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Sport and politics in the 1980s: the Olympic Strategy

2012; Routledge; Volume: 29; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09523367.2012.634985

1743-9035

Hong Kong and Taiwan Politics

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. China withdrew from the International Swimming Federation (FINA), the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF), the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the International Basketball Federation (IBF), the International Gymnastics Federation(FIG), the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), the International Wrestling Association (IWA) and the International Cycling Union (UCI) in 1958. 2. At the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping announced the official launch of the Four Modernisations. This included the modernisation of agriculture, industry, technology and defence. 3. Interview of the former administrator of the Sports Ministry by the author, 12 July 2010. 4. M. Wang, ‘The Report to the 1980 National Sports Conference’, 150. 5. Rong, The History of Contemporary Chinese Sport. 6. Hao, The History of Sport in China, 11. 7. Editorial Team of the Yearbook of Chinese Sport, Yearbook of Chinese Sport (1949–1991), Vol. 1, 8. 8. Liu Changchun (1909–1983) was the first Chinese athlete who competed at the Olympics. He represented the Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Although Liu Changchun failed to win a medal at the 1932 Games, his participation symbolised China's first move into the Olympic Movement. 9. Hao, The History of Sport in China. 10. Editorial Team of the Yearbook of Chinese Sport, Yearbook of Chinese Sport (1949–1991), Vol. 1. 11. Xu Shan and Fang Liu, ‘A Phone Call From China Changed the 1984 Olympics’, Observe the East Weekly, 28 August 2008. 12. Hao, The History of Sport in China, 89. 13. Ibid. 14. Xu, Olympic Dreams: China and Sports, 1895–2008, 215. 15. Fan, Wu, and Xiong, ‘Beijing Ambitions’. 16. Xu, Olympic Dreams: China and Sports, 1895–2008, 216. 17. Tan, The History of Sport. 18. Ibid., 416. 19. Fan, Wu, and Xiong, ‘Beijing Ambitions’, 216. 20. State Physical Culture and Sport Commission, Decisions about the Reform of Sports System (Draft). 21. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, ‘Notification on the Issuing of the “Sports Ministry's Decision on the Reform of the Sport System’”, 107. 22. Ibid. 23. Zhou, ‘Super Star's Quotation’, 3. 24. Zhang, ‘The Legendary Fencer’, 62. 25. Sports Ministry, ‘Instruction on the Cultivation of Young Talents (15 April 1986)’, 112. 26. Donnelly and Peter, ‘Child Labour, Sport Labour’, 395. 27. China's Child Stars, BBC, July 1995. 28. Jesse Zentz, ‘Olympic Gold Medalist Lu Inspires Gymnasts at Helena Kidsports’, Independent Record, 15 July 2011. 29. Y. Zhao, ‘The Dream to Be a Strong Country’, 151–154. 30. , ‘Anti-Doping Campaign in China in the Past 20 Years’, Huangshi Weekly, 7 August 2008. 31. Yang and Jin, Say No To Drugs: Anti-Doping Education Text Book. 32. Interview of Cao Yuchun (reporter of New Sport) by the author, July 2004. 33. ‘The History of Anti-Doping Campaign in China’, CAIT, http://www.cait.cn/jyjc_1/cjwt/201003/t20100330_52746.shtml (accessed 11 June 2011), 1. 34. Zong, ‘The Anti-Doping Campaign in Sport’. 35. Fan, ‘Innocence Lost: Child Athletes in China’. 36. Xu, Olympic Dreams: China and Sports, 1895–2008, 218. 37. Ibid., 215. 38. Fan, Mackay, and Christensen, China Gold: China's Quest for Global Power and Olympic Glory. 39. ‘Contribute to the Development of Socialist Culture and Ethics’, China Sports Daily, 1 January 1982. 40. ‘1981: China Women’s Volleyball Team Brought Glory to the Chinese Nation’, Nandu Weekly, 18 July 2008. 41. The Long March was a military retreat undertaken by the CCP's Red Army during the Chinese Civil War. It began in October 1934 and ended in October 1935. Led by Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, the Red Army retreated from Jianxi Province to Shanxi Province by travelling 12,500 km through remote regions in Western and Northern China. After the establishment of the PRC in 1949, the Long March became a symbol. ‘The National Medal of the New Long March’ was awarded to those who had made a great contribution to the construction of the socialist country. 42. Lu, ‘Chinese Girls’, 19. 43. Reporter, ‘1981: China Women's Volleyball Team Brought Glory to the Chinese Nation’, Nandu Weekly, 18 July 2008. 44. Lang, The Passionate Years - The Biography of Lang Ping, 64. 45. Economy Observer Editorial Team, China's Reform and Opening Up, 73. 46. Ju Li, ‘Zhu Jianhua and Liu Xiang, The Glory of Shanghai’, Titan 24, http://sports.titan24.com/athletics/08-11-12/134317.html (accessed 12 May 2011). 47. Lei Feng was a soldier who served in the People's Liberation Army in the early 1960s. He died in 1962 in an accident. After his death, Lei Feng was held up as an role model for the Chinese people and became an icon, symbolising hard work, selflessness, modesty and dedication. 48. Xing, ‘The Story of the Prince of Gymnastics, Li Ning’, Naning Daily, 13 November 1988. 49. Xiaoqiao Wang and Muzi Cai, ‘Three Minutes and Twenty Years’, Nanfