Index
2016; Emerald Publishing Limited; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1108/s2044-994120160000008032
ISSN2044-995X
ResumoCitation (2016), "Index", Paratransit: Shaping the Flexible Transport Future (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 8), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 425-445. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120160000008032 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Copyright © 2016 Emerald Group Publishing Limited INDEX ABC/M methodology, 129 Aberdeenshire, 115 demand generator, 115–117 FITS visualisation tool, 115 preliminary results, 118–120 shifting operating boundaries, 117–118 ACCESS 65+ , 65 Accessibility, 9, 66, 302–304 to citizens in rural areas, 292 full wheelchair, 91 indicator, 314 low-floor, 324 transport, 211 Accessible vehicles, 382, 386–388 ACCESS Paratransit in Pittsburgh region, 65 Access Services Incorporated (ASI), 186 Activity-based costing (ABC) systems, 129, 139–142 Activity-Based Cost Management (ABC/M), 129, 139, 141 cross, 141–142 cross application to paratransit, 142–144, 147–148 Activity drivers, 6, 129, 141 ADA paratransit services, 36, 47, 57, 67, 84, 349, 379 LAVTA wheels, 47–48 in metropolitan area, 47 paratransit industry, 36 paratransit ridership, 39 Additional income streams, 237 advertising, 238–239 bulk purchase discounts, 239–240 business diversification, 239 service diversification, 240 subsidies, 237–238 ‘ADEPT7’ software, 259 ‘Adopting distinctive brands’, 325 Advertising, 238–239 Affordable Care Act, 4 After-the-fact complaint investigation, 384 Aged and Community Services programmes, 265 Agency type, 191 AGETU (Agence de Gestion du Transport Urbain), 228 American Public Transportation Association (APTA), 36 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 36, 56, 134, 154, 173, 184, 191, 193–194, 199, 264, 378, 388 ADA-only services, higher cost of, 192 complementary Paratransit, 169 operators, 169 regulations, 387 TNCs, 387 Amortization, 131, 132 Application Programming Interface (API), 212 Apps market, 211 Area Agency on Aging (AAA), 143–144 Arlington County, xiii, 381, 383, 385, 386 Astra-project, 58 Atende Service, 65 “Aterik-Ate” service, 176, 190 Australia community transport (ACT), 264 development of, 264 formal transport planning processes, 265 funding, 272–278 geography impact, 269–272 jurisdictional issues, 278–280 organisational structure, 268 premier, 267 valuing community transport, 269 volunteers use, 280–284 welfare issue, 266 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 270–271 Autodrive programme, 26 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL), 233 Automobility (disruption in), 406 equitability, 407–408 sustainability, 406–407 Autonomous agent technology, 114 Autonomous tourist passenger shuttle vehicle trials, 26 Autonomous vehicles, 16–17, 25–26 cars, 409–410 PRT systems, 25 Avoidable costs, 6, 135, 157, 159–160, 163, 165 golden rule, 161–162 inputs to, 158 scenarios, 158, 160–161 traditional vs., 156 Barcelona, IMD service in, 189 “Basic Mobility”, 67–68 Belbus, 67–68 Belgium, 67, 68, 69 Bilboa, PMR service in, 190 Blood Transfusion Service and Age Concern, 256 Britain. See Great Britain (GB) Brokerage model, 37, 41–42, 273, 279 ACCESS Paratransit, 65 broker paratransit service, 39–41 demand response ridership, 36 merging transportation funding sources, 48–50 MTM’s approach to, 41–45 MTM’s paratransit brokerage experience, 47–48 nationwide paratransit brokerage success, 48 in NEMT, 36, 38–39 technology to supporting brokerage success, 45–46 Brokered paratransit systems, 49–50 Broker paratransit service, 39 balanced demand fluctuations, 40–41 cost savings, 39–40 improved service quality and accountability, 41 Bulk purchase discounts, 239–240 Bürgerbus, 5, 79, 91, 99, 100 association, 90 basic options for initiatives, 88–89 community transport and paratransit, 79–81 critical characteristics for development, 87 drivers, 90 economic advantage, 91 reasons for involvement in Bürgerbus activities, 89 regional umbrella associations, 85 service, 5, 85 spatial distribution across Germany, 92–96 Bürgerbus spatial distribution across Germany, 82, 83, 92 main service types, 93–94 state support for Bürgerbus initiatives, 92–93 town service in Wendlingen, 95–96 Business-to-Administration (B2A), 207 Business-to-Business (B2B) services, 207 Business-to-Consumer (B2C) services, 207 Business diversification, 239 Business model, 17–18, 25, 205, 358 of FMOD, 359, 363–365 “station-based”, 339 TNC, 383, 398 Business planning, 144 adding feedback loop, 149 agencies sponsoring rides, 144 boardings per revenue hour, 148–149 boost performance, 149 Bus operation conventional, 248, 308 cost structure of rural bus operation, 315–317 marketing and service quality in, 323–326 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), 208, 223 best practice, 229 corridors, 226, 227 full specification, 223, 225 implementation, 228 standard specification, 225–226 Bus service, 309, 318, 341, 353 standards, 27 Buxi system, 58 Call-n-Ride, 65, 67 Call Connect services, 258, 259, 321 DR services in Lincolnshire, 321 Lincolnshire Call Connect case, 322 management, 260 Minibus, 322 Canadian Urban Transport Association (CUTA), 62 Capacity planning, 234 Cape Town BRT projects in, 226 on-vehicle advertising, 238 paratransit industry, 227 paratransit vehicles in, 221 Capital costs, 91, 160, 228 Car-pooling. See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing Car2Go, 9, 208, 212, 340, 344, 351, 400, 401 Carbon dioxide emissions. See CO2 emissions Carma Carpool, 396 Carma Technology Corporation, 396 Carsharing, 10, 345, 399 app, 339, 345 dynamic, 9, 228 free-floating, 400 industry, 339, 344 motivations, 401 operational models, 400 P2P, 402–405 round-trip, 401 schemes, 338, 339 station-based, 340, 344 way, 401 Zoom, 401 Cars on demand, 10, 393 commercial car share, 399–402 commercial lift share, 396–399 disruption in automobility, 406–408 ‘form of transit involving collaborative use of car’, 394 P2P carsharing, 402–405 P2P liftsharing, 394–396 regulation, 405–406 shifts in valuing of cars, 393 technology, 393 See also Demand responsive transport (DRT) Cash-based systems, 235 Casual ad hoc liftshare, 395–396 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 38 Central Coast of California, 169, 174, 181, 184, 187 Centralized brokerage, 41 CETUD (Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar), 228 Cleric, 107 Climate Change Act (2008), 18 Cloud services, 210 CO2 emissions, 4, 18–19 Coasthopper service, 325 Commercial car-based passenger services, 397 Commercial car share, 399, 407 carsharing operational models, 400 GoGet in Sydney, 401–402 round-trip carsharing, 401 Commercial lift share, 396 taxicabs, 396–397 TNCs, 397, 398 Uber in Australia, 398–399 Commonwealth Government, 268, 278 Community Passenger Networks (CPNs), 278–279 Community transport (CT), 58, 69, 79–81, 98, 255–256, 259 See also Australia community transport (ACT) Community Transport Association (CTA), 268, 273, 284 Community transport in Australia. See Australia community transport (ACT) Community Transport Organisation (CTO), 105, 115, 266, 267, 282 Community transport volunteers, 282 Complementary paratransit, 36, 378 ADA, 169 Computer Aided Dispatching (CAD), 233 Computer scheduling, 249–251 Concessionary travel, 112, 313, 314–315 free, 317 Concessions. See Route–based licences Congress of Democratic Taxi Associations (CODETA), 239 Consolidated Transportation Services Agencies (CTSAs), 169, 171, 186, 188, 192, 194, 195 CTSA-related programs, 182 Consortium for Advanced Management International (CAM-I), 139 CAM-I Cross, 140 Constraint relaxations, 6, 118, 120 Coordinated DRT, 55 Coordinated Human Services Public Transportation Plan, 194 Coordinated Plan, 168, 194 Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility (CCAM), 133 Copenhagen region, 64 Cost-allocation in paratransit, 129 Price–Waterhouse cost analysis, 129–133 three-variable model, 130–131 Cost-allocation model, 128 ABC/M cross to paratransit, application of, 142–144 ABC systems, 139–142 allocation of shared costs in paratransit, 134–138 business planning, 144–149 coordination, impact of, 133–134 cost-allocation in paratransit, 129–133 shared-service paratransit provider, 128–129 Cost-effectiveness, 193, 194 indicators, 317–319 paratransit, 182 Cost drivers, 6, 129, 133, 141 ‘Cross-sector’ benefits, 320 Cultural influences, 253 Danish Model, 53 Decentralized brokerage, 42 Dedicated FMOD resources, 364–365 Dedicated FMOD service, 365 Defining paratransit, 22–24 De Lijn, 67–68 Belbus, 67, 68, 71 Basic Mobility, 67–68 Deloitte, 60 studies for the Danish Ministry of Finance, 60 Demand Response (DR), 61 Demand Response Taxi, 61 Demand-responsive public transport services, 80, 308 concessionary travel, 314–315 cost structure of rural bus operation, 315–317 development of rural bus services in Britain, 312–314 indicators of cost-effectiveness and user benefits, 317–319 marketing and service quality in bus operation, 323–326 option values and relative valuation, 320–323 recent developments in Britain, 326–327 rural area, 309–312 Demand-responsive services (DR), 248, 252, 308, 309, 318, 319, 320, 326, 327, 328 option values and relative valuation, 320–322 Demand adaptive service (DAS), 349, 351, 352 Demand forecasting and route selection, 234 Demand responsive transit. See Demand responsive transport (DRT) Demand responsive transport (DRT), 3, 5, 21, 54, 55, 154, 204, 246, 290, 335, 358, 392, 407 accessibility and exclusion, 302–304 applications, 205–206 CallConnect services, 258 comparative table of case study schemes, 301 conceptual framework, 291–292 Coordinated DRT, 55, 64 different services, user groups and experiences, 298 DRT-type services, 353 implementation, factors inhibiting, 247 institutional resistance, 251–253 Integrated DRT, 55 Lincolnshire Callconnect network, 257–260, 319, 321–323 older people, 299 Open DRT, 55, 60 passenger characteristic in ‘Half Past’ model, 300 personalization, 254–255 public transport in rural Norway, 292–295 regulatory system, 247–249 Special Needs (SNT), 55 supply curve, 345–348 technology to improving DRT forms of paratransit, 348–350 telematics, 249–251 three public transport organisational models, 295–297 total transport approach, 255–257 See also Cars on demand; Flexible mobility services (FTS); Large-scale DRT Denmark, 60 Flextrafik, 60 Flextur, 60, 65 FlexDanmark, 60 national competence center, 60 North Jutland region, 60 Denver RTD, 61, 67 Department for Transport (DfT), 312, 318 Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 19 Department of Motor Transport, 266 Department of Social Services, 272, 274, 280 Department of Veteran Affairs Transport Scheme, 272 Depreciation, 131, 135 expense, 132 vehicle, 323 Destination-specific services, 23–24 Deutscher Verband der Erogotherapeuten (DVE), 172 Dial-A-Bus (DAB), 55, 56, 58 Dial-A-Ride (DAR) services, 57, 169, 248, 250 Direct Payments (DPs), 254, 255 Disability mobility for people with, 381 paratransit services for