Index
2019; Emerald Publishing Limited; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1108/s1745-886220190000014026
ISSN1745-8862
Tópico(s)Economic and Technological Innovation
ResumoCitation (2019), "Index", Tulder, R.V., Verbeke, A. and Jankowska, B. (Ed.) International Business in a VUCA World: The Changing Role of States and Firms (Progress in International Business Research, Vol. 14), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220190000014026 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes. Absorptive capacity, 421–429 Acquirer nation GDPpc, 446 Adaptation–performance relationship, 464–465 Administrative distance, 440–441, 444, 447 Affordable losses principle, 342–343 African multinationals (AfMNEs), 436, 438, 440, 443, 447, 450–451, 453–454 Age, 208 diversity, 212, 217 Agency Theory, 160 Ambidexterity, 405–410 research methods, 408–409 research results and discussion, 409–413 Ambidextrous companies, 409–413 Ambiguity, 6–7, 27, 32 Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 317 Applied import tariff, regression model of, 126–129 Argentina, institutional schisms in, 96–98 Armington elasticity, 70–72 Automation, 263 Automobile trade between Germany and United States, 108–110 Automobile-producing countries, 125 Average variance extracted (AVE), 343–344 Avoidance strategy, 136, 143, 148–149 Ayur project, 276 Back-sourcing, 243 Backshoring (see also Offshoring), 229–230, 235, 252 contribution to theory, 264–265 data analysis, 257–258 data collection, 257 findings, 258–262 in-depth studies, 252 institutional perspective on, 262–264 limitations and future research, 265 motives for, 252–254 research design, 257 RSD alternative, 232 ship equipment supplier, 261–262 shipbuilding company, 260–261 theoretical background, 253–256 Backward linkages, 73 Bandwagon effect, 237 Base of pyramid (BoP), 13, 270–271, 282 markets, 271–272 multinationals’ strategies in addressing, 273–274 research design, 275 “Beggar-thy-neighbour” policy, 106 Binary logistic regression (BLR), 446 Biomedical company, 242–243 Blau’s index, 212 Board independence, 213, 214 Born globals (BGs), 290–291, 361 comparative analysis, 297–303 continued performance, 302–303 data analysis, 297 data collection, 297 firms, 13, 229 knowledge development in foreign-market networks, 300–302 liability of foreignness in, 297–300 research design, 295–297 selection of firms, 295–296 Born regionals (BRs), 290 modeling BR performance strategy from network perspective, 294–295 Born-glocal path, 358–359, 361, 366, 372–373, 375 “Bottom of pyramid” (see Base of pyramid (BoP)) Brazilian firms, 15, 426 Breusch–Pagan test, 120 Bricolage, 359–360, 366–367 British Venture Capital Association (BVCA), 309n4 “Broad and shallow” strategy, 294 BUILD-B, 271, 277–278 Bureaucratic authoritarianism, 425 Capital IQ, 162 “Capitalist” business/management education, 427 Captive offshoring, 231, 233 Carrot-and-stick approach, 152 Cash reserves, 144, 146 CAWI method, 133 CEE-based furniture producers, 472 Challenge strategy, 135, 143–149 Chief executive officer (CEO), 213, 297 China cycle, 487–489 China’s changing value chain position, 79–83 Chinese OFDI, 502 Circularity, 33 Clothing companies, 237–238 Coercive drivers, 255, 259 Coercive isomorphism, 462 Cognitive behavior, 437 Collectivism, 256 “Collectivistic” cultural values, 425 Commodity cycle phase, 485–487 Common method variance (CMV), 470 Common methods bias (CMB), 318, 322, 343 Companies’ adjustment strategies to sanctions, 132–133, 135 administrative burdens, 145–146 companies’ behavior in sanctions regime, 133–135 conceptual framework, 135–137 dependent variables, 143–144 disentangling challenge strategies, 148 disentangling conformance strategies, 147 empirical analysis, 141 EU sanctions against Russia and Russian countersanctions, 133 independent variables, 144 institutional theory, 138–139 limitations, 149–150 politics of challenging sanctions, 150–152 regression models, 145 sample characteristics, 141–143 Companies’ behavior in