Index
2018; Emerald Publishing Limited; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1108/s1745-886220180000013018
ISSN1745-8862
ResumoCitation (2018), "Index", van Tulder, R., Verbeke, A. and Piscitello, L. (Ed.) International Business in the Information and Digital Age (Progress in International Business Research, Vol. 13), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 409-425. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220180000013018 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes. Accounting, 104 Accredited investor, 147–148 Achievers, 226, 235 Action Network, 106 Additive manufacturing (AM), 107, 296 comparison between United States and countries in patenting activity, 305 data, empirical strategy and methodology, 308–310 data and descriptive statistics, 301–306 distribution of granted patents and patent applications on, 303 econometric findings, 310–314 economies of scale, production stages and GVCs, 299–300 effects, 311–312 empirical evidence, 306–310 and GVCs, 298–301 patent as share of population, 308, 310 in patents data, 301–305 skill intensity and GVCs, 300–301 technologies and applications, 297–298 technology terms searched in USPTO databases, 302 Advanced manufacturing, (see Industry 4.0) Airbnb, 19, 92, 110 Alexa (Echo speaker), 210n3, 341 Ali Cloud, 340 Ali Health, 343 Alibaba, (see also Amazon), 100, 193–194, 198–200, 328–329, 331, 335, 338–339 conceptual framework, 329–335 findings, 337–351 methodology, 335–337 physical assets, 341 statistics and facts on, 336 AliExpress, 194–195, 344 Alipay, 199, 341 Alliances, 110 Alphabet, (see also Google), 20, 40 Amazon, (see also Alibaba), 19, 92, 100, 188, 206, 329, 331, 338 business model, 342 conceptual framework, 329–335 Echo, 340–341 findings, 337–351 methodology, 335–337 physical assets, 341 statistics and facts on, 336 Amazon AWS, 340 Amazon Lockers, 342 Amazon Marketplace, 341–342 Amazon Mechanical Turk, 102, 331 Amazon Prime, 341–342 Amazon Prime Air, 342 Amazon Web Services (AWS), 198, 330, 341–342 America Makes, 297, 315n1 ANPROTEC, 398–399, 401–402 Anti-market “shelter strategies”, 26 AppAnnie, 210n3 Apple, 20, 46, 204 App Store, 346 Apple Pay, 341 Application Full-Text and Image Database (AppFT), 302 Artificial intelligence (AI), 101, 104, 111, 341 ask.com, 19 Assembler model, 251–252 Asset builders, 332 “Asset-light” nature of Internet platforms, 332 Asset-lightness, 44–48 Assignee Country principle, 316n9 Assisted-delivery services, 352n6 Auditing firms, 104 Authenticity, 144 Automated price-comparison algorithms, 101 Automotive industry, 17 Avvaz, 106 Baidu, 19, 194, 200–201 Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT), 202 ‘Base-case’ models, 314 Basque Country, 277 Beijing Tiexue Tech, 349 Big data analysis, 81 analytics, 107 Bing, 19 Bitcoins, 103–104, 142 Bivariate correlations, 170–171 Blockchain technology, 103–105, 111, 141–142 decentralized control, 144 exchanging value, 143–144 shared ledger, 142–143 Blockchain ventures and international business blockchain, stakeholders, and borders, 144–146 blockchain technology, 142–144 competitors, 152–154 customers, 150–151 governments, 154–155 investors, 146–150 suppliers, 151–152 Borders, 144–146 Born digitals businesses, 19 ‘Born Global’ literature, 160, 396–397 Boston Consulting Group, 359–360 BOTs, 101 Brazil–Germany Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Porto Alegre (RS AHK), 402 Brazilian SPs, 397 “Brick-and-mortar” businesses, 19 Business, 76–77 strategy process, 67 Business Incubators and Technology Parks Network of State of Rio Grande do Sul, 400 Business models, 92 in digital economy, 330–333 globalization, 151–152 Business to Consumer (B2C), 381 “Business-scape”, 220 Business-to-business (B2B), 198, 218 digital relationships in B2B, 219–221 face, 381 findings and discussion, 234–236 logic, 373 research approach, 222 social media for B2B companies–shortcut case study, 223–234 Business-to-consumer (B2C), 218 Business transactions, 40 perspective, 373 Buyer-driven value chains, 329 BuzzFeed, 113n13 Cainiao Network, 342 Canada–US Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA), 23 Capital access to, 147–148 capital-intensive production, 56 intensive products, 17 Captive market exploitation, 285–286 Case study approach, 364–365 Cash, 48–50 Centrality of supplied assets in user’s value-creation processes, 289 Certified Public Account (CPA), 154–155 Change.org, 106 Chief executive officer (CEO), 222, 277 China apparel value chain, 332 Internet governance model, 350 Internet regulations, 348–349 MIIT, 348 MNEs, 334 platform economy, 190 presence measurements in overseas markets, 190–194 state-owned enterprises, 334 tourism market, 206 China Internet Network Information Center, 190 China Manufacturing 2025, 297, 315n2 China Mobile, 348 China Smart Logistics, 342 China Telecom, 348 China Unicom, 348 Chinese digital platform firms Alibaba, 198–200 Baidu, 200–201 Chinese digital platforms globalization strategies, 194–195 context for Chinese platform economy, 190 future prospects for Chinese digital platform globalization, 206–207 globalization of Chinese platform firms, 202–205 measurements of Chinese presence in overseas markets, 190–194 obstacles to Chinese digital platform globalization, 207–208 Tencent, 195–198 Chinese digital platform globalization future prospects for, 206–207 obstacles to, 207–208 strategies, 194–195 CIENTEC funding agencies, 400 Classical IB theories, 63 ClickAuto, 145–146 Cloud computing, 66–67, 71, 380 Clusters, 379–380 intricacies, 380–384 reconciling cluster attributes with industry 4.0 features, 384–386 Cnova, 328 Co-evolutionary process, 247–248 Collaborative strategies, 110 Communications, 69, 74 Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (COSME), 167 Competitors, 152 alignment of interests, 153–154 global modular platform architectures, 153 online presence, 226 vertical disintegration, 153 Complementary assets, 288–289 Complex international value chains, 381 Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), 210n6 ConnectJob, 152 “Consumer proximity” logic, 364 Consumer to business (C2B), 381 Consumer to consumer (C2C), 381 site, 331 Content regulation, 346 Contract manufacturing organisations (CMOs), 58 Control variables, 169 Cooperation among stakeholders, 145 Core economies, 17 Corporate diplomacy, 109 Corporate governance, 146–147 Corporate marketing communication strategy, 234 Corporate social responsibility (CSR), 92, 109 accounting, 104 for MNCs, 106–107 Countable.us, 106 Craigslist, 100 “Create money”, 146 Cross-case analysis, 369–371 CrossFire, 195–196 Crowd complementors, 106 Crowd technologies, 102 Crowd-based organisations, 109 Crowd-based value co-creation, 106 Crowdfunding sites, 103 Crowdlending platforms, 103 Cryptocurrencies, 141, 146 Cryptography, 144 key, 143 Ctrip, 202–205 Customer relationship deepening, 285–286 diversification, 287 management, 372–374 Customers, 150 direct costs, 150 increased transaction speeds, 150 increased transparency, 151 Cyber physical systems (CPS), 363, 380 Cyber security standards, 61 Cybercrime, 348 Cybersecurity, 280, 284, 346 Cyberspace Administration of China, 349 Dailyhunt, 205 Decentralized control, 144 Demand online marketplaces characteristics of online marketplace for talent, 251–267 innovation management, 266–270 online marketplace for innovation, 247–250 Dependent variables, 168 Design-build-deliver model, 300 Didi, 204 Digital capability, 337–344 Digital content, 339–340 category, 46 producers, 20 providers, 46 Digital economy, 16, 18, 21, 40, 62, 330–331 analytical framework, 41–42 digitalisation of wider economy, 52–60 firm typologies and business models, 330–333 firms, 20 investment policy challenges, 60–62 MNEs, 25, 42–52 new theories of international production, 62–63 pervasiveness of, 40–41 Digital FDI, geography of, 50–51 Digital firms, 20 Digital hubs, 44 Digital manufacturing, 110 Digital MNEs, 42 FDI by, 44–50 geography of digital FDI, 50–51 lightning-speed growth of, 44 mapping, 42–44 Digital platforms, 152, 188 Digital presence growth, 224 Digital relationships in B2B, 219–221 Digital revolution, 16 Digital sector, 330 “Digital servitization” logic, 373 Digital solutions, 20, 340–341 Digital technologies, 58, 363 Digital transformation, 55–56, 381–382 economic aspects of, 381 Digitalisation, (see also Internationalisation), 48, 56, 58 potential impact on international production, 54–60 transformation, 52–54 of wider economy, 52 Direct costs, 150 Direct manufacturing/rapid manufacturing (DM/RM), 298 Discharge-Co, 278–283 Disciplinary fragmentation, 97 Discriminatory hazards, 30 Disintegrating innovation processes, 246 Distributed manufacturing, 20 Distributed production, 56–58 “Domestic” dimension, 234 Dominant scenario, 60 Dominant streams, 71 Downstream, 56 Drill-Co, 278–283 Dropbox, 19 DuckDuckGo, 19 E-auctions, 56 E-business, 72, 77 E-commerce, 20, 43, 72, 77, 92, 99–100, 160, 168, 338–339 category, 46 globalization, 198–199 usage on SME internationalisation, 164–165 E-commerce corporations (ECCs), 332 e-Government Development Index, 40 e-lance economy, 250 Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA), 223 eBay, (see also Alibaba; Amazon), 19–20, 43, 100 EBSCO Business Source Complete, 68 Economic strategies, 25 Economist, The, 101 Education and research, 69–70, 75 Electronic marketplaces, 179 Electronically connected freelancers, 250 Electronics and information technologies, 17 Emerging nation multinational enterprises (EMNEs), 188–187, 329 Emerging technologies, 359–360 markets, 396 Empirical analysis, 309 Empirical research, 167–168 End-to-end supply chain, 53, 56 Enterprise Resource Planning software, 153 Entertainment posts, 227 Entrepreneurial management and behavior, 71, 77 Entropy measure, 168 Environment-level variables, 169 Environmental technology, 401 “Ether coin” transactions, 143 Ethereum network, 143 European Commission (EC), 18 European Union (EU), 167, 358 Exchanging value, 143–144 Expedia, 188 Exploratory approach, 397 Extended disintermediation, 59 Facebook, 19–20, 66, 101, 188, 196, 218, 223–224, 228 Facilitator model, 251–252 FAPERGS funding agencies, 400 Federal Communication Commission (FCC), 350 Federation of German Industries, 382 Feevale Tech Park, 400–402 Finance, 102–104 Fine-grained conceptualisation, 92 FINEP funding agencies, 400 Firm-specific advantages (FSAs), 333–334 Firmer grip on installed base, 279–280 ability of smart services to improving, 283 facilitators to keeping, 284–285 obstacles to keeping, 283–284 Firms, 19, 126–127 classification in fourth digital revolution, 19–21 firm-customer communication, 101 firm-level commercial strategies, 94 firm-level variables, 169 foreign firms, 26 innovation, 127–128 operating in single industry, 129 source knowledge, 129–130 typologies in digital economy, 330–333 First Generation SP, 393 First Industrial Revolution, 16 First Inventor Country principle, 303 Five blocks of social medial toolkit, 227–234 Fixed broadband subscription, 308, 313 Fixed effect model, 310 Flat panel display industry (FPD industry), 18 Flipkart, 206 Foreign direct investments (FDIs), 299, 335 asset-lightness, 44–48 intangibles and cash, 48–50 Foreign firms, 26 Foreign Trade Bank, 199 Foreign transplants MNEs, 28 Foreign Value Added in Exports as a Share of a Country’s Exports, 305 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), 167 Fourth digital revolution, classifying firms in, 19–21 Fourth Generation model, 394 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4), 16, 18–19 classifying firms in fourth digital revolution, 19–21 distance, borders, and LOF, 29–31 insiders and outsiders, 25 multinationals as agents of change, 22–23 political bargaining model, 27–29 shocks and responses, 21–22 silent integration to strategic alliance, 23–25 technological competition, 25–27 Fractional Counting principle, 316n11 Freelancer.com, 248 Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG), 364 Fulfillment centers (FC), 342 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 351 General Electric, 382 Generations framework, 393 Geographic dispersion of earning, 260, 262, 264 highest Freelancer average earning per project, 266 lowest Freelancer average earning per project, 267 STEM freelancers with highest sum of Freelancers earning, 265–266 Geographic dispersion of users, 252 Australia-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by, 263 Australia-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring, 263–264 India-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by, 264 India-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring, 265 originating STEM Freelancer countries, 258 STEM employer countries, 259 UK-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by, 261–262 UK-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring, 262 US-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by, 259–260 US-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring, 261 Geolocation devices, 59 Gig economy, 271 GlassDoor, 102 Global financial crisis, 62, 250 Global investors, 141 Global modular platform architectures, 153 Global serviced payment systems, 103 Global value chain (GVC), 60–61, 107, 296, 380 AM, economies of scale, production stages and, 299–300 AM, skill intensity and, 300–301 AM and, 298–301 countries’ relative positioning in, 307 data, empirical strategy and methodology, 308–310 data and descriptive statistics on AM patenting and, 301–306 determinants, 311–312 econometric findings, 310–314 empirical evidence, 306–310 indicators, 305–306 Global-class technology, 188 Globalisation, 132–133 of Chinese platform firms, 202–205 in information age, 130 of stakeholder networks, 109 strategies, 194 Glocal Co-op, 106 GoFundMe, 103 Google, 19, 92, 100, 188, 200 Google Drive, 19 Google Scholar, 68 Google’s Play Store, 346 Governance, 104–105 “Government-created advantages” for internationalization of Chinese MNEs, 334 Governmental promotion, 334 Governments, 154 regulation of securities, 154–155 taxation issues, 155 tearing down trade barriers, 154 Governor model, 251–252 Great Fire Wall (GFW), 347–348 Gross domestic product (GDP), 40, 170, 306, 308, 382 Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, 309 Grupo Televisa, 328 Guru.com, 248 HANA, 280 Hard costs, 30 Health care, 75 Health system network, 75 Hema Fresh stores in Beijing and Shanghai, 343 Hidden champions, 277, 288–289 High-tech strategy, 359 Home country, 333–335 politics, 346–351 HomeAway, 19 Horizontal platform-based collaboration, 20 Hot-spots, 396 Human resource management (HR management), 101–102 Human resources, 178 i-businesses, 78 firms, 107 INCOBRA Programme, 402, 406 Incremental internationalisation theory, 108 Incumbents MNEs, 28 Independent variables, 168 Indiegogo, 103 Individual user behavior, 70, 75 Individual-level variables, 169 Industrial internet, 382 Industrial revolutions, 16 Industrial Revolutions, 16–18 Industrie 4.0, (see Industry 4.0) Industry 4.0, 20, 52–60, 107, 274, 297, 315n3, 358–359, 380 assessments as to ability of smart services, 279–280, 283–284 case characteristics, 278 case study approach, 364–365 cross-case analysis, 369–371 customer relationship management, 372–374 description of main features and technologies, 366–368 and emerging technologies, 359–360 experiences with leveraging new technological possibilities, 278–279, 283 goals of investments in, 369 hidden champions’ specific features, 288–289 in IB literature, 360–364 intricacies, 380–384 methodology, 276–277 nine pillars of technological advancements, 361 post-sales services, 372–374 reconciling cluster attributes with industry 4.0 features, 384–386 research setting, 275–276 smart and connected products, 372–374 impact of smart services on international (service) business, 281–283, 285–288 strategic industries in regional economy, 365–369 suggestions for future research questions about, 375 technologies and international configuration of production, 371–372 theoretical background, 274–275 Industry dynamics, 110 Information disclosure, 104 management, 92 privacy, 101 processing, 92 technologies, 91–92 Information age, 92–93 accounting, 104 finance, 102–104 globalization in, 130 governance, 104–105 HR management, 101–102 IBs, 107–108 interdisciplinary review of early information age scholarship, 94–99 interdisciplinary review of recent contributions to, 99 as knowledge-based paradigm, 131–133 management, 105–106 marketing, 100–101 strategy, 106–107 uncertainties and strategies for MNCs in information age, 111 Information and communication technologies (ICT), 17, 19, 41, 66, 68, 126, 132–133, 218–219, 330, 381 enabling online collaborations and maturation of intermediate online platforms, 248 firms, 20, 44 MNEs, 42, 46, 330 revolution, 298 sector, 330 Information technology (IT), 141, 330 devices, 20 MNEs, 46–47 software and services firms, 20 Informational content, 227 Informational sovereignty, 328 Initial coin offerings (ICOs), 141 startups costs, 144–145 Initial public offerings (IPOs), 147 “InnoCentive”, 249, 268 Innovation, 125, 127–130, 246 location in, 126–127 management, 266–270 Innovation and Entrepreneurial Network of Tecnopuc (INOVAP UC), 400 Insiders, 25 Instagram, 19, 188, 196 Institutional distance, 30 Institutional duality, 109 Institutional escapism, 334 Institutional theory, 78 Intangibles, 48–50 elements, 66 market commitments, 162 Integrated circuits, 16 Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), 67 Intellectual property (IP), 49, 279, 284, 346 Intensification, 26–27 Interactivity, 227 Interdisciplinary review of early information age scholarship, 94–99 of recent contributions to information age, 99–108 Interdisciplinary themes, 108 Interests alignment, 153–154 Intermediary model, 251–252 Intermediate online platforms, 248 Internal production processes, 54 International Association of Science Parks (IASP), 393, 402 International business (IB), 16, 66, 67, 91, 99, 107–108, 296, 328, 358 analysis by theme, 74–77 distribution of papers across disciplines, 120 distribution of publications across levels of analysis, 121 implications for, 108–112 industry 4.0 in, 360–364 information age publications distribution, 119 information technologies, 91–92 interdisciplinary review of early information age scholarship, 94–99 interdisciplinary review of recent contributions to information age, 99–108 scholarship, 92–93, 99 strategy research, 73–74 and strategy results, 72 studies, 127 suggestions for future research questions about, 375 International Code of Conduct for Information Security, 350 International commercialisation, 396 International diversification, 168 International entrepreneurship, 397 International expansion, 334 and competition in Southeast Asia, 344–346 International immersion experiences, 392 International joint ventures, 396 International partnership of Tecnosinos and Tecnopuc, 403 International production accelerated servicification, 58–59 digital adoption scenarios and implications, 57 digital transformation and impact, 55 distributed production, 56–57 extended disintermediation, 59 flexible production, 59–60 internal production processes, 54, 56 new theories, 62–63 potential impact on international production, 54 International transactions, 177 International workforce, 396 Internationalisation, 52, 71, 76–77, 99, 168, 179, 218–219, 221, 232, 394–395 of companies, 359 control variables, 169 dependent variables, 168 descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations, 171 impact of e-commerce, 176 e-commerce usage on SME, 164–165 of ibusinesses, 78, 80 independent variables, 168 knowledge, 163 limitations and future research, 178–180 measures, 168 methodology, 167 moderating role of perceived barriers, 174, 175 moderating role of perceived export barriers, 166–167 patterns, 108 practical implications, 177–178 results, 170, 172 sample and data sources, 167–168 of SMEs, 161–163 of SP, 394–397, 401–404 strategies, 333–335, 358 theory and hypothesis development, 161 transactional e-commerce, 173 Internationalisation Process model (IP model), 160–161 Internet, 17, 66, 160, 164 intensity matrix, 42–45, 47 neutrality rules, 350 platforms, 20, 42, 331, 338 quality, 284 resources, 346 retailers, 46 revolution, 298 search engines, 19, 100 social networks, 19 of things, 107 Internet governance, 328, 346 aspects, 346–347 in comparative perspective, 349–351 GFW, 347–348 real-name verification, 348–349 special management share, 349 Internet of things (IoT), 107, 363 Internet Platform Companies (IPCs), 331–332 Internet-based digital economy, 328 Internet-based exchange, 179 Internet-based sharing platforms, 19 Internet-based systems, 219 Internet-based technology, 73 Internet-mediated video telephony, 67 Internet-technology-based businesses, 66 Intricacies of cluster and industry 4.0, 380–384 Inventor Country principle, 303, 316n9 Inventory-heavy operating model, 56 Inventory-light control mechanisms, 58 Investment policy challenges, 60–62 Investors, 143, 146 access to capital, 147–148 corporate governance, 146–147 cryptocurrencies rise, 146 valuation, 148–149 volatility, 149–150 Iterative process, 224 Jingdong (JD), 194, 202 overseas investments by firm, nationality, technology, 203 Job-rating sites, 102 Journal of International Business Studies, 107 Khan Academy, 19 Kickstarter, 103 Knowledge information age as knowledge-based paradigm, 131–133 Knowledge-based enterprises, 403 of opportunities, 163 recombination, 125 retention, 102 sourcing, 131 structure network, 130 Knowledge complexity, 124, 126 aspects, 130–131 information age as knowledge-based paradigm, 131–133 innovation, search, and recombination, 127–130 location in innovation, 126–127 Labor arbitrage, 249 Labor-intensive assembly operations, 17 ‘Land2Land’ project of ANPROTEC, 401–402 Lazada (e-commerce company), 346 Ledger, 142 Liability of foreignness (LOF), 29–31 Lightning-speed growth of digital MNEs, 44 LinkedIn, 19–20, 102, 223–224, 228 Liquidity, 149 Logistic performance, 309 Logistic Performance Index (LPI), 309 Logistics and delivery, 341–342 Machine that Changed the World, The, 17 Machine tool companies, 276–277 Machine-based technologies in factories, 132 Macro and market focus, 71, 75 Made-in factor, 300 MagicLeap, 200 Mainframe computers, 16 Majority Counting principle, 316n11 Manufacturing, (see also Additive manufacturing (AM)) companies, 358, 360–361, 363, 365, 373 firms, 19, 382 renaissance, 360 sector, 381 technology, 110 Market(ing), 100–101 capitalisation, 48–49 commitment, 161–163 commitment and knowledge of SMEs, 161–163 knowledge, 161, 163 market-based channels, 247 strategy, 69, 74 Media, 43 Medicine, 75 “Medium of exchange”, 142 MERCOSUL Free Trade Area agreement, 399 “Micro-IB”, 247 Microsoft, 40, 46, 188 Microsoft Azure, 340 “Middlemen” layer, 153 Mill-Co, 278–283 Minimum efficient technical scale (METS), 299 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 349 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), 348 Mobile phones, 66 Mobile technology, 81 Mobility, 18–19 Modern career platforms, 102 Modern information age technologies, 107 Modern technologies, 101 Monster.com, 102 Mount St. Vincent University (MSVU), 21 Multilayeredness, 218 Multinational business enterprise (MBE), 395, 405 Multinational enterprises (MNEs), 16, 22, 77, 124, 221, 296, 328 business models, 46 China, 334 foreign transplants, 28 ICT, 42, 46 incumbents, 28 IT, 46–47 non-developed country, 334 non-digital, 47 purely digital, 46 tech, 20, 40–41, 49 telecom, 47 Multinationals as agents of change, 22–23 Multiple foreign Internet corporations, 347–348 Multiple-case study approach, 358–359 Multiple-case study research strategy, 397 Municipal Council of Science and Technology (COMCET), 399 National aeronatics and space administration (NASA), 252 National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), 398 funding agencies, 400 National innovation system, 398 Natural sciences specific use, 75 “Nerd techies”, 250 Netflix, 46, 100 Networks, 110 economy, 152 effects, 19 industries, (see Internationalisation—of ibusinesses) orchestrators, 332 New Industrial Division of Labor (NIDL), 17 New industrial revolution (NIR)., See Industry 4.0 New technology-based firms (NTBFs), 393, 396 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 205 “New” ICT, (see also Information and communication technologies (ICT)), 66 future research, 77–82 IB and strategy results, 72–77 markets change, 66–67 methodology, 67 overall results of literature search, 68–72 protocol and plan, 68 NextDoor, 19 Non-developed country MNEs, 334 Non-digital MNEs, 47 Non-proprietary resources, 107 North American Free Trade Agreement (NA FTA), 23 oDesk, 102 Offline stores, 343–344 Old International Division of Labor (OIDL), 17 “Old” ICT, 66 On-demand employment, 246 Online activism sites, 106 advertising, 101 job boards, 102 marketplaces, 247 open collaboration communities, 105 payment platforms, 348 platforms, 179 platforms broker services, 247 retailers, 100 trading, 72, 77 Online marketplace characteristics for talent, 251 geographic dispersion of earning, 260, 262, 264–267 geographic dispersion of users, 252, 258–265 platform models, 251–257 Online marketplace for innovation, 247 Eli Lilly launch of innovation marketplace “InnoCentive”, 249 growth of technology start-up companies, 249–250 ICT enabling online collaborations and maturation, 248 Open innovation platforms, 20 Open-source platforms, 43, 331 solutions, 110 Oracle, 40–41, 46 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 18, 304 Organizational structure and behavior, 70–71, 75 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), 284 Outsiders, 25 Overseas markets, Chinese presence measurements in, 190–194 Ownership, location and internalisation (OLI), 99 Paper-Co, 278–283 Partnership international partnership of Tecnosinos and Tecnopuc, 403 in international projects, 396 model, 394 Patent Full-Text and Image Database (PatFT), 302, 315n8 ‘Pay-per-page’ system, 59 PayPal, 341 Peer-to-peer communication, 100, 108–109 Perceived export barriers, 161 Periphery economies, 17 Personal computers, 17 Physical assets, 337–344 Piano Nazionale Impresa 4.0, 297, 315n4 Platform business model, 337 digital content, 339–340 digital solutions, 340–341 E-commerce, 339 logistics and delivery, 341–342 offline stores, 343–344 Platform economy, 331 Platform models, 251–257 projects from InnoCentive platform, 257 STEM project categories, 254–256 Policy makers, 364 Political bargaining model, 27–29 Political strategies, 25 Polyswarm, 151 Population, 308–309 Porto Alegre regional innovation system, 398–399 Post-sales assistance, 373 Post-sales services, 363, 372–374 ‘Power-by-the-hour’ business model, 54, 58 Predix, 280 Prime Now app, 346 Priority Country principle, 316n9 Private-owned enterprises (POEs), 334 Producer-driven value chains, 329 Property-rights protection, 308, 313 Published content, positioning of, 227 Purely digital MNEs, 46 Purposive sampling approach, 364 QQ, 195–196, 198 Qualitative research, 397 Quantitative methods, 74 R software, 110, 113n16 Railway total coverage, 309 Rapid prototyping, 298 Rapid tooling (RT), 298 Rationalization, 26 Real-name verification, 348–349 Recombination, 127–130 Red Hat, 43, 331 “Refineries”, 193 Regional economy, strategic industries in, 365–369 Regression analyses, 170–171 Relational hazards, 30 Reliability, 128 Renewable energy, 401 “Repeated hire rate”, indicators, 267–268 RepRap (3D printer project), 297 Research & Innovation (R&I), 402 Research and development (R&D), 297, 334 Research protocol, 68 Resource scarcity effects, 176 Resource-based view (RBV), 73, 78 Retailer websites, 100 Revisited Uppsala model, 395 Rio Grande do Sul regional innovation system, 398–399 Robotic systems, 107 Samsung, 20, 46 Sanook, social media firm, 196–197 Scholarship, 92–93 Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), 247 Science parks (SPs), 392 business areas comparison, 401 case studies, 400–401 data analysis and results, 398–405 discussion and propositions, 403–405 international partnership of Tecnosinos and Tecnopuc, 403 internationalisation, 394–397, 401–404 literature review, 393–397 method, 397–398 models, 393–394 Rio Grande do Sul and Porto Alegre regional innovation system, 398–399 social network theory, 394–395 ‘Science push’ approach, 393 Scientific and Technological Park of PUCRS, 392, 400 Search, 127–130 Second Generation of SP, 393 Second Industrial Revolution (IR2), 16 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 154–155 Securities regulation, 154–155 Segmentation, 226 Self-preservers, 226, 235 Seller–buyer relationship, 218 Semiconductors, 16–17 Service business development, value generation from, 287 Service intensive MNCs, 101 Service providers, 332 Servicification, accelerated, 58–59 Servinomics, 382 Servitisation, 274 Share of Re-Exported Inputs on Total Imported Inputs, 305, 310 Shared ledger, 142–143 Sharing economy, 92 platforms, 331 Shocks and responses, 21–22 Shortcut, Portuguese B2B company, 223 Shortcut’s strategic social media problem, 223–224 Shortcut’s strategy development, 224–227 analysis of competitors’ online presence, 226 analytic metrics, 227 content, 226–227 five blocks of social media strategy, 225 objectives, 225–226 segmentation, 226 Siemens, 382 Silicon Valley area, 392 Skill shortage in United States, 249 Skyscanner, 203 Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 61, 101, 160, 208, 219, 223–224, 280 internationalisation, 164–165 Smart and connected products, 363, 372–374 Smart contracts, 107 “Smart factory” model, 370 Smart networks, 380 Smart services, 274 assessments as to ability of, 279–280, 283 experiences with leveraging new technological possibilities, 278–279, 283 impact on firm’s product/market possibilities, 288 impact on international (service) business, 281–283, 285–288 Smartphones, 81 payment systems, 206 Social accounting, 104 Social capital, 394 Social knowledge, 394 Social media, 76, 106, 222 applications, 206 for B2B companies–shortcut case study, 223 five blocks of social medial toolkit, 227–234 platforms, 196–197 shortcut’s strategic social media problem, 223–224 toolkit for B2B companies, 224–227 Social medial toolkit, five blocks of, 227–234 Social networks, 218 Facebook, 19–20, 66, 101, 188, 196, 218, 223–224, 228 Instagram, 19, 188, 196 LinkedIn, 19–20, 102, 223–224, 228 theory, 394–395 Twitter, 19–20, 66, 76, 221 WeChat, 19, 196–197, 207, 348 WhatsApp, 19, 188, 194, 196, 207 Social technologies, 66–68, 72, 76–77 adoption, 70 Social-entertainers, 226, 235 Soft costs, 30 Soft-Landing programmes, 392 Sohu, 205 Southeast Asia, International expansion and competition in, 344–346 Special management share, 349 Specialisation, 394 Specialised consumer platforms, 100 Specialised e-hiring providers, 102 Specialised peer-to-peer platforms, 101 Stakeholders, 105, 144, 235 activism, 103 cooperation among stakeholders, 145 expectations, 109 ICO startups costs, 144–145 management, 106 networks globalisation, 109 solving temporal issues, 145–146 startup teams and founders, 144 Stanford Research Park in California, 392–393 Startup teams and founders, 144 State-owned enterprises (SOEs), 334 Strategic alliance, silent integration to, 23–25 Strategic configuration of value chain, 110 Strategic industries in regional economy, 365–369 Strategic management process, 66–68 Strategy research, 106 Strategy scholars, 81, 99 Strix heating-control elements, 59 Suppliers, 151 access to customers, 152 limits to business model globalization, 151–152 Supply chain, 71–72 end-to-end, 53, 56 Tangible market commitments, 162 Tango, 200 TaskRabbit, 102 Taxation issues, 155 Tech firms, 20 Tech MNEs, 20, 40–41, 49 Technical services, 58 Techno-economic paradigm, 112n3 Technological/technology, 71, 81 adoption, 75 advances, 380 assisted manufacturing, 382 company perspective, 72, 77 competition model, 25–27 and computer science, 72, 77 creators, 332 diffusion, 303 innovation, 398 Park of São Leopoldo, 392, 400 Park of Vale do Sinos, 392, 400 start-up companies, growth of, 249–250 upgrading, 26 use, 74, 76 Technology start-up companies growth, 249 global financial crisis, 250 history in global sourcing, 250 savings and labor arbitrage, 249 skill shortage in United States, 249 Tecnopole project, 399 Tecnopuc, 400–404 Tecnopuc SP, 400 Tecnosinos, 400–401, 403 Telecom firms, 20 Telecom MNEs, 47 Tencent, 194–198, 328, 335 Third Generation SP, 393 Third Industrial Revolution (IR3), 16–17 Third world multinationals, 334 3D printing, 20, 56, 58, 297, 362 advances in, 110 digital 3D printing technologies, 54 “Times They Are a Changin” The (Dylan), 16 Token, 153–154 Tourism and leisure specific use, 75–76 Toutiao, 204–205 Trade in Value Added database (TiVA database), 305 Traditional brick-and-mortar firms, 19 Traditional dynamics, 296 Traditional IB research, 109 Traditional investment patterns, 42–52 Traditional manufacturing industries, 54 Transaction cost analysis (TCA), 78 Transactions, 143 cost economics, 99 e-commerce, 173–174 medium, 165 model, 148 platforms, 43, 331 speeds, 150 Transparency, 104, 144, 151 Travelfusion, 203 Travstarz, 203 Trip.com, 203 Triple Helix model, 400 Twitter, 19–20, 66, 76, 221 Two-sided networks, 19 U-commerce theory, 78 Uber, 19, 92, 110, 204 Unbundling knowledge-intensive processes, 267 Uncertainty, 78, 128, 130, 162–163, 205, 382, 386–387 institutional, 284 regulatory, 61 Unfamiliarity hazards, 30 Unified theory of acceptance, 66 Unified Theory of Technology Acceptance, 78 Uniformity, 285 Union Pay, 341 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 20, 328, 330, 333 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 309 United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO), 302 Upstream, 54 UpWork.com, 248 US-rivals, 340 Valence of comments, 227 Valuation, 148–149 Value chain, 359 Value-creation processes, 220–221 Variance inflation factors (VIF), 170 Vendor Managed Inventory, 58 Ventur incubator accelerator programme, 400 Venture capitalists, 147 Vertical collaboration, 20 Vertical disintegration, 153 Vertical Specialisation (VS), 305 Vinagame, 196 VIPshops, 194, 205 Viral products, 101 Vis-à-vis information age communication technologies, 110 Vividness, 227 Volatility, 149–150 Wallets, 144 Warehouses, 342 Waves, 145 Weak ties, 405 Web of Science, 94 WeChat, 19, 196–197, 207, 348 Weibo, 348 Weighted geographical proximity, 309, 313 WhatsApp, 19, 188, 194, 196, 207 Whole Foods, 343 ‘Winner-takes-all’ competitive scenario, 396 Wooldridge test, 316n18 ‘Workhorse’ theory, 161–162 Working Group on Internet Governance, 328 World e-Trade Platform (eWTP), 344–345 World Trade Organization (WTO), 160 Yahoo, 19–20 Yidian Zixun, 349 YouTube, 19, 193 Ziprecruiter, 102 Book Chapters Prelims Introduction: International Business in the Information and Digital Age – An Overview of Themes and Challenges Chapter 1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Seven Lessons from the Past Part I IB Trends and Theory in the Information Age Chapter 2 International Production and the Digital Economy Chapter 3 IB and Strategy Research on “New” Information and Communication Technologies: Guidance for Future Research Chapter 4 The Changing Face of International Business in the Information Age Chapter 5 The Effects of Global Connectivity on Knowledge Complexity in the Information Age Part II Entrepreneurial Strategies in the Information Age Chapter 6 Blockchain Ventures and International Business Chapter 7 Internationalisation through Digitalisation: The Impact of E-commerce Usage on Internationalisation in Small- and Medium-sized Firms Chapter 8 Global Competitors? Mapping the Internationalization Strategies of Chinese Digital Platform Firms Chapter 9 New Digital Layers of Business Relationships – Experiences from Business-to-business Social Media Part III Functional Strategies in the Information Age Chapter 10 The Changing Structure of Talent for Innovation: On Demand Online Marketplaces Chapter 11 Expanding International Business via Smart Services: Insights from ‘Hidden Champions’ in the Machine Tool Industry Chapter 12 Additive Manufacturing and Global Value Chains: An Empirical Investigation at the Country Level Part IV Industry 4.0 Chapter 13 Amazon and Alibaba: Internet Governance, Business Models, and Internationalization Strategies Chapter 14 Industry 4.0 Technologies and Internationalization: Insights from Italian Companies Chapter 15 On the Role of Clusters in Fostering the Industry 4.0 Chapter 16 Internationalisation of Science Parks: Experiences of Brazilian Innovation Environments Index
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