people with, 378 rights, 387–388 Dispatching, 384 Donations, 84, 91, 280 Door-to-door services, 104 Driverless vehicle technologies, 25, 29 buses, 328 cars, 328 taxi, 29 Driver screening and specialized training, 385–386 Dynamic car-sharing schemes, 208 Dynamic liftsharing. See Casual ad hoc liftshare E-services, 207 Economic framework, 155 avoidable costs, 157, 159–161 costs and revenues, 165 FTS service, 158 inputs to FTS service and avoidable cost, 158 ‘lumpy’ costs, 155 peak services and peak costing, 163 role of risk, 163–165 shared costs, 159–160 traditional approach, 156 traditional vs. avoidable cost, 156 Eligibility criteria, 114, 117 Empresa Municipal de Transporte de Valencia (EMT-Valencia), 190 Entrepreneurial opportunities, 237 advertising, 238–239 bulk purchase discounts, 239–240 business diversification, 239 paratransit industry, 237 service diversification, 240 subsidies, 237–238 Escapable costs, 316 Essential Fleet Passenger Services, 259 EU (European Union), 248 European Commission, 205 Evaluation criteria, 309, 318, 319 ex-National Health Service (NHS), 257 Exclusion, 302–304 Fare service eligibility, 59 (“färdtjänst”), 59, 66 Fare structure, 112, 113 FASTRAN – Fairfax County Virginia’s FASTRAN service, 138, 143 Feasible product, 361, 362, 366 Federal Community Employment Program, 266 FITS visualisation tool, 107–108, 114–115 fare structure, 112, 113 General Information sub–system, 108–109 operating area, 109–111 passenger eligibility, 111 state–of–art mapping tools, 108 surcharge structure, 112–114 Fixed-route mini-bus service, 359 Fixed-route operation, 308 Fixed-route service, 309, 319, 327 option values and relative valuation, 320–323 Fixed costs, 130, 133, 135, 156, 157, 393, 407 FlexDanmark, 60, 71, 347–348, 351, 365 Flexible Integrated Transport Services (FITS), 5, 105, 106 See also FITS visualisation tool Flexible mobility on demand (FMOD), 359, 360 business model, 363–365 case study, 365–369 choice of travelers, 372 experimental results, 369–373 fleet, 360 innovative system, 359–360 menu, 359 modeling framework, 362–363 offers, 361–362, 371 profit and consumer surplus, 370 reservation procedure, 362 services, 361 Flexible mobility services. See Flexible transport services (FTS) Flexible transport services (FTS), 1, 2, 6, 17, 55, 104, 154, 204, 246 agency concept, 205–207 implementation, 208 See also Demand responsive transport (DRT); Golden rule Flexlinjen, 66 Automated Call-Back Function, 66 performance, 66 Flextrafik, 60 FlexTur, 60, 65 For-hire transportation services, 378 Free-floating car sharing, 339, 344–345, 354, 400 Frequent vehicle inspection, 386 ‘Full specification BRT’, 223, 225 Fully flexible DRT services, 250 Fully open DRT, 67 Funding, 272 ex-community transport passengers, 277–278 HACC programme, 276 passenger trip, 273, 274 principles and factors, 275 vehicle kilometers, 275 Future Internet PPP, 211 GAPTE (Greater Accra Passenger Transport Executive), 228 General Information sub–system, 108–109 General market, 53 Geography impact, 269 ABS, 270 factors, 271 repair and maintenance costs, 272 Germany Bürgerbus services, 80, 82, 83 car-sharing industry, 344 professional qualification requirements for public transport operators, 88 public transport services, 79, 82–83 spatial distribution of Bürgerbus, 92–96 GIRO/ACCES software, 107 Global positioning system (GPS), 339, 393 GoGet in Sydney, 401–402 Golden rule, 154 decision rule, 161–162 determining shared costs, 162–163 economic framework, 155–161 Gothenburg, 58, 61, 66 Flexlinjen, 66 PLANET-system, 58 Special Needs Travel, 66 Great Britain (GB), 309, 312 costs and benefits, 317 recent developments in, 326–327 rural bus services development in, 