Index
2019; Emerald Publishing Limited; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1108/s2212-160920190000008011
ISSN2212-1609
ResumoCitation (2019), "Index", Airline Economics in Europe (Advances in Airline Economics, Vol. 8), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920190000008011 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX ACAC Arab multilateral agreement, 91–92 Air cargo, 183–184, 185 basic cargo operators market strategy, 189 network strategy, 189–190 product strategy, 189 stake-holder objectives, 190 as by-product of passenger transport, 168 cargo-only airlines, 169 Cargo Stars, 196–197 market strategy, 196 network strategy, 196–197 product strategy, 196 stakeholders’ objectives, 197 ‘Carpet Sellers’ cluster group, 187–189 market strategy, 188 network strategy, 188 product strategy, 187–188 global air cargo industry, 168 intangible resources in, 173 large passenger wide-body operators, 193–194 market strategy, 193–194 network strategy, 194 product strategy, 193 stake-holder objectives, 194 ‘Low Cost Low Yielder’ clusters, 191–193 market strategy, 192 network strategy, 192 product strategy, 192 stake-holder objectives, 192–193 market strategy, 171–173 capacity management, 171–172 determining geographical markets, 172 global distribution systems (GDS), 172–173 spot available capacity, 171–172 use of E-portals, 172–173 network strategy, 173–174 alliances, 174 cargo schedules on passenger aircraft, 173–174 decisions for development, 173–174 integrators, role of, 174 route network development, 173–174 unit cost of operations, 173 premium cargo operators, 194–196 market strategy, 195 network strategy, 195 product strategy, 194–195 stake-holders’ objectives, 195–196 service of Emirates, 191–192 stakeholders’ objectives, 189 strategic management in, 169 AF-KLM Cargo, 170 cargo alliances, 170–171 Emirates Sky Cargo, 170 IAG3 Cargo, 170 Lufthansa Cargo, 170 product strategy, 169–171 yield management, 170 strategy content framework cluster analysis, 179–181 cluster centers, 180 clustering process, 181, 182 data set, 176 key components, 175, 176 k-means Cluster Analysis, 179–181 methodology and approach, 179–181 numeric indicators, 176–179 strong regionals market strategy, 190–191 network strategy, 191 product strategy, 190 stake-holder objectives, 191 tangible resources in, 173 typology and characteristics of cluster groups, 186 variable costs in, 168 Air China, 190 Aircraft emissions, 29–30 challenges in reducing, 30–31 trade-off between CO2 and NOx, 30 Aircraft noise, EU regulations, 29 See also Time-differentiated airport noise surcharges Aircraft with geared turbofan (GTF) engines, economic evaluation of, 6 Air France, 193, 196–197 Air France-KLM, 197 Airline alliances, 11–13, 118 cargo alliances, 170–171 cooperation agreements, types of, 123–124 full alliances, 124 independent firms, 123 joint venture, 124 joint venture with full revenue sharing, 124 mergers, 124 soft alliances, 123 cross-equity partnerships, 118, 123 impact of, 118 on interhub markets, 118 joint ventures, 118 Air France/KLM, 118, 127 Alitalia, 118 Delta/Northwest, 118 effects of, 118–119, 124–125 equations, 128 in interhub markets, 127, 128 in interline markets, 127–128 routings, 127–128 in transatlantic market, 127 literature review, 119–120 negative effects of, 12–13 non-stop routings (interhub markets), 118 one-stopover routings (interline markets), 118 Oneworld, 118 SkyTeam, 118 standard alliances, 118 Star Alliance, 118 theoretical model, 120–125 data and sample, 126–128 deeper cost-sharing agreements, 122 effect of joint ventures, 124–125 empirical application of effect of joint ventures, 126–130 estimation and results, 128–130 interhub and interline markets, 120–121, 128–130 operating cost on a route, 121–122 presence and intensity of cost sharing, 122 revenues, 121 2-airline-2-hub network, 120–121 unified model of cooperation agreements, 122–124 vertical and horizontal alliances, 171 Airline service providers, categorization of, 2–3 Airline total factor productivity, study, 92 decompositions of TFP, 102–103 efficiency change index, 101 methodology, 92–95 computation, 92–93 efficiency change, 92–93 production technology, defined, 94 scale economies changes (SEC), 93–94 technical change (TC), 92–93 panel dataset, 95–97 stochastic frontier analysis, 97–101 TFP change index, 101 after financial crisis, 2008, 103–104 Asian economic crisis, effect of, 103–104 averages of efficiency change (EC) and technical change (TC), 104, 105 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, effect of, 103–104 low cost carriers, 103 post September 11th, 2001 attack, 103–104 strategic alliances, 103 yearly changes in average, 103–104 Air Namibia, 205 Airport Charges Directive, 19 Airport night curfews, 230, 232–233, 236 Airport noise charges, 230, 232–233 Air services agreements (ASA), 19 Air traffic flow management (ATFM), 31 Air transport sustainability, 28 American Airlines, 194 A320neo aircraft, benefits of, 6, 212, 214–217 Barroso Commission, 10, 26, 31 Basic cargo operators market strategy, 189 network strategy, 189–190 product strategy, 189 stake-holder objectives, 190 Birman Bangladesh Airlines, 205 British Airways, 50, 196–197, 205, 210, 212 Brussels Airlines, 187 pricing campaign, 3–4 battle between Vueling, Ryanair and Brussels Airlines, case study, 81–87 Brussels Airport, 3–4 Business Aviation (BA), 138–144 Booz Allen Hamilton and German Aerospace Center (DLR) study on, 143–144 defined, 138–140 previous studies and research on, 140–143 regional connectivity benefits, 160–163 in air ambulances and medical evacuations, 162 average time savings, 161–162 time savings between regions of different economic power, 162–163 for WingX, 161 structure and macroeconomic impact of, 144–156 direct effects, 144 direct GVA effects, 153–154 employment, 144, 147, 153 gross value added (GVA), 144 indirect, induced and total effects, 154–156 indirect effects, 144 induced effects, 144, 155 total employment and GVA effects, 156, 157 travel time and productivity benefits of, 156–160, 164 average trip durations, 159 data and methodology, 158–159 productive work time, impact on, 160 time spent on ground, 159–160 Business aviation-related direct employment, 153 with business aircraft operators, 145–147 with fixed-wing aircraft operators, 146 in ground handling and FBO segments, 150, 151 with helicopter and fixed-wing operators, 146, 147, 148 in maintenance, repair and overhaul of business aircraft (MRO), 148–150 in operations and manufacture by European country, 152–153 CAL Cargo Airlines, 188 Carbon neutral growth, 30 Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), 39–40 Cargo airports, 191–192 Cargo demand, 172 Cargo Stars, 196–197 market strategy, 196 network strategy, 196–197 product strategy, 196 stakeholders’ objectives, 197 ‘Carpet Sellers’ cluster group, 187–189 market strategy, 188 network strategy, 188 product strategy, 187–188 Cathay Pacific Airways, 194, 195 Charter of Passenger Rights , 21 China Southern Airlines, 190 Clean Air Act, 50 CO2 emissions, 212–213, 214 Competition among European airlines, 11–15, 78 battle between Vueling, Ryanair and Brussels Airlines, case study, 81–87 market deregulation and liberalization, impact of, 78–79 pricing strategies, 78–80 defining ceiling, 79 differential pricing model, 79, 80 economic pricing systems, 79 influencing variables, 78 maximum capacity utilization, 79 pricing as tactical instrument, 81 ‘unbundling’ principle, 80 and yields and profits, 80–81 Computer reservation systems (CRS), 15 Connecting traffic, 58, 65–66 Contemporary air travel in Europe, 1 Cross-equity partnerships, 118, 123 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), 4 Delta Airlines, 196–197 Deregulation of airline industry, 4–5 European context, 1–2 Directive on Airport Charges, 18–19 Easyjet “Worldwide by EasyJet” program, 62–63 Economies of traffic density, 118–119, 122, 129 Efficiency measures of airlines, 92 EFTA states, 144 El Al Israel Airlines, 189 Emirates market strategy, 192 network strategy, 192 product strategy, 192 stake-holder objectives, 192–193 Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), 2, 30, 34–35 phases of, 45–46 Environmental impact, 212–213 Ethiopian Airlines, 187, 189 Etihad Airways, 193–194 EU27 CO2 emissions, 27 Eurocontrol, establishing, 31–32 European airlines, productivity of, 2 European Air Traffic Management Network (EATMN), 32 European air transport policy Airport Charges Directive, 19 liberalizing associated services, 15–21 airport charges, 18–19 Airport Package of 2011, 21 airport slot allocation, 17–18 ground handling, 16–17 hub competition, 19–20 impact of LCCs on regional airport competition, 16 operating restrictions, 20 Regulation (EU) No 598/2014, 20 state aid cases and regulation, 19 liberal market approach, 10–22 adjust fares on intra-EU cross border routes, 10–11 airline ticket advertising, 14–15 alliances, 11–13 Aviation Guidelines, 13, 14 block exemptions, 11 carry passengers to and from any other Member State, 10–11 Code of Conduct for Computer Reservation Systems, 15 competition law framework, 11–15 computer reservation systems (CRS), 15 de minimis regulation, 13 freedom to set airfares, 10–11 increase capacity, 10–11 market economy investor principle, 13–14 market economy operator principle, 13 mergers and acquisitions (M&A), 11–13 rescue and restructuring guidelines, 13 resolution on state aid modernization, 13–14 ruling on agreement between Brussels South Charleroi Airport and Ryanair, 13 subsidies to airlines, 13–14 passenger rights regulation (PRR), 21–22 amendments, 22 delays and rights to compensation, 21–22 Passenger Rights Proposal (PRP), 22 Regulation EC261/2004, 21 Regulation EC300/2008, 23 Regulation EC550/2004, 33 Regulation EC1008/2008, 38 Regulation EC2320/2002, 23 Regulation (EU) No 598/2014, 20 See also Greening of air transport European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), 24, 26 European Aviation Safety Management System (EASMS), 24–25 actions for, 24–25 occurrence reporting, 25 Proposal for Regulation by European Parliament and Council, 25–26 European Aviation Safety Plan (EASP), 24, 26 European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL), 49 European Union (EU), 10, 14–15, 23 Eurowings, 60 EU28 states, 144 External aviation policy, 34–40 application of ETS, 39–40 application of ETS to extra-EU flights, 39–40 Common Aviation Area (CAA), 38–39 emergence of, 35 future challenges, 43–44 legal certainty of air services agreements, 35–36 liberalizing inter-regional air transport, 36–39 Open Aviation Area (OAA) agreement, 37–38 External policy, 2 Fortaleza agreement, 91–92 Freedoms of the air, 46 Full service network carriers (FSNCs), 57–58, 60, 61, 62 Garuda Indonesia, 189 Geared Turbo Fan (GTF) engines, 202 cost-benefit analysis (CBA), 203 fuel savings, 202 impact of, 203, 217, 218 Global air cargo industry, 168 See also Air cargo Global Distribution Systems (GDSs), 15, 118 Global financial crisis, 2008, 4 Global market based measure (GMBM), 39 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 28, 29–30 commitment to reduce, 26, 27 Directive 2003/87/EC and, 45–46 Greening of air transport, 2, 26–34 addressed by Barroso Commission, 26 aircraft efficiency, 28 air transport sustainability, 28 challenges in reducing emissions, 30–31 ACARE vision, 31 EU’s Vision 2020, 31 CO2 56 emissions per available seat kilometer (ASK), 29–30 commitment to reduce GHG emissions, 26, 27 future challenges, 41–43 regulations on noise, 29 research programs, 27 short- or medium-term carbon-free solutions, 26–27 Single European Sky (SES), 31–34 attempt at ATM harmonization, 32–33 cost of delays, 33 establishing Eurocontrol, 31–33 functional airspace blocks (FAB), 33–34 implementation of, 32, 33, 34 legislative framework, 32 schedule padding, 33 technological progress, 28–29 Vision 2020 , 28–29, 30, 31 Ground Handling Directive, 16–17 Gulf Air, 188, 189 Hub competition, 19–20 Gulf carriers vs European airlines, 19, 20 Input-Output Analysis, 5, 142–143 Interhub markets, 118, 119, 127, 128 Interline markets, 118, 119, 120, 127–128 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 19, 20 carbon neutral growth, 39 Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), 39–40 Jade Cargo Airlines, 170–171 Joint ventures, in transatlantic market, 117–119, 127 Air France/KLM, 118, 127 Alitalia, 118 Delta/Northwest, 118 effects of, 118–119, 124–125 equations, 128 in interhub markets, 127, 128 in interline markets, 127–128 routings, 127–128 KLM, 193–194 Korean Air, 189, 190 Large passenger wide-body operators, 193–194 market strategy, 193–194 network strategy, 194 product strategy, 193 stake-holder objectives, 194 Legacy carriers, 79 Liberalization, 2 future challenges, 40–41 liberalizing associated services, 15–21 liberal market approach, 10–22 equal access to resources, 40 London Heathrow (LHR)–Frankfurt (FRA) route, 6, 203–208 charges imposed, 214 cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for, 203, 208–214 aircraft appraisal model, 209–210 aircraft selection appraisal, 214–218 available seat kilometres (ASKs), 203, 205, 207–208, 210, 212–213 calculation of number of aircraft required on, 208 direct operating costs, 212 efficiency cash flow, 208 exchange rates, 206, 212 indirect operating costs, 212 key variables and assumptions, 210–214 long-term capacity forecast: 2017–2027, 205–206 number of aircraft, 206–208 private cash flow, 208 project cash flow, 208 referent group cash flow, 209 traffic review (2000–2016), 204–205 emissions and LTO charges per airport, 213 noise aircraft category per airport, 213 Low-cost carriers (LCCs), 2–3, 57–58 codesharing, 61–63 establishment of foreign bases, 62 features, 47 growth and evolution of European, 59–60 changes in business model of European, 59, 60 connection-building, 60 introduction of long-haul services, 60 hub-and-spoke network configurations, 2–3, 57–58, 59, 63–66, 73–74 comparison of HS network and mesh network, 65 offline connections between airlines, 61 online connections, 58–59, 61–63 point-to-point services, 2–3, 57–58, 63–64 regional airport competition, impact of, 16 self-connecting, 61–63 short-haul, 58, 62 See also Ryanair ‘Low Cost Low Yielder’ clusters, 191–193 market strategy, 192 network strategy, 192 product strategy, 192 stake-holder objectives, 192–193 Lufthansa, 196–197 hubs operated by, 62 long-haul services, 62 Malmquist Index, 4 Malmquist TFP index, 92–93 Market economy operator principle, 13 Marketing strategies, 5–6 cluster analysis, 5–6 Mergers and acquisitions (M&A), in Europe, 11–13 Aegean/Olympic Air, 11–12 Air France/KLM, 11–12 benefits to passengers, 12–13 British Airways/Iberia (IAG), 11–12 case of acquisition of Aer Lingus by Ryanair, 12 negative effects of, 12–13 Swissair and Sabena, 11–12 United Airlines/Continental, 11–12 U.S. Airways/American Airlines, 11–12 Mesh networks, implications of, 63–64, 65, 66, 67 benefits, 66 provision of online connecting services, 65–66 Metal-neutral joint ventures, 118 NetJets, 146 Network topology, 59, 63–65 9/11 terrorist attacks, 2001, 4 Nippon Cargo Airlines, 187 Noise Directive, 29 Noise emission, 213, 230 pricing, 231 Noise operating restrictions, 20 Non-integrated airlines, 169 Non-stop routings (interhub markets), 118 NOx emissions, 48 One-stopover routings (interline markets), 118 Oneworld, 4–5, 127 Open Aviation Area (OAA) agreement, 19, 37–38 “Open Sky” agreements, 91–92 Open sky ruling, 50 Passenger rights regulation (PRR), 21–22 amendments, 22 right to accurate, timely and accessible information, 21 right to assistance, 21 right to compensation, 21 delays and, 21–22 right to price transparency, 21 right to reimbursement, 21 Passenger rights regulation (PRR), 21–22 amendments, 22 delayed flights, right to compensation for, 21 delays and rights to compensation, 21–22 Regulation EC261/2004 , 21 Sturgeon case, 21, 22 Passenger Rights Proposal (PRP), 22 Philippine Airlines, 189 Polar Air Cargo, 187, 188 Predatory pricing, 172 Premium cargo operators, 194–196 market strategy, 195 network strategy, 195 product strategy, 194–195 stake-holders’ objectives, 195–196 Price discrimination, 79 Pricing strategy, 3–4, 77 Brussels Airlines’ pricing campaign, 3–4 Principles of good governance, 24 Product Composition Differentiation index (PCD-index), 187, 198 Product differentiation, 79, 80 and cargo yield management, 170 Qantas, 189, 190 Qatar Airways, 194, 195 Regional connectivity benefits, 160–163 Revenue Management Systems, 170, 171–172, 195, 196 Royal Jordanian, 205 Ryanair (FR), 2–3, 58–59, 62–63, 73 battle between Vueling, Ryanair and Brussels Airlines, case study, 81–87 connections via Porto (OPO), case study, 59, 66–73 bookable online connections, 69 branded fares, 71, 72 connecting flights via OPO, 68–69 connections via OPO, 70 fares for connecting flights via Porto, 72 inbound and outbound FR flights in OPO, 71 route network, 71 schedule of arrival and departing flights in OPO, 72 mesh network of, 67 Safety and security, 2, 22–26 aviation security under EU’s regulatory, 23–24 beyond safety regulation, 26 certification of air traffic management (ATM), 26 European Aviation Safety Management System (EASMS), 24–25 European Aviation Safety Plan (EASP), 24 future challenges, 41 occurrence reporting, 25 Regulation EC300/2008, 23 security costs, 23 security effectiveness, 24 X-ray body scanners, 23–24 SARS outbreak, 2004, 4 Saudia, 189 Self-connecting, 61 7th Framework Programme 2007–2013, 48 Singapore Airlines, 193–194 Single European Sky (SES), 31–34 SkyTeam, 4–5, 101, 127 Smart growth, 46 Star Alliance, 4–5, 101, 118, 127, 170–171 State aid regulation, 19 Leipzig Halle Case, 19 Sustainable growth, 46 EU2020 approach to, 46 Sustainability, 28, 242 Thai Airways, 190 Time-differentiated airport noise surcharges, 230, 232–233 airline rationales and, 237–239 airport noise externalities, 235–236 framework, 237 impact of noise emissions, 235 network planning view, 238 night curfews and, 236 noise externality quantification, 235 policy goals, 230, 231 pricing scheme, 234 resource allocation view, 238–239 scheduling perspective, 239–240, 241 single, independent flight view, 237 steering effects of, 239–241 sustainability, 242 tactical effects, 240, 242 technological incentives and, 240–241 theory, 230 Total factor productivity. See Airline total factor productivity, study Turkish Airlines, 194, 195 Umbrella merger model, 43 United Airlines, 196–197 US Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, 4 Volga Dnepr, 187, 198 Vueling, 60 battle between Vueling, Ryanair and Brussels Airlines, case study, 81–87 Wizz Air, 60 WOW Cargo Alliance, 170–171 Book Chapters Prelims Chapter 1 Current Issues in European Aviation Chapter 2 European Air Transport Regulation: Achievements and Future Challenges Chapter 3 From Low-cost Carriers to Network Carriers without Legacy? Evolving Airline Business Models in Europe Chapter 4 Competition Among European Airlines: Pricing Strategies, Yields and Profits Chapter 5 Global Airline Productivity, 1980–2013 Chapter 6 Joint Ventures in the Transatlantic Airline Market Chapter 7 The Economic Footprint of the Business Aviation Sector in Europe Chapter 8 The Strategy of Air Cargo Operators: About Carpet Sellers and Cargo Stars Chapter 9 Flying Economy – The Economic Impact of New Propulsion Technology: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Geared Turbo Fan Engine on the London Heathrow and Frankfurt Route Chapter 10 Time-differentiated Airport Noise Surcharges: From Economic Theory to Policy Practice Index
Referência(s)