Gonipterus gibberus and Gonipterus scutellatus
2005; Wiley; Volume: 35; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Catalão
10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00855.x
ISSN1365-2338
Tópico(s)Insect Pest Control Strategies
ResumoEPPO BulletinVolume 35, Issue 3 p. 368-370 Free Access Gonipterus gibberus and Gonipterus scutellatus First published: 19 December 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00855.xCitations: 7 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Identity Name: Gonipterus gibberus Boisduval Synonyms: Dacnirotatus bruchi Marelli Taxonomic position: Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae Common names: eucalyptus snout beetle, eucalyptus weevil, gum tree weevil (English) Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: this species was originally, when first listed by EPPO, treated as separate from G. scutellatus. In the 1980s, expert opinion combined the two, and G. gibberus accordingly disappeared from later versions of the data sheet (EPPO/CABI, 1997). Recently, on the basis of observations on populations in South America, G. gibberus is again considered a separate species (Rosado-Neto & Marques, 1996) EPPO code: GONPGI Phytosanitary categorization: EPPO A1 list no. 301 Name: Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal Taxonomic position: Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae Common names: eucalyptus snout beetle, eucalyptus weevil, gum tree weevil (English), Eukalyptusrüssler (German), charançon de l’eucalyptus (French), gorgojo del eucalipto (Spanish) Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: a third species, Gonipterus platensis Marelli, was described in Argentina and said to be different from both G. gibberus and G. scutellatus (Marelli, 1927). Rosado-Neto (1993) treats it as a synonym of G. scutellatus. EPPO computer code: GONPSC Phytosanitary categorization: EPPO A2 list No. 38, EU Annex designation: II/B Hosts The only hosts are Eucalyptus spp., of which the most susceptible are Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus maidenii, Eucalyptus punctata, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus smithii and Eucalyptus viminalis (Griffith, 1959). Differences in susceptibility between Eucalyptus spp. exist (Richardson & Meakins, 1986). Within the EPPO region, Eucalyptus spp. are widely grown in plantations, but ornamental trees are considered to be most at risk (Cadahia, 1986). Geographical distribution G. gibberus and G. scutellatus originated in Australia and spread with their hosts to other parts of the world. Rosado-Neto (1993) summarizes the distribution of the two species in South America. G. gibberus EPPO region: absent South America: Argentina, Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Uruguay Oceania: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria) EU: absent Distribution map: CABI/EPPO (1975) G. scutellatus EPPO region: present locally in France and Italy (introduced into the Liguria region of Italy in 1975 and then into the adjoining Alpes-Maritimes Department of France in 1977); Portugal (since the 1990s); Spain (since the 1990s; Vazquez, 1992) Asia: China (Zhejiang) Africa: Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, St. Helena, Swaziland, Uganda, Zimbabwe North America: USA (California, since the 1990s, Paine & Millar, 2002) South America: Argentina, Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paolo), Chile (Lanfranco & Dungey, 2001; Estay et al., 2002), Uruguay Oceania: Australia (east and south-east Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria; recently recorded in Western Australia (Loch & Floyd, 2001), New Zealand EU: present Distribution map: CABI/EPPO (1997) Biology In Mauritius, eggs of G. scutellatus are laid attached to leaves in greyish capsules containing about 8–10 eggs. Females mate several times and continue to lay throughout a lifetime of about 91 days; a female lays up to 21–33 capsules. Larvae feed on leaves and twigs, and pupation occurs in cells about 5 cm deep in the soil. In the laboratory, adults mated 4–9 days after emergence, and began to lay eggs after a further 13–21 days. There are about four generations annually in Mauritius, continuing throughout the year. In South Africa there are only 2–2.5 generations and overwintering occurs in the adult stage. In Italy only two generations are recorded. Development periods (in days) at various times of the year in Mauritius are given in Table 1. Table 1. Development periods of G. scutellatus February–March April–June July–August Egg 6–7 7–9 9–10 1st instar 3–4 4–5 5–6 2nd instar 3–4 4–6 6–7 3rd instar 3–4 4–6 5–8 4th instar 5–6 6–8 7–10 Pupa 29–31 31–35 32–38 Total 49–56 56–69 64–79 Mean temp. (°C) 27 23.6 21.3 Max. temp. (°C) 31.6 28.9 25.5 Min. temp. (°C) 24.4 20.0 17.8 For further information on the biology of G. scutellatus, see Mally (1924), Moutia & Vinson (1945), Tooke (1955), Recalde (1956), Leyva (1969, 1970), Arzone & Meotto (1978). For G. gibberus, see Freitas (1991a,b). Detection and identification Symptoms Feeding by Gonipterus spp. leads to characteristically scalloped leaf edges, with a resultant dieback of shoot tips and development of tufts of epicormic shoots. Successive defoliations produce stunting and a stag-headed appearance. Trees may split and die. Adults tend to feed on the leaves and soft bark of young shoots while larval damage is most serious on the leaves alone (Moutia & Vinson, 1945; Kevan, 1964; Leyva, 1969, 1970). Morphology Eggs In greyish capsules containing 8–10 eggs, attached to the leaves on both surfaces. Larva Yellowish-green with black marks, 14 mm long. According to Rosado-Neto & Marques (1996), G. scutellatus is distinguished by the presence of three longitudinal dark green stripes on the abdomen, not seen in G. gibberus (Rosado-Neto & de Freitas, 1982). The larvae are more easily distinguished visually than the adults. Adult A 12–14 mm grey-brown weevil, with a light, transverse band on the elytra. The two species are not readily distinguished visually, but Rosado-Neto & Marques (1996) provide distinctive details of the genitalia. Pathways for movement Adult beetles can fly, and limited natural spread occurs by this means. Adults, larvae and eggs may be carried on plants for planting. Larvae and pupae could be present in accompanying soil. Pest significance Economic impact Although the beetles are of no importance in their native country Australia, they have become an important defoliators of eucalyptus in other parts of the world. Trees become stunted and may split and die. After first being found in 1940, in Mauritius, G. scutellatus was reported in 1944 to be causing serious damage to E. viminalis. Within 2 years, however, biological control using the egg parasite Anaphes nitens had successfully reduced attacks so that they became sporadic and localized (Williams et al., 1951). Control Successful control of G. scutellatus with A. nitens is claimed in France and Italy (Cadahia, 1986), and now in Spain (Rivera et al., 1999; Santolamazza-Carbone et al., 2004). The same parasite attacks both Gonipterus spp. in Brazil (Sanches, 2000), and is used in control of G. scutellatus in USA (California; Hanks et al., 2000) and South Africa (Atkinson, 1999). Chemical treatment is not recommended because of the danger to the many honey bees attracted by the long flowering period of Eucalyptus. Phytosanitary risk G. gibberus and G. scutellatus continue to pose a threat to Eucalyptus plantations throughout the world. In the EPPO region, large areas in the southern part remain uninfested, and so are at risk. G. scutellatus in particular is continuing to spread, both within continents, and to previously uninfested continents (North America). G. gibberus has in practice spread less than G. scutellatus and has attracted less attention in the literature, but there is no clear evidence that it presents a lesser risk. In any case, the risk of both species to uninfested areas is to a certain degree reduced by the knowledge that, very probably, successful biological control can be achieved anywhere in the world with A. nitens. Phytosanitary measures G. scutellatus is an A2 quarantine pest for EPPO (EPPO/CABI, 1997), and is also of phytosanitary significance for COSAVE and CAN. It is regulated by most EPPO countries and in particular by the EU. Measures taken by endangered countries are to require that Eucalyptus plants for planting (except seeds) and cut branches should come from a pest-free area, or else that plants should be free from soil and treated against G. scutellatus. G. gibberus was originally an A1 quarantine pest for EPPO, and was only recategorized for nomenclatural reasons. It is now reinstated as a separate species, but countries have not taken account of this nomenclatural change in their regulations. For practical purposes, exactly the same measures are appropriate for the two species, since it is not possible to differentiate risk between them (there is no reason to treat G. gibberus differently in the EPPO region because it is not yet present there). Footnotes 1 This is a revised version of the data sheet which appeared in CABI/EPPO (1997). 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