312–314 Greater Manchester Accessible Transport Ltd (GMATL), 250 Grenoble metropole, 188 Grocery shopping, 303 ‘Half Past’ model, 299, 300, 302 service in Tolga, 299 Handistar, 188 HandyBAT service, 60 HASTUS sector, 250 Health authorities, 252, 257 Health sector patient transport services, 256–257 ‘Heineken’ system, 20 High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes, 394 Hino city in Tokyo map of, 365–366 snapshots from simulation, 369 Home and Community Care (HACC) programme, 266, 276–278 funding, 267, 272, 274 transport services, 277 Home Care Packages, 272 Hourly boardings, 373 Houston Metro contracts, 382 Human Service Transportation Coordination, 133 Hybrid brokerage, 42 Hybridity, 223 BRT investments, 228–229 capacity of institutions, 228 comparison of three case study cities, 224–225 ‘fostering’ approach, 227 ‘full specification BRT’, 223, 225 national and municipal treasuries, 229 paratransit associations, 228 paratransit vehicle passenger boarding, 225 standard specification BRT, 225–226 Sub-Saharan African BRT planning activities, 226 Sub-Saharan African cities, 223, 229–230 Hybrid services, 230 In-vehicle technology, 41 travel time, 368 Information and communications technology (ICT), 205 elements, 206–207 role of ICT and new technologies, 209–212 support, 70 technologies, 6–7, 207 tools, 8 Information technology (IT), 24, 156 Institutional framework, 70, 71 Institutional resistance, 16, 247, 251–253, 256 Instituto Municipal de Personas con Discapacidad (IMD), 189 Insurance, 130, 385 Integrated DRT, 55 Integration, issues with, 230 electronic fare payment systems, 233 formal operations, 232 formal services, 232 historic distrust of government, 233 informal operations, 232 mixed traffic congestion, 231 route structures, 230 trunk and feeder system, 234–236 Intelligent transport systems (ITS), 211 Inter-urban routes, 309, 313 Interchange services, 22 International collaboration, 54, 70, 71 standards, 61, 71 Jurisdictional issues, 278 address transport disadvantage, 279 state/territory laws, 280 Key performance indicators (KPIs), 62, 129, 144 Kogarah Community Aid and Information Centre, 265 LAMATA (Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority), 228 Large-scale DRT, 53, 54, 56 agencies in World, 62 data collected for top-30 DRT organizations, 63–65 developments, 60–62 DRT in USA, 56–58 DRT solutions in Scandinavi, 58–60 future international collaboration, 70–72 global overview, 62–63, 69 international collaboration, 70–72 mobile data innovations, 54 preliminary domains for, 65–68 in Scandinavia, 58–60 small-and medium-scale DRT, 68–69 in USA, 56–58 Large-scale special needs transport, 65 Leased capital assets, 132 Lincolnshire, 247, 253, 258, 423 Callconnect network, 257–260, 319–323 County Council, 258, 322 InterConnect scheme, 22, 322, 329 Link Up service, 246–247 Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (LAVTA), 47, 48 Local authorities, 252, 255–256 Local-Link, 67 Local public transport services, 293, 294 London Dial-a-Ride (LDAR), 250 Long run, 157, 324, 328 Los Angeles County, 186 Low-demand settings, 105–106 Low-frequency fixed-route service, 321 ‘Lumpy’ costs, 155–156 Lyft, 9, 72, 208, 211, 338, 342, 347, 350, 353, 358, 378, 380, 386, 408 Lyon “Optibus”, 176 public transit program, 187–189 Malmator-system, 59 Marker, 295, 296–297, 298, 299, 302, 303 Market failure, 405 Marketing, 133 Marketing and service quality in bus operation, 323 driver-customer relationships, 325 net savings, 323 Norfolk Green operation, 325 Medical Transportation Management, Inc. (MTM), 36, 38 addressing provider noncompliance, 45 credentialing paratransit network, 43–44 monitoring paratransit network, 44–45 paratransit brokerage experience, 47–48 to paratransit brokerage model, 41 trip process, 42 ‘M for Moray–Buckie Bus Service’, 118 operating area, 119 surcharge structure for, 120 trip demand, 119 Micro-transit, 340 services, 335, 338–339, 354 See also Paratransit Mini-bus boardings, 373 Mini-bus service (B), 359, 360, 372 Ministry of Transport, 265, 266 Mission of CAM-I, 139 Mobile Apps, 211 Mobility, 3 management, 6–7, 264, 349 for people with disabilities, 381 See also Persons with Reduced Mobility (PMRs) Mobility services, 53 Mobisoft scheduling software, 258 Mobisoft’s Mobirouter software, 107, 259 Monterey-Salinas Transit (MST), 182, 185–186 Monterey conference, 2–3 Monterey County, 184 Morayshire, 115 demand generator, 115–117 FITS visualisation tool, 115 preliminary results, 118–120 shifting operating boundaries, 117–118 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) law, 133 Muni, 381 Municipal government treasuries, 229 Nairobi City, 240 National Centre for Mobility Management, 276 National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), 277 National Taxi Task Team, 237 National Transit Database (NTD), 55, 57, 251 National Travel Survey (NTS), 309 Nationwide paratransit brokerage success, 48 Negotiated rates, 386 Netherlands, 59 RegioTaxi, 68 Net Neutrality argument, 142 Network Management, 41, 43, 45 Network services, 22 New Mobility Services (NMS), 24, 25, 208 New South Wales (NSW), 264, 265, 279, 282 New York City, 64 Non-dedicated FMOD resources, 364–365 FMOD service, 365 service providers, 379 taxicabs, 383 Non-discrimination, 387–388 Nonemergency medical transportation (NEMT), 4, 36 paratransit brokerage model in, 38–39 Norfolk Green, 309, 324–326, 327, 328 North-Rhine Westphalia, 82, 83, 91, 92, 93, 99 Norway, 8, 291 See also Demand responsive transport (DRT) ‘Not invented here’ syndrome, 253 NPRM (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking), 387 Object Codes, 512–516, 135 Offer, 150, 361, 362–363 On-service vehicle time, 373 One-way car sharing. See Free-floating car sharing One-way models, 400 Online platforms, 393, 406 Open data, 7, 207, 212 Open DRT, 55, 60 Open service technologies, 212 Open urban DRT, 66 Operating costs, 24, 40, 60, 91, 128, 220, 230, 315, 316 Optibus, 176, 177, 188 Optimistic scenario, 383 Option values of DR, 320 low-frequency fixed-route, 320 and relative valuation of DR and fixed-route services, 320 smaller market towns, 322 Orange County Taxi Administration Program, 385 Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA), 134, 381 Orange County Transportation Authority. See Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA) Organisational models, public transport, 291, 295 Marker, 296–297 Tolga, 297 Vaagaa, 296 Origin-destination (O-D) pairs, 230 Out-vehicle time value, 368 Outreach (non-profit agency), 382 Pace, 64, 67, 385 Pace in Chicago, 64, 65, 67, 385 PAM (Pour Aider á la Mobilité), 64, 189 Paratransit, 3, 5, 7, 16, 79–81, 154, 186, 221, 335, 358, 392 ACCESS Paratransit, 65 additional income streams, 237–240 brokerage model. See brokerage model California, 184–185 case study cities, 222 categorization of non-punitive measures, 241 CIRCA, 1974, 336–337 complementary, 378 cost-allocation model. See Cost-allocation model defining, 22–24 DRT supply curve, 345–348 enhancing paratransit service model, 192–194 entrepreneurial opportunities, 237–240 France, 187–189 future developments, 28–29 Heathrow Pod at Car Park Stop, 25 highlights from comparative surveys, 190–192 hybridity, 223–230 industry, 237 initiatives, 408 institutional change, suggestions for, 29–32 institutional inertia and new technology developments, 24–28 issues with integration, 230–236 large California counties, 186 median age and senior share of total population, 179–182 methodology, 173–174 modal-based institutional structure, 31 objectives, 396 obstacles to paratransit in urban travel, 352–354 one-way car sharing, 344–345 paratransit cost-effectiveness, 182–184 paratransit forms, 169 paratransit service productivity, 176–179 paratransit–transit balance, 191 paratransit vehicles, 221 PMR (persons with reduced mobility) (European term), 170, 171, 172 Public Light Bus in Hong Kong, 23 public transit intensity, 174–176 public transport challenges facing, 222 qualitative survey findings, 184 quantitative results, 174 regulatory context for transport of persons, 170–173 rides, 128 rise of technology platforms, 343 services, 3, 54–55, 192–194, 350–352 Spain, 189–190 Sub-Saharan African cities in, 220 survey instrument, 199–201 system, 16–21 Taxibus scheme, 24 taxis in, 379–380 technology’s impact on, 340 and TNCs, 383–387 TNCs impact, 381–383 transit services, 221 UberX service, 341–343 uptake, 21–22 vital issues of regulation, 22 Paris & Íle de France , 188–189 Parking bays, 399 Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Transport, 237 Partial brokerage, 42 Passenger contributions, 280 eligibility sub-system, 111 kilometres, 275 trip(s), 50, 57, 63, 67, 115, 120, 273, 274, 275, 321, 326, 346, 347, 379 Passenger Transport Act, 84, 88, 98, 281 Passenger Transport Executive Group (PTEG), 253, 256 Patient transport services (PTS), 249, 255, 256 Peak vehicles, 130, 131, 142, 150 Peer-to-peer (P2P), 208 carsharing, 402–405 liftsharing, 394–396, 398 transport arrangement schemes, 208 People of old age, 296, 301 Performance, 61 data, 61 productivity, 66 monitoring, 66, 70 Personal Budgets (PBs), 254, 255 Personalised Rapid Transit (PRT), 25, 26 Personalization, 254–255 Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU), 256 Persons with Reduced Mobility (PMRs), 6, 168, 170, 171, 172, 193 affordable PMR fares, 172 comparison of PMR ridership productivities, 177, 178 Handistar, 188 paratransit service model, 192–193 program, 190, 191 provider, 172–173 TAG-PMR, 188 variable service spans, 172 Pittsburgh, 65 PLANET-system, 58, 60 Platform as a Service (PaaS), 210 Pods (Points of departure). See Parking bays Port Authority of Allegheny County (PAT), 50 Price–Waterhouse report, 129, 130, 131–132, 133, 138, 139, 141 Primary health care, 293 Private door-to-door service, 359, 360 Private For Hire Transportation Innovation Pilot Program, 386 Private hire vehicle (PHV), 27–28, 312 Privately owned car, 392, 393, 403, 409 Private service providers, 212 Private vehicles, 28, 99, 397 Product, 361 Public hire vehicles, 27–28 Public policy-led paratransit systems, 24 Public Transport (PT), 55, 117 authorities, 5 BRT network implementation, 223 ‘conventional’ public transport, 308 experience barriers, 298–299 FTS operators, 154–155, 163 geographical coverage, 246 Hong Kong Metro and High-Density Living, 19 modes, 16 organisational models, 295–297 policies and financing mechanisms, 21–22 ‘public transport in rural areas’ programme, 304 reform strategies, 230 in rural Norway, 291, 292–295 services, 78, 290, 291, 299 Sub-Saharan African cities, 220–222, 229–230 system design of, 17–21 systems, 17, 96 TNCs as providers, 387 in Tolga, 300, 302 in urban areas, 208 volunteer involvement in, 78, 79 world organization for, 71 See also Bürgerbus; Community Transport (CT) Public Transport Operating Grant regime, 237 Public Utilities Commission (PUC), 338, 378 Quality Management, 41, 129 Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), 189, 197 Regional Transport Authority (RTA), 59, 60, 64 RegioTaxi, 59–60, 66 Gelderland, 68 in