The Fear of Freedom: Rafael Alberti's Marinero en tierra
1990; Liverpool University Press; Volume: 67; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/1475382902000367021
ISSN1469-3550
Autores Tópico(s)Galician and Iberian cultural studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeBSS Subject Index: ALBERTI, RAFAEL (1902–1999)FREEDOM/LIBERATION/EMANCIPATION [AS LITERARY/CULTURAL THEME]MARINERO EN TIERRA [R. ALBERTI] Notes 1. In a paper given at the annual conference of the Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland at Westfield College, London in March 1988, Derek Gagen challenged this well-known phrase from the poet's índice autobiográfico, pointing out that with so many changes in the collection up to the definitive 1945 edition, it could hardly be termed ‘organic’. For obvious reasons I shall refer only to the first edition (Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1925) in the present study. 2. Some critics have, in fact, touched on this point. Robert Marrast, for example, in his Introduction to Marinero en tierra. La amante. El alba del alhelí (Madrid: Castalia, 1972) refers to the poet's repudiation of society's moral values and to the ‘profundo traumatismo sicológico’ underlying the poems (26). He even describes the plot of El hombre deshabitado (1931) as ‘una nueva “pérdida del paraíso” por rebelión del protagonista’ (27n), but does not expand on this. See too Barbara Dale May, El dilema de la nostalgia en la poesía de Alberti (Berne: Peter Lang, 1978), and Salvador Jiménez-Fajardo, who in Multiple Choices: The Poetry of Rafael Alberti (London: Tamesis, 1984) claims that each Alberti collection constitutes an ‘effort of recuperation of a lost scene or the need to establish emotional links with a new one’ (11). 3. Rafael Alberti, La arboleda perdida. Libros I y II de memorias (Buenos Aires: Compañía General Fabril Editora, 1959). 4. Rafael Alberti, La arboleda perdida. Libros I y II de memorias (Buenos Aires: Compañía General Fabril Editora, 1959) pp. 168, 167, 149, 171. 5. For example, Gregorio Prieto, in his ‘Arboleda encontrada de una adolescencia perdida’, Papeles de Son Armadans, XXX, 88 (1963), 129–42, uses the word ‘adolescente’ half a dozen times, and Solita Salinas de Marichal reminds us that José María Quiroga referred to Alberti as'Ulises adolescente’ (José María Quiroga,'Rafael Alberti. Ulises adolescente', Revista de Occidente, VII [1929], 403–08):'Los paraísos perdidos de Rafael Alberti', Ínsula, 198 (May 1963), 4, 10. The poet's own words are: ‘Yo había perdido un paraíso, tal vez el de mis años recientes, mi clara y primerísima juventud … ’ (La arboleda, 269, my italics), again implying that he was very young when Marinero en tierra was written. 6. José Luis Tejada, Rafael Alberti. Entre la tradición y la vanguardia (Poesía primera: 1920–1926) (Madrid: Gredos, 1977), 343. 7. El mar. La mar ‘Si yo nací campesino’. 8. Rafael Alberti, 417–18. 9. ‘Los paraísos perdidos’. 10. Concha Zardoya, ‘La técnica metafórica albertiana (en Marinero en tierra)’, Papeles de Son Armadans, XXX, 88 (1963), 12–75. 11. La arboleda, 269. See note 5. In Marinero en tierra the hated Jesuits and the spying relatives of Alberti's childhood are conspicuously absent. 12. ‘… fue por este tiempo, hacia los nueve años, cuando empezó en él y hacerse consciente un amargo resentimiento por su inferioridad económica frente a sus primos’, says Tejada (Rafael Alberti, 22–23). See too La arboleda, 15, 37, 42, etc.) 13. La arboleda, 120, 119 (my italics). 14. ‘Arboleda encontrada’. 15. La arboleda, 198. 16. The frontiers of adolescence for the ‘27 Generation poets would appear to have been rather hazy. Luis Cernuda, still resentful in 1962 about the critical reception of his Perfil del aire (1927), wrote a bitter poem called ‘A sus paisanos’ in which he made the claim that ‘Mozo, bien mozo era’ when the work came out. In fact, he was five months short of his twenty-fifth birthday. 17. Solita Salinas de Marichal, El mundo poético de Rafael Alberti (Madrid: Gredos, 1968), 13, 14. 18. ‘Ya se fué la marinera’. 19. Gustavo Correa, ‘El simbolismo del mar en Marinero en tierra’, Revista Hispánica Moderna, XXXII (1966). 20. Manuel Durán (ed.), Rafael Alberti (Madrid: Taurus, 1975), 15, 18. 21. Geoffrey Connell, ‘The Autobiographical Element in Sobre los ángeles’, BHS, XL (1963), 160–73. 22. ‘Itinerarios jóvenes de España. Rafael Alberti’, Gaceta Literaria, 49, 1 January 1929. 23. ‘The Autobiographical Element’, 173. 24. Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Panorama de la literatura española contemporánea (Madrid: Afrodisio Aguado, 1949), 434. 25. Elizabeth Wright, Psychoanalytic Criticism. Theory in Practice (London and New York: Methuen, 1984), 2. 26. Rafael Alberti, 33. 27. Erich Fromm, The Fear of Freedom (1942) (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), 20. 28. La arboleda, 151. 29. La arboleda, 155. 30. La arboleda, 166. 31. Andrew Debicki, Estudios sobre la poesía española contemporánea (Madrid: Gredos, 1968), 226. Of course, the images of coldness could also be attributed to the poet's predilection for the frozen north; this interpretation would also go against the usual view that he is longing for southern Spain. 32. See, for example, Bruno Bettelheim, The Uses of Enchantment. The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976); Jean Bellemin-Noël, Les Contes et leurs fantasmes (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1983); J. C. Cooper, Fairy Tales. Allegories of the Inner Life (London: The Aquarian Press, 1983). 33. I am grateful to Dr Geoffrey Connell for suggesting that if ‘lleno’ is understood between ‘Hotel’ and ‘de labios cosidos’, the poem loses its association with Ultraísmo. However, I would maintain that since this word is not actually present, it can also be read differently. 34. This minimalism may also have come about because of the influence of the primitive paintings the poet had seen in the Prado and elsewhere, but this does not entirely invalidate my argument since primitive painting is also childlike. 35. See Juan-Eduardo Cirlot, Diccionario de símbolos (Barcelona: Labor, 1969). It has to be admitted, however, that if ‘sirena’ is translated as ‘mermaid’, the sinister element is virtually removed; certainly this image alone would be an insufficient basis for any interpretation. 36. Psychoanalytic Criticism, 6. 37. Frederick Crews, Out of my System (New York: Oxford U.P., 1975), 175,168. 38. Harold Skulsky, ‘The Psychoanalytic “Reading” of Literature’, Neophilologus, LXVII (1983), 321–40, 323. 39. La arboleda, 15. 40. Rafael Alberti, 25. 41. Rafael Alberti, 29–30. 42. Rafael Alberti, 31, 35. 43. The Fear of Freedom, 20, 23, 24. 44. The Fear of Freedom, 50. As Fromm also says, ‘one particularly telling representation of the fundamental relation between man and freedom is offered in the biblical myth of man's expulsion from paradise’ (27). 45. José Luis Tejada, Rafael Alberti, 87; La arboleda, 161. In ‘Regalo’ (1921) we find ‘la niña de ojos grandes / cuerpo espigado y pequeñito’. She is named for the first time in ‘Balcones’ (first published in Alfar, May 1924). See the ‘Poesías anteriores a Marinero en tierra’ section of Rafael Alberti, Canciones del alto valle del Aniene (Buenos Aires: Losada, 1972) for most of these early poems; ‘Regalo’ is not included, but can be found in Tejada, Rafael Alberti, 85. 46. ‘¡Laralá / turulú / Viva mi amor / de adolescente!’ is the last stanza of ‘Regalo’. 47. The Fear of Freedom, 9. 48. It could even be argued that he never did, or at least, not in this period of his life. 49. On his twenty-first birthday the poet wrote to Gregorio Prieto: ‘si vuelvo la cabeza ¿qué me sigue? ¡Nada! Un camino vacío’. However, he also said: ‘Todo está por conseguir […] aún no se ha inaugurado la vida!’ Gregorio Prieto, ‘Arboleda encontrada’. 50. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works (London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1953), IX, 1–97: ‘Delusions and Dreams in Jensen's “Gradiva”’, 91.
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