Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

The organisation for economic cooperation and development

2004; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 9; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/1356346042000190411

1469-9923

Richard Woodward,

International Development and Aid

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Jan Aart Scholte, 'Global trade and finance', in: John Baylis & Steve Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 2nd edn. (Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 521. Joseph Nye Jr, The Paradox of American Power: Why The World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 144. Previous contributions to Global Monitor by Rorden Wilkinson and Simon Lee provide an excellent overview of the contemporary work being undertaken by the WTO and the IMF. See Rorden Wilkinson, 'Global Monitor: The World Trade Organisation', New Political Economy, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2002), pp. 129–41; and Simon Lee, 'Global Monitor: The International Monetary Fund', New Political Economy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002), pp. 283–98. More detailed analyses of the WTO include Bhagirath Lal Das, The World Trade Organisation: A Guide to the New Framework for International Trade (Zed–Third World Network, 1999); Rorden Wilkinson, Multilateralism and the World Trade Organisation: The Architecture and Extension of International Trade Regulation (Routledge, 2000); and Bernard Hoekman & Michel Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond, 2nd edn. (Oxford University Press, 2001). Since the Asian financial crises of 1997–8 there has been a deluge of literature on the IMF, including Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (Penguin, 2002); and Paul Blustein, The Chastening: Inside the Crisis that Rocked the Global Financial System and Humbled the IMF (Public Affairs, 2001). For a more detailed discussion of the existing literature on the OECD, see Richard Woodward, 'The OECD: the forgotten institution of global governance', unpublished paper presented to the Anglo‐Canadian Symposium on Global Governance, Hull, December 2002. See, for example, OECD, The OECD at Work (OECD, 1964); OECD, History, Aims, Structure (OECD, 1971); and Scott Sullivan, From War to Wealth: Fifty Years of Innovation (OECD, 1997). See Sullivan, From War to Wealth, pp. 60–1, ch. V. As with the OECD, literature on the OEEC is scarce. However, useful overviews are provided by OEEC, A Decade of Co‐operation: Achievements and Perspectives: 9th Report of the OEEC (OEEC, 1958); No author, 'OEEC's Tenth Birthday', The Economist, 19 April 1958, pp. 218–19; Lincoln Gordon, 'The Organization for European Economic Cooperation', International Organization, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1956), pp. 1–11; and Michael Palmer & John Lambert et al., European Unity: A Survey of the European Organisations (George Allen & Unwin, 1968), ch. 3. See Sullivan, From War to Wealth, pp. 24–5; and No author, 'OEEC's Tenth Birthday', p. 219. Theodore Cohn, Governing Global Trade: International Institutions in Conflict and Convergence (Ashgate, 2002), p. 159. Miriam Camps, ' First World' Relationships: The Role of the OECD (Council on Foreign Relations, 1975), p. 10; Goran Ohlin, 'The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development', International Organization, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1968), p. 243; and Robert Gilpin, The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century (Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 184. Henry Aubrey, Atlantic Economic Cooperation: The Case of the OECD (Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), p. 102; and Martin Marcussen, 'The OECD in search of a role: playing the idea game', unpublished paper presented to the European Consortium for Political Research, Grenoble, April 2001, p. 2. Guy de Jonquieres, 'OECD fails to put its own house in order', Financial Times, 28 May 2002, p. 9. Sullivan, From War to Wealth, p. 6; and Will Hutton, The World We're In (Little, Brown, 2002), p. 218. Camps, ' First World' Relationships, p. 10. OECD, Annual Report 2003 (OECD, 2003), p. 9. For a more detailed discussion of these functions, see Woodward, 'The OECD: the forgotten institution of global governance'. OECD, Annual Report 2003, p. 80. See OECD, 'G7/G8 references to the work of the OECD', available at http://www.oecd.org/document/19/0,2340,en_2649_201185_2512403_1_1_1_1,00.html; OECD, 'OECD work on G8 priorities for 2003 Summit', available at http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,2340,en_2649_201185_2512383_1_1_1_1, 00.html; Seiichi Kondo, 'Partnership between the G8 and the OECD—to build a better global governance', available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/28/2955608.pdf; and Seiichi Kondo, 'Address of the OECD Deputy Secretary General Seiichi Kondo to the Diplomatic Institute, Rome, 5 March 2001 – "The Role of the G8 and OECD in Global Governance"', available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/29/2955604.pdf. Those