sanctions regime, 133–135 Company strategic choices, 200 Complexity, 4, 6–7, 23, 27, 32, 57 Composite reliability (CR), 318, 343 Confirmative factor analysis (CFA), 318 Conformance strategy, 135, 143–148 Constant elasticity of substitution structure (CES structure), 71 Construct reliability and validity, 318–320 Consumer-theory-centered models, 73 Context-specific talent management practices, 15, 420–429 investigating connection between talent management and absorptive capacity, 421–424 talent management and absorptive capacity, 424–429 Contract manufacturing, 81 Contractionary trade policies, 69–70 Contradictory moderation effects, 328 Control control-based strategy, 339 decisions of MNEs, 27 strategy, 342–343 variables, 186, 445–446, 467, 469 Control of Corruption (CC), 495 Convergence, 420, 344 Corporate entrepreneurship (CE), 310–311 Corporate sanctions’ adjustment strategies, 135–137 Corporate social responsibility (CSR), 270, 281 Corporate venturing, 311 Correlations matrix, 448 Costs (see also Transaction costs), 25 efficiency, 254 hidden, 252 institutional, 298 skilled-labor, 75 Country institutional environments, 92–95 Cross-border acquisitions (CBAs), 15, 437 administrative distance, 440–441 AfMNEs, 450–451 control variables, 445–446 correlations matrix, 448 data and sample, 443–444 gaining legitimacy in foreign countries, 439–440 hypotheses, 440 institutional differences across countries, 438–439 knowledge distance, 441–442 limitations and future research avenues, 453–454 literature review, 437 logistic regression results, 449 MNEs, 437–438 ownership in, 436–438 procedures of analyses, 446–447 results, 447, 450 target institutional development, 442–443 technological weaknesses, 451–452 variables, 444–445 Crowdfunding, 360 Cultural distance, 497 proximity, 501 Customer perceived value, 253–254 Data and sampling, 470 De-internationalization, 231–232 Debt Dependent, 168 Debt-to-equity ratio, 212 Decision magnitude, 235 Decision-makers, 25–26, 48 Decision-making, 25–26, 56, 208, 229, 233–234, 336–337 Defiance strategy, 136, 143, 148, 151–152 Degree of diversification, 445 of internationalization, 202 Demand theory, 71 Demographic diversity, 208 Dependent variables, 143–144, 163, 180, 444, 495 Determinants of multinationality, 489–490 firm-specific advantages and multinationality, 492–494 MNCs from emerging economies, 494–492 Development reshoring, 232–233 Digital disruption, 388 Digital products, 389–390 Digitally based firms, 389–390 Digitization, 62 Discriminant validity, 318, 321, 344 Distance-collapsing capacity, 365 Dominant logic, conflict of, 312 DRUG–C, 271, 276–277, 282–283 Duara travels, 363 Dublin–Watson test, 348 Durban–Watson test, 120 Dynamic capabilities, 175, 384, 391, 393, 398 Dynamic resources, 139, 159n1 Ecological dimension, 185 Economic dimension, 183 Economic freedom, 12, 158–170 Economic sanctions, 133, 150 Economic theories, 41–42, 132 Economic value creation, 359 Ecosystem economy, platform and, 46–47 Effectuation, 334–335 in decision-making, 336–337 Embedded sim (e-sim), 388–389 Emerging economies, 310, 312–314, 327–328 Emerging market firms (EM firms), 310–311 common method bias, 318, 322 construct reliability and validity, 318–320 descriptive statistics, correlations, and discriminant validity, 321 direct, indirect, total effects, and effect size, 324 entrepreneurial transformation processes, 311 hypotheses testing, 322–327 limitation and suggested future research directions, 328–329 measures, 317–318 mediation regression results, 323 moderating variables, 318 practical implications, 318 sample, 316–317 theoretical contributions, 327–328 theoretical framework and hypotheses development, 312–316 theoretical model, 316 variables, 317–318 Emerging markets, 23, 420 Emerging markets’ MNCs (EMNCs), 490 Empirical trade equations, 86n2 Employees ability, 421 motivation, 421–422 Employer brand, 422–423 Employment growth, 302–303 Entrepreneur, 75, 77, 136 Entrepreneurial orientation (EO), 311, 313, 317 Entrepreneurial transformation processes of EM firms, 311 to facilitating international venturing, 312–313 Entropy measures, 202 Environmental dynamism, 177–185, 182, 469 Environmental-issue-driven SE, 358 European Union (EU), 2, 132 sanctions Against Russia and Russian countersanctions, 133 Examined country group, 112–113 Exchange, 385–387, 394 Exploitative activities, 405 Exploitative capabilities, 406 Explorative activities, 405 Explorative case study approach, 295 Exploratory capabilities, 406 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), 318 Exploratory learning, 422 Export management, 464 External (inter-organizational) networks, 407 External legitimacy, 439 External technological environment role, 314–316 Extractive institutions, 159 Eyewear companies, 238–239 Facebook, 365, 367 Family businesses (FBs), 213 Family-owned shipbuilding companies, 259 Fast internationalizers, 229 Femininity, 256, 497 FIN-A, 271, 278–281 Finance and accounting (FACC), 225n6 Financial crisis (2008), 90 Financial resource mobilization, 360 Firm internationalization, 201–203, 460, 464 correlation matrix and descriptive statistics of variables, 215 data and sample, 209–210 decisions, 200, 202 empirical model, 214 hypothesis development, 203–209 results, 214–217 variables, 210–214 uncertainty in, 337–338 Firm-specific advantages (FSAs), 290, 298, 309n1 and multinationality, 492–494 Firms, 42, 75, 421–422, 437 age at internationalization points, 467, 469 economic theory of MNE, 41–42 establishment chain, 229 experience in foreign mar, 469 global factory and GVC, 44–46 heterogeneity models, 75 intangible assets, 493 internalization, 42–44 prior international experience, 469 international venturing, 317 in market, 47 platform and ecosystem economy, 46–47 RBV of, 139–140 resources, 497 risk and uncertainty, 47–51 risk management, 174 size, 144 tangible resources, 493 uncertainty, 42–44 Fixed effects model (FE model), 111, 114 LSDV Model, 118–119 Fluid market conditions, 63 Footlooseness, 74, 76, 81, 80 Footwear companies, 239–240 4G, 385, 388, 396 Foreign assets (FA), 498–499 Foreign business knowledge, 385 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 3, 23, 310, 482–484, 500, 502 Foreign direct investment outflows (OFDI), 483–485 distribution by regions from developing economies, 486 flows by region/economy, 486 stock by region/economy, 485 Foreign firms, 80, 292 Foreign institutional knowledge, 385 Foreign market, 49, 464–467 adaptation, 461–472 LSAs of foreign-market networks, 293–294 Foreign markets adaptation, 465–476 Foreign sales (FS), 498–499 Formal constraints, 437, 461 Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The (Prahalad), 272 Forward linkages, 73 Free markets, 160–161 Free trade agreements (FTA), 104 French civil law, 440 Frequency of environmental dynamism, 178–179, 182 Functional diversity, 211–212, 208, 217 Further offshoring, 228–236, 241, 243, 245 Gearing ratio, 212 Gender diversity, 208, 212, 217 Generalization to three dimensions, 34–38 Generation Z, 56 Geographic diversification, 202 Geographical direction, 230, 232 “Get-big-fast” strategy, 390 Global automotive imports, regression model of, 126–129 Global business environment, 201 Global factory model, 44–46, 56, 61, 64 VUCA and, 57–59 VUCA extending to, 59–61 Global mindset, 205 Global mobile telco industry, 384 Global Recession (2008–2009), 69, 80, 82 Global sourcing strategies, 228 Global strategic posture, 202 Global ultimate owners (GUOs), 209 Global value chains (GVCs), 23, 44–46, 70, 73–75, 77–79, 80, 238 Globalization, 90–91, 201–202, 482–484 Goldfeldt–Quandt test, 120 Government effectiveness (GE), 495 Government policy uncertainties, 177 Gross domestic product (GDP), 183, 446 Group socialization, 213 “Groupthink” phenomenon, 207 Harman’s one-factor test, 318, 343 Harman’s single-factor test, 470 Health epidemics, 90 Healthcare poverty, 276 Heritage Foundation, 158, 163, 181 Hexagonal tiling of plane, 33–34 Hidden costs of offshoring, 252 Highly developed countries (HDCs), 90 Home re-shoring, 232 Home-country institutional uncertainty, 339 Host country inflation, 450 House Pro program (HP program), 277 HS8702 trade classification, 123n5 HS8703 trade classification, 113, 123n5 Human Development Index, 445 Human resource, 360 Illiquidity, 26 Import and assembly (IA), 81 Import tariffs, 111, 114–115 Impossibility of international business generalization to three dimensions, 34–38 optimal location of plants, 32–34 VUCA, 31–32 Impulse Response Function, 163, 169 In-shoring, 232 Inclusive institutions, 159, 161–162 Independent variables, 113, 144, 180–186, 444–445, 495–497 Individual-effects regression, 118–119 Individualism, 256 Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV), 497 Industrial district firms, 233 Industry, 469 dummies, 213 dynamism, 178 relatedness, 445 Industry 4.0, 9 Informal constraints, 437, 461 institutions, 138 Innovativeness, 311, 313–314 Institution-related uncertainty, 338 Institutional costs, 298 differences across countries, 438–439 dimension distances, 15 elements, 264 frameworks, 461 isomorphism, 255 mechanisms, 264 pluralism, 255 quality, 158–159 Institutional contexts, 253–256, 258–260, 264 Institutional Development Index (IDI), 445 Institutional distance (ID), 15, 438, 467, 482, 495–497 Institutional schisms, 91–102 Institutional theory, 91–92, 138–139, 460, 462 Institutional voids, 439 Intangible assets, 493 Intangible resources, 482, 492–494 Intensity of environmental dynamism, 178–179, 182 of macroenvironmental dynamism, 190–191 Inter alia, 9, 422, 427 Inter-rater reliability test, 317 Intercontextual business, 46 Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), 11, 90–91 and country institutional environments, 92–95 and LDCs, 92–93 and MDCs, 93–94 Internal legitimacy, 439 Internalization, 26, 42–44 theory, 56, 59–61, 292 Internalized MNE, 44–45 International business (IB), 1–2, 10, 23–24, 32, 47, 56–57, 61, 70, 74, 200, 202, 270, 358–359, 439, 482–483 contributions to rapidly changing discipline, 10–15 internationalization in, 361–362 regional nature of, 292–293 selection of relevant subthemes, 8–10 stock of VUCA-dimensions in IB discipline, 2–8 International Business Review (IBR), 15n1 International business theory, 436 ambiguity, 27 collecting information, 25 complexity, 27 uncertainty, 24–25 volatility, 24 VUCA, 23–24 International commodity prices, 486 International country diversity, 201, 210–211, 214, 216–217 International decision-making, 25 International divestment, 231–232 International education intensity, 211, 217 International Emergency Economic Powers Act (1977), 105 International market expansion, 206–203 International marketing and purchasing (IMP), 252 International markets intensity, 201, 210, 214, 216–217 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 11, 90 International new ventures (INVs), 1 International operations intensity, 201, 210, 214, 217 International venturing, 312–313 International working experience, 211, 217 Internationalization (see also SME internationalization), 2, 14, 47, 200, 202, 229, 259, 359–362, 374–375, 493 complexity, 12, 203 decision-making, 338–340 distinct facets, 201 theory, 256 Internationalization knowledge (IK), 344–345, 347 Internationalizers, 59 Internationalizing firms, 460 Internet-enabled governance mechanisms, 362 “Investment Development Path”-IDP model, 484 IPM network approach, 256 Japanese multinational firms, 74 “Jeitinho”, 424 Job-related diversity, 208 Johansen Panel Cointegration, 163 Joint ventures, 23 Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient, 409 Knightian uncertainty, 58–59, 336 Knightian–Marchian–Weickian problem space, 336–337 Knowledge acquisition, 57, 421, 423 assimilation, 421–423, 427 development in foreign-market networks of BGs and BRs, 300–302 distance, 441–442 exploitation, 421, 423, 427 flows, 24 knowledge-based resources, 293 knowledge-embracing culture, 429 management problem, 61 transformation, 421 “Last-mile” problem, 282 Least developed countries (LDCs), 90, 92–93 