Netherlands, 358 open form of DRT, 69 Regular public transport system, 80 Regulation(s), 17, 22, 28, 133, 405–406 ADA regulations, 387–388 controlling operation of taxis, 249 public sector regulation, 228 Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007, 294 in state/territory, 277 transport, 68 Regulatory context for transport of persons comparison of mandates by type of program and country, 171 with disabilities, 170 formal screening, 172–173 highly variable measurements, 173 PMR coverage, 170, 172 PMR fares, 172 PMR variable service spans, 172 Regulatory cycle, 222 Regulatory system, 247 DRT schemes, 247–248 German regulatory system, 84 Transport Act, 248 UK regulatory system, 247, 313 voluntary services, 249 Relative valuation of DR, 320 and fixed-route services, 320 interchange at Town of Horncastle, 322 low-frequency fixed-route, 321 smaller market towns, 322 RelayRides, 404–405 Rennes metropole, 188 Research and Development (R&D), 56, 70, 73, 207 Réseau Express Régional (RER), 189 Revenue hours. See Service hours Revenue sharing formulas, 235 Ridesharing. See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing Ring-and-Ride, 58, 61, 67 Road Traffic Act (1930), 247–248, 313 Round-trip carsharing, 401 Route–based licences, 88 Routing, scheduling, and dispatching (RSD) software, 46 Rural area(s), 80, 88, 104, 106, 179, 290, 309 cost structure of rural bus operation, 315–317 local bus services, 256 NTS data, 312 public transport in rural Norway, 292–295 rural bus services in Britain, 312–314 Rural Transport Market England, 311 See also Urban areas Rural bus cost structure of operation, 315–317 development in Britain, 312–314 Flintshire Council of rural bus funding, 326 rural bus routes, 68, 73 services, 309, 318 Rural Bus Challenge (RBC), 315 Rural Bus Grant (RBG), 315 Rural DRT, 65, 66 ‘Rural hoppers’, 295–296 Rural Norway, 290 cases in, 290–291 public transport in, 292–295 Rural transport planning digital maps, 106–107 FITS visualisation tool, 106, 107–108 Sacramento County, 186–187 SAMPO project, 67 San Francisco Bay Area, 382 San Francisco Municipal Railway, 381 San Luis Obispo County, 180, 186 Santa Barbara County, 172, 184 Santa Clara County system, California, 337, 346, 382, 384 Savings and Credit Cooperative (SACCO), 228, 239 Scandinavia, 58 advanced DRT solutions, 58–60 Scheduling, 21, 22, 138, 147, 250, 336, 348, 349–350, 360, 364, 384 School transport, 255, 293, 294–297, 305 Self-regulation, 406 Semi-variable costs, 156, 159 Senior strategies, 191–192 Service des Transports de l’ Agglomération Rennaise (STAR), 188 Service diversification, 240 Service hours, 130, 137, 138, 373 Service oriented software applications, 212 Service provider, 24, 212, 250, 277, 279, 364 Service reliability, 235, 324, 342 Shared-ride taxi (SRT), 55, 56, 65 Shared-taxi-boardings, 373 Shared-taxi service (S), 359, 360, 361, 372 Shared costs, 157, 159–160, 166 charging agencies, 137–138 cost model, 135–137 determining, 162–163 FASTRAN, 138 in paratransit, allocation of, 134 TCRP Report, 135 transportation accounting fundamentals, 134–135 transportation chart of accounts, 136–137 Shared mobility agency evolution, 208–209 services agency, 7, 205 Shared Use Mobility Service Centre, 209, 210 open data and open service technologies, 212 smart mobile platforms development, 211 software infrastructures, 210 Sharing of cars, 393, 394 Sharing of rides, 393–394 Short run, 157, 161, 316 ‘ShropshireLink’ operation, 317 65+ services, 67, 68 Slugging. See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing Slugs, 395 Small and medium scale DRT, 63, 68 ‘Small city bus’, 94 Smartcards, 233, 240 Smar
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