who believe international capital mobility is having a debilitating effect on the state's capacity to levy taxes on mobile capital include OECD, Taxing Profits in a Global Economy: Domestic and International Issues (OECD, 1991); Vito Tanzi, Taxation in an Integrating World (Brookings Institution, 1995), ch. 7; Assaf Razin & Efraim Sadka, International Tax Competition and Gains from Tax Harmonization, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 3152 (1989); and Jeffrey Owens, 'Globalisation: The Implications for Tax Policies', Fiscal Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1993), pp. 21–44. More sceptical authors accept that there has been some convergence and general reduction of tax rates on capital across the industrialised world. However, they conclude that the changes have been overgeneralised or cannot be solely ascribed to tax competition. See Duane Swank, 'Funding the Welfare State: Globalization and the Taxation of Business in Advanced Market Economies', Political Studies, Vol. 46, No. 4 (1998), pp. 671–92; Duane Swank & Sven Steinmo, 'The New Political Economy of Taxation in Advanced Industrialised Economies', American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 46, No. 3 (2002), pp. 642–55; Geoffrey Garrett & Deborah Mitchell, 'Globalization, Government Spending, and Taxation in the OECD', European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2001), pp. 145–77; John Hobson, 'Disappearing taxes or the "race to the middle"? Fiscal policy in the OECD', in: Linda Weiss (ed.), States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 37–57; and Sven Steinmo, 'The Evolution of Policy Ideas: Tax Policy in the 20th Century', The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2003), pp. 206–36. Austin Mitchell et al., No Accounting For Tax Havens (Association for Accountancy and Business Affairs, 2002), p. 2. William Wechsler, 'Follow the Money', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80, No. 4 (2001), p. 45. OECD, Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue (OECD, 1998), p. 8. Ibid., p. 7. Richard Woodward, 'The OECD's Harmful Tax Competition Initiative and offshore financial centres in the Caribbean Basin', in: Ramesh Ramsaran (ed.), The Fiscal Experience in the Caribbean—Emerging Issues and Problems (University of the West Indies, forthcoming). OECD, Harmful Tax Competition, pp. 22–5. Ibid., pp. 26–8. OECD, Towards Global Tax Co‐operation (OECD, 2000), pp. 12–4. Ibid., pp. 16–19. Ibid., p. 25. Bishnodat Persaud, 'OECD Curbs On Offshore Financial Centres: A Major Issue for Small States', The Round Table, No. 359 (2001), pp. 203–4; and Ronald Sanders, 'The Fight Against Fiscal Colonialism: The OECD and Small Jurisdictions', The Round Table, No. 365 (2002), pp. 325–48. Woodward, 'The OECD's Harmful Tax Competition Initiative and offshore financial centres in the Caribbean Basin'; and Richard Woodward, 'Offshore or "shorn off"? The OECD's Harmful Tax Competition Initiative and development in small island economies', in: Graham Harrison (ed.), Global Encounters: IPE, Development and Global Governance (Palgrave, forthcoming). Pacific Islands Forum, 'Regional Talks on Harmful Tax Competition', Press Statement 3601, 13 April 2001, available at http://www.forumsec.org.fj/news/2001/Apr13.htm. OECD, Harmful Tax Competition, pp. 73–8. Woodward, 'The OECD's Harmful Tax Competition Initiative and offshore financial centres in the Caribbean Basin'. US Treasury Department, 'Treasury Secretary O'Neill Statement on OECD Tax Havens', US Treasury Department Press Release, No. PO‐366, 10 May 2001, available at http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/po366.htm. G7 Finance Ministers, Report of the G‐7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors: Fighting Abuses of the Global Financial System, 7 July 2001, available at http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/g7/finance/fm010707‐b.htm. OECD, The OECD's Project on Harmful Tax Practices: The 2001 Progress Report (OECD, 2001), pp. 9–11. Since the original list was published both Vanuata (May 2003) and Nauru (December 2003) have provided a commitment and been deleted from the list. See OECD, 'OECD Issues the List of Unco‐operative Tax Havens', OECD News Release, 18 April 2002, available at http://www.oecd.org/document/19/0,2340,en_2649_33745_2082323_1_1_1_37427,00.html. Seiichi Kondo, 'Ending Tax Haven Abuse', available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/15/2082521.pdf. Copies of the letters of commitment from tax havens are available from the OECD's website at http://www.oecd.org/document/19/0,2340,en_2649_33745_1903251_1_1_1_37427,00.html. Centre for Freedom and Prosperity, 'The OECD Lays an Egg: Low‐Tax Jurisdictions Will Achieve Final Victory When EU Savings Tax Directive is Defeated', Centre for Freedom and Prosperity Press Release, 18 April 2002, available at http://www.freedomandprosperity.org/press/p04–18–02/p04–18–02.shtml. BIAC and TUAC each have a website containing a more detailed overview of their role and development. See