Legitimacy, 386–387, 395–396, 436–437, 439–440, 460–464 Liability of foreignness (LOF), 292, 297–300, 310, 312 Liability of outsidership, 300 Liberalization of markets, 2 Local market knowledge, 385–386 Local value chain (LVC), 75 Location-specific advantages (LSAs), 290–291 of foreign-market networks, 293–294 Long-term orientation (LTO), 256, 497 Macroeconomic uncertainties, 177 Macroenvironment, 174 Macroenvironmental dynamism, 12, 174–176, 179–180, 186–189, 190–191 descriptive statistics, 187 indicators for macroenvironmental dimensions, 184–185 measurement, 180–186 OLS estimations, 189 Pearson correlation coefficients, 187 theory and conceptualization, 176–179 Macroenvironmental quality, 177, 180–181, 184–186, 188 Macroenvironmental risk, 174–185 Mahalanobis method, 444 Manufacturing, 259 geography, 229 management in high-cost countries, 228 reshoring phenomenon, 230, 232 Manufacturing, design and engineering (ENMA), 225n6 Marchian goal ambiguity, 336 Market dependency, 144, 146, 148 transactions, 45 uncertainty, 14, 338–340 Market-making risk, 43, 45 Market-oriented entrepreneurial logic, 313 Marketing, sales, commercial, corporate roles (MASA), 225n6 Masculinity (MAS), 256, 497 “Matched-pair” approach, 363 Mature internationalizers, 59 MaxQDA software, 471 Mediation analyses, 322 Microfinance institutions (MFIs), 280 Microfoundations approach, 200 Middle developed countries (MDCs), 90, 93–94 Mimetic mechanisms, 255, 259 MNCs originating from emerging economies (EMNCs), 483, 490–492 MNEs from emerging economics (EMNEs), 23, 62–64 Multi-local path, 14, 358–359, 372–374 Multinational business enterprise model (MBE model), 46 Multinational corporations (MNCs), 482–483, 487, 500 Multinational enterprises (MNEs) (see also Social enterprises (SEs)), 1–3, 5, 9, 11, 23, 25, 32, 41–43, 59, 270–271, 281, 293, 358, 391, 436–440, 442, 460, 463, 487, 489 ownership strategies in, 441–442 VUCA act as stimulus to MNE behavior theorization, 61–62 Multinational firms, 70–71, 79, 270 strategies in addressing BoP markets, 273–274 Multinational telcos (see also Telcos), 384–387, 388–389 Multinational theories, 500 Multinationality (see also Internationalization), 202, 482–483 determinants of, 489–494 of firms, 483, 501–502 method, 494–497 model estimates and results, 497–500 stylized data, 483–489 Nationalism, 8 Nationality, 205 intensity, 211, 217 Nearshoring, 229–230, 235 Necessity-based bricolage, 360 Neo-institutional theory, 8 Nested CES preferences, 86n1 Networks/networking, 14, 291, 293, 295, 301, 386–387, 394–395, 407, 410 Non-ambidextrous companies, 409–413 “Non-efficiency” goals, 254–255 Non-firm resource factors, 483 Nonlinear internationalization, 229–230 Normative behavior, 437 Normative drivers, 255 Normative isomorphism, 255, 263 Normative rationality, 461 Normative regulation systems, 138 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 104 Norwegian context, 252 Norwegian Maritime Cluster, 258–259 Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (OFSI), 150 Offshoring (see also Backshoring), 23, 76, 228–237 case studies, 237–243 decisions, 251–252 framework proposal, 243–244 On-shoring, 232 “Open innovation” culture, 423 Operating revenue, 212, 217 Operationalization of variables, 466 Ordinary least squares model (OLS model), 111, 117, 119 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 309n3 Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA), 125 Organizational ambidexterity, 406 Outward FDI, 312 Ownership, 436–442, 441–442, 444, 447 Pace of internationalization, 469, 469 Passive conformance, 136, 143, 146 Patent cooperation treaty (PCT), 185 “Paternalistic” cultural values, 425 Pearson correlation coefficients, 187 “Penrose” effect, 26 Phenomenon-based research, 362 Physical presence, 385, 387 under increasing VUCA conditions, 388–389 potential value of, 390–393 Platform supply vessels (PSVs), 260 Platonic solid, 35, 37 Polish firms, 14 Political, economic, social, technological, ecological, and legal macroenvironmental conditions (PESTEL macroenvironmental conditions), 177, 181, 192, 199n1 Political Constraint Index, 181 Political dimension, 183 Political Stability of Violence/Terrorism (OS), 495 Pooled OLS model, 117, 119 Populism, 8 Post-offshoring strategic options, 243–244 Post-reform period, 484–485 Potential absorptive capacity, 421, 424 Poverty, 270–277 Power distance (PDI), 256, 497 Predictability of environmental dynamism, 179, 182 Predictive strategy, 342 Price elasticity, 71, 106 Price sensitivity, 71 Primary uncertainty, 61 Proactive conformance, 136, 143, 146, 149 PROCESS macro for SPSS, 322, 324 Production subsidiaries, 229 Production switching, 70, 73–75, 83 Production/operation divisions (PROD), 225n6 Profit margin change, 302–303 Progress in International Business Research (PIBR), 2 Protectionism (see also Transatlanticism), 69–70, 158 China’s changing value chain position, 79–83 global value chains, 77–79 GVCs and production switching, 73–75 No GVCs, 76–77 substitutability and trade response to relative price change, 71–73 theoretical model, 75 value chain of computer, 75–76 Psychic distance (PD), 292, 460 Pure assembly (PA), 81 Qualitative methods, 362 Radical uncertainty, 49 Range of metrics, 273 Rational action approach and IB, 27 Rational action modeling, 25 Re-theorizing using evidence from EMNEs, 63–64 Realized absorptive capacity, 424, 426, 428 Regime theory, 91–92 Regression models, 145, 447 of global automotive imports and applied import tariff, 126 world dependent variable, 127 world FE LSDV regression, 129 world independent variable, 126 world pooled OLS regression, 128 Regulative behavior, 437 Regulatory Quality (RG), 495 Relational capability, 467 Relocation decisions, 233 Relocations of Second Degree decisions (RSD decisions), 228 alternatives to, 234 content and criteria for evaluating, 234 decision-making phase, 230 “Replicator” approach, 385 Research & development intensity (R&D intensity), 213, 217 Research, technology, clinical roles (RESE roles), 225n6 Reshoring, 230, 232 Resource dependence theory (RDT), 136, 140, 146 Resource mobilization, 360 Resource-based theory, 256 Resource-based view (RBV), 136, 252, 482–483 approach, 492 of firm, 139–140 Return from poverty, 274 Return on assets (ROA), 212 Reverse globalization, 232 Reverse knowledge transfer, 270 Risk, 3, 47–51 accommodation, 24 avoidance, 180 management, 3, 47, 180 propensity, 25 reduction, 180 risk-averse behavior, 47 risk-taking behavior, 62, 313, 316 transfer, 180 Robustness tests, 163–164, 188 robotics, Adoption of, 263 Russian firms, 15, 428–429 Sanctions, 139–140 avoidance, 151 companies’ behavior in, sanctions regime 133–135 politics of challenging, 150–152 sanctioned trade, 150 Scaling, 371–373, 375–376 Seabin project, 363, 368–371 Selective reshoring, 235 “Selectivity in terms of depth”, 235–236 “Selectivity in terms of width”, 235–236 Selling exercise, 49–50 Semi-optimization, 373 Sensing, 385–387, 394 Sequential mixed-methods approach, 465 Ship equipment supplier, 261–262 Single-common-method-factor approach, 466 Skilled-labor cost, 75 Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (see also Social enterprises (SEs)), 1, 14, 290, 334 SME internationalization (see also Internationalization), 334, 337 construct operationalization, 342–343 convergent validity and reliability, 344 correlation between variables, 345 data analysis, 344–345 discriminant validity, 344 findings, 346 hypotheses development, 338–341 methodology, 341–346 preliminary analysis and assessment of potential biases, 343–346 results of hierarchical regression analysis, 347 sampling and data collection, 341–342 theoretical background, 336–338 Smoot Hawley Tariff Act, 105, 107 Smoot–Hawley Disaster, 107 Social capital, 360 dimension, 183 media, 362 network, 207 networking sites, 422 ostracism, 138 social-issue-driven SE, 358 uncertainties, 177 ventures, 277 Social enterprises (SEs), 14, 358 case time, key events and research time, 364 data analysis, 366–367 data collection, 365–366 findings, 367–372 idea generation, 367–369 internationalization, 359–362, 374–375 limitations and avenues for future research, 376 model of early-stage SEs’ internationalization, 372–374 proof of concept, 369–371 research strategy, 362–367 scaling, 371–372, 375–376 setting for comparative research, 363 Social entrepreneurship, scaling in context of, 359–361 Sourcing motives, 256 Standard trade model, 71 Strategic decision, 27, 200, 255 Strategic renewal, 14, 311, 313–314, 317, 327 Strategic-legitimacy approach, 439 Strategy adaptation, 460 Strategy and corporate development (STRA), 225n6 Subjectivist approach, 272 Subsistence markets, 270, 282 Substitutability, 71–73 Sustainable Development Goals (see UN Sustainable Development Goals) Swedish SMEs, 295–296 Tactical reshoring, 232 Talent attraction, 420–422, 424, 428 Talent management, 420 and absorptive capacity, 421–426 in Russia, 426–429 strategy, 422, 424, 427 Talent retention practices, 423–424 “Talent-friendly” management practices, 420 Tangible resources, 360, 482, 492–493 Target institutional development, 442–443, 445, 447 Tariff, 11, 71, 78, 105–108, 339 Technological competitiveness, 315–316, 318, 328 Technological dimension, 183, 185 Technological dynamism, 315, 318, 328 Telcos, 385 change drivers and implications, 393–397 future, 384 methodology and data, 393 operational benefits, 385 vendors, 395 Tertiary uncertainty, 61 Theories of managerial choice, 203 3G, 385, 388, 396 Toll manufacturing, 81 Top management team (TMT), 12–13, 200, 203, 225n4 average TMT tenure, 213, 217 characteristics and experiences, 201 education intensity, 206–207 IB orientation intensity, 204–206 in internationalization analysis, 203 size, 213 Trade, 73, 342 balance, 104 interventions, 42 policy shocks, 70 protection, 108 response to relative price change, 71–73 wars, 90 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 104 Transaction costs, 12, 162, 439, 445 theory, 160, 162, 164, 253, 256 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 120 Transatlanticism (see also Protectionism) analysis and interpretation of results, 114–117 automobile trade between Germany and United States, 108–110 automobile-producing countries, 125 coefficient overview and residual plots of applied models, 130 evaluation of model and predictors, 119–121 examined country group, 112–113 individual-effects regression, 118–119 interdependency of exports and imports in automotive industry, 124 literature review on general effects of tariff, 105–107 methodology and data, 110–112 motivations to imposing tariff, 107–108 regression model of global automotive imports, 126–129 research problem, 105 trade balance, 104 variables, 113–114 Transnationality index, 202 Turbulence, 3, 7–8, 48–49, 56 Two-tier labor market, 426 Ukraine crisis, 134, 141 UN Sustainable Development Goals, 10, 358 UN UNCTA D TRAINS database, 109, 111, 115–117, 119, 128–129 Uncertainty, 23–25, 42–44, 47–51, 57–58, 334–335 acclimatization, 24 in firm internationalization, 337–338 home-country institutional, 339 in IB, 3–6 institution-related, 338 Knightian, 58–59, 336 market, 14, 338–340 perception, 135 primary, 61 radical, 49 tertiary, 61 uncertainty in firm internationalization, 337–338 Uncertainty avoidance (UAI), 6–7, 255–256, 497 index, 342 UNCTAD, 44, 390, 485 Unique-to-Brazilian-society cultural trait, 424–425 United Nations (UN), 90 United Nations Conference of Trade and Development, 202 United States automobile trade between Germany and, 108–110 motivations to imposing tariff in, 107–108 United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement (USMCA), 2 Upgrade strategy, 235, 243 Uppsala internationalization process model, 46 process theory, 290 Uppsala model, 26, 51, 229, 292, 361, 391 US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), 150 Value-Added data set, 82 Variables, 113–114 control, 186, 445–446, 469, 469 cultural distance, 446 dependent, 143–144, 163, 180, 444, 495 dummy, 113 explanatory, 113 geographic distance, 446 independent, 113, 144, 180–186, 444–445, 495–497 operationalization of, 466 world dependent, 127 world independent, 126 Variance inflation factors (VIFs), 214, 447 Varimax rotation, 318 Vector Autoregression (VAR), 163, 168 Virtual firms, 23 Voice and Accountability (VA), 495 Volatility, 5–8, 23–24, 48, 58 Volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA), 1, 10, 14, 31–32, 47, 56, 90–91, 383, 398, 404, 408 act as stimulus to MNE behavior theorization, 61–62 digitally based firms under increasing, 389–390 extending to global factory, 59–61 and global factory model, 57–59 IB in, 1–2 physical presence under increasing VUCA conditions, 388–389 re-theorizing using evidence from EMNEs, 63–64 stock of VUCA-dimensions in IB discipline, 2–8 world, 358 Volkswagen Atlas, 110 Vulnerability, 70–71, 75–76, 79 Chinese, 82 in France, 278–281 Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), 409 Weickian enactment, 336–337 Western multinationals, 274 subsidiaries, 426–427 White-collar crime, 161 World Bank, 181 World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS), 111 World Intellectual Property Organization, 181 World Trade Organization (WTO), 90, 104 Xiaowei qiye (xiaowei), 63 Book Chapters Prelims Introduction: Progress in International Business Research in an Increasingly VUCA World Part I: International Business in a VUCA Environment Chapter 1: The Role of International Business Theory in an Uncertain World Chapter 2: The Impossibility of International Business Chapter 3: The Firms of Our Times: Risk and Uncertainty Chapter 4: Can VUCA Help Us Generate New Theory within International Business? Part II: New Perspectives on the Interplay Between Firms and the Non-Market Chapter 5: Production Switching and Vulnerability to Protectionism Chapter 6: Institutional Schisms in Argentina: The Impact of Intergovernmental Organizations on Country Institutional Environments Chapter 7: The Future of Transatlanticism: Effects of a Raise of US Import Tariffs on Exports in the German Automotive Sector. A Quantitative, Data Driven Approach Chapter 8: Passive, Aggressive or Creative? Adjustment Strategies of Companies Affected by Sanctions Chapter 9: How Economic Freedom Affects Transaction Costs Part III: New Governance Challenges in International Business Chapter 10: Macroenvironmental Dynamism and Firm Risk Management – An Exploratory Investigation Chapter 11: Top Management Team Influence on Firms’ Internationalization Complexity Chapter 12: What Happens After Offshoring? A Comprehensive Framework Chapter 13: The Role of Institutional Context in Backshoring Decisions Chapter 14: Multinationals and the European Poor: Reverse Knowledge Transfer or ad hoc Solutions? Part IV: New Contexts for Newly Internationalizing Firms Chapter 15: Born Globals or Born Regionals? A Study of 32 Early Internationalizing SMEs Chapter 16: Facilitating International Venturing of Emerging Market Firms Through Entrepreneurial Transformation: Contingent Role of Technological Environment Chapter 17: Uncertainty and Decision-Making in SME Internationalization: The Importance of Control, Prediction, and Knowledge Chapter 18: The Internationalization of Early Stage Social Enterprises Part V: Contemporary Management Perspectives in IB Research Chapter 19: VUCA and the Future of the Global Mobile Telco Industry Chapter 20: Managing Ambidexterity Using Networking Perspective – Added Value or Necessity? Empirical Evidence from Poland Chapter 21: Exploring the Context-Specific Talent Management Practices and Their Link to FIRMS’ Absorptive Capacity in Emerging Markets: Brazil vs Russia Chapter 22: Institutional Effects on the Ownership in Cross-Border Acquisitions by African Firms Chapter 23: When Does Adaptation to Foreign Markets Matter? An Institutional Approach to the Internationalization of Post-Transition Economy Firms Chapter 24: Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Multinationality of Emerging Multinationals Index
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