on the conidial morphology, the isolates were tentatively identified as belonging to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (Weir et al. 2012). Total genomic DNA was extracted from all isolates, and six nuclear regions were amplified and partially sequenced: the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS), the mating type protein 1-2-1 gene and the Mat1-2-1-Apn2 intergenic spacer region (ApMAT), actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and tubulin (TUB2). The sequences for each region were 100% identical across all isolates. BLAST searches in GenBank showed 99 to 100% identity with sequences of various Colletotrichum chrysophilum W.A.S. Vieira, W.G. Lima, M.P.S. Câmara & V.P. Doyle strains, including the ex-type CMM4268 (Vieira et al. 2017). Sequences of the representative isolate CJL1080 were deposited in GenBank (ACT, MZ488944; ApMAT, MZ442299; CAL, MZ488945; GAPDH, MZ488946; ITS, MZ443972; TUB2, MZ442300). A multilocus phylogenetic analysis through Bayesian inference conducted with the obtained sequences and the reference ones (Khodadadi et al. 2020) revealed that our isolates clustered well within C. chrysophilum, as suggested by the BLAST results. To confirm Koch's postulates, isolates CJL1080 and CJL1095 were inoculated on Pink Lady apples. Six surface-sterilized fruits per isolate were wound inoculated four times each with either 20 μl of a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) or sterile distilled water (control). After 7 days of incubation in a moist chamber at 22°C, symptoms compatible with Colletotrichum infection were observed around the wounds, whereas control inoculations remained symptomless. The fungus was reisolated from all the lesions and identified through its morphological traits and DNA sequencing (ApMAT, CAL, and GAPDH). No fungus was isolated from the controls. Taxa of the C. gloeosporioides species complex causing bitter rot have been recently reported in Europe (Grammen et al. 2019; Nodet et al. 2019). This is the first report of C. chrysophilum causing apple bitter rot in Spain, which expands the knowledge on the geographic distribution of this important pathogen of apples in Europe.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Grammen, A., et al. 2019. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 153:47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1539-z Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarKhodadadi, F., et al. 2020. Sci. Rep. 10:11043. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66761-9 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarNodet, P., et al. 2019. Plant Dis. 103:1767. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-18-1915-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarVieira, W. A. S., et al. 2017. Mycologia 109:912. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1418577 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarWeir, B. S., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:115. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0011 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 106, No. 6 June 2022SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Download Metrics Downloaded 424 times Article History Issue Date: 2 Jun 2022Published: 14 Apr 2022First Look: 23 Nov 2021Accepted: 21 Nov 2021 Page: 1752 Information© 2022 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordsapple bitter rotColletotrichum chrysophilumMalus domesticaSpainThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF downloadCited ByReclassification of the main causal agent of Glomerella leaf spot on apple into Colletotrichum chrysophilum in southern Brazil and UruguayPaula Astolfi, Aline Cristina Velho, Victoria Moreira, Pedro Mondino, Sandra Maria Alaniz, and Marciel J. Stadnik24 March 2022 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 0, No. ja