http://www.biac.org and http://www.tuac.org. Gilpin, The Challenge of Global Capitalism, p. 184; and No author, 'The sinking of the MAI', The Economist, 14 March 1998, pp. 105–6. Henry Holmes, 'Fight Continues Against Globalization', Earth Island Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1999), p. 12. OECD, 'OECD Council Meeting At Ministerial Level Paris, 26–27 May 1999—Communiqué', available at http://www1.oecd.org/subject/mcm/1999/pdf/final.pdf. OECD Policy Brief, 'Civil Society and the OECD—November 2002 update', available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/55/2367485.pdf. No author, 'Announcing OECD Forum 2000', OECD Observer, No. 219 (1999), available at http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/167/Announcing_OECD_Forum_2000.html. No author, 'Observer magazine—Daily Summary Monday, 14 May 2001', available at http://www1.oecd.org/forum2001/briefings/summary01.htm. OECD, OECD Annual Report 2001 (OECD, 2001), p. 93. OECD, 'Who Came To OECD Forum 2002?', available at http://www1.oecd.org/forum2003/attendees/index.htm. Donald Johnston, 'Message from the OECD Secretary‐General, Donald J. Johnston: OECD Forum 2001 – Building partnerships for a sustainable future', available at http://www1.oecd.org/forum2001/about/index_sg.htm. OECD, 'Final Communiqué—Shaping Globalisation', available at http://www1.oecd.org/media/release/nw00–70a.htm. OECD, 'Who Came To OECD Forum 2002?'. The figures in Table 3 are derived from the lists of speakers available from the various OECD Forum websites. For OECD Forum 2000, see http://www1.oecd.org/forum2000/participants/index.htm. For OECD Forum 2001, see http://www1.oecd.org/forum2001/speakers/index.htm. For OECD Forum 2002, see http://www1.oecd.org/forum2002/speakers/index.htm. For OECD Forum 2003, see http://www1.oecd.org/forum2003/speakers/index.htm. For the daily summaries and speeches of the 2003 Forum, see http://www1.oecd.org/forum2003/speeches/. James Rosenau, 'Strong demand, huge supply: governance in an emergent epoch', unpublished paper presented to the Political Economy Research Centre conference, Multi‐Level Governance: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Sheffield, June 2001. Roy Culpeper, 'Systemic Reform at a Standstill: A Flock of "Gs" in Search of Global Financial Stability', available at http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/g7/scholar/culpeper2000/index.html. Robert Wolfe, The Making of the Peace, 1993: The OECD in Canadian Economic Diplomacy, International Economic Relations Division, External Affairs and International Trade Canada, Centre for International Relations, Queen's University, October 1993, pp. 78–82. Quoted in OECD, Council at Ministerial Level, 29–30 April 2003: Reform and Modernisation of the OECD, C/MIN(2003)6, available at http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2003doc.nsf/43bb6130e5e86e5fc12569fa 005d004c/4e3e6833f3e36b05c1 256d16003cff21/$FILE/JT00143412.PDF. More detailed biographies of Donald Johnston are available. See OECD, 'Donald J. Johnston, OECD Secretary‐General', available at http://www.oecd.org/document/17/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1911377_1_1_1_1,00.html; and No author, 'Program 2002 Biography Donald J. Johnston', available at http://www.globalisationdebate.be/2002/program/biography/bio johnston.htm. Paul Betts, 'Navigating the OECD "supertanker"', Financial Times, 3 March 2003, p. 13. Ibid. Ibid. See OECD, Council at Ministerial Level, 29–30 April 2003: Reform and Modernisation of the OECD. OECD, Annual Report 2003, p. 65. OECD, 'Centre for Co‐operation with Non‐Members', available at http://www.oecd.org/department/0,2688,en_2649_33709_1773737_1_1_1_1,00.html. See OECD, Annual Report 2002 (OECD, 2002), pp. 53, 55. E‐mail correspondence with André Barsony of the OECD, 5 June 2003. For a more precise overview of the OECD accession process, see OECD, 'Becoming a Member of the OECD: The Accession Process', available at http://www.oecd.org/document/11/0,2340,en_2649_34483_1958091_1_1_1_1,00.html. OECD, Council at Ministerial Level, 29–30 April 2003: Reform and Modernisation of the OECD, p. 4. Seiichiro Noburu, quoted in Paul Betts, 'Navigating the OECD "supertanker"', p. 13. The one exception to this is Russia. According to Andre Barsony, 'the OECD and Russia have decided several years ago to co‐operate and stated that the ultimate aim of this co‐operation is Russia's membership in the Organisation'. E‐mail correspondence with André Barsony, 5 June 2003. OECD, Annual Report 2003, p. 8. Betts, 'Navigating the OECD "supertanker"', p. 13. OECD, Council at Ministerial Level, 29–30 April 2003: Reform and Modernisation of the OECD, p. 7. Woodward, 'The OECD: the forgotten institution of global governance'. Additional informationNotes on contributorsRichard Woodward Richard Woodward, Department of Political and International Studies. University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK. Richard Woodward, Department of Political and International Studies. University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK.