When is Biological Control Evolutionarily Stable (or is it)?
1997; Wiley; Volume: 78; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2307/2266092
ISSN1939-9170
AutoresRobert D. Holt, Michael Hochberg,
Tópico(s)Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
ResumoEcologyVolume 78, Issue 6 p. 1673-1683 Concept WHEN IS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL EVOLUTIONARILY STABLE (OR IS IT)? Robert D. Holt, Robert D. Holt Natural History Museum, Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USASearch for more papers by this authorMichael E. Hochberg, Michael E. Hochberg Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, URA 258 du CNRS, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, FranceSearch for more papers by this author Robert D. Holt, Robert D. Holt Natural History Museum, Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USASearch for more papers by this authorMichael E. Hochberg, Michael E. Hochberg Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, URA 258 du CNRS, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1997 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1673:WIBCES]2.0.CO;2Citations: 116Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The evolution of resistance by insect and weed pests to chemical pesticides is a problem of increasing importance in applied ecology. It is striking that the evolution of resistance by target pest species in biological control is much less frequently reported, particularly in control involving parasitoids and predators, rather than pathogens. Although it is conceivable that this reflects biases in reporting or frequency of application, we suggest that there is a puzzle here worthy of scrutiny, and we outline several potential underlying causes. In order of discussion (not necessarily of importance), these are: (1) lack of genetic variation; (2) genetic constraints on selection; (3) weak selection; (4) temporally varying selection; and (5) coevolutionary dynamics. We, in particular, focus on the potential for weak selection on the host for increased resistance, despite effective control. The very spatial mechanisms (e.g., refuges, metapopulation dynamics) believed to facilitate the persistence of many natural enemy–victim systems with strong biological control may also incidentally provide an environment where selection is weak on target pests to evolve improved resistance to control agents, thereby biasing coevolution toward the enemy. The basic insight is that in a spatially heterogeneous environment, a strong limiting factor on a population can be a weak selective factor. The hypotheses presented here provide ingredients needed to predict which biological control systems might be evolutionarily stable, and which not. Our aim in this thought piece is to stimulate more attention to the evolutionary dimension of biological control systems. Literature Cited Abrams, P. A. 1986. Adaptive responses of predators to prey and prey to predators: the failure of the arms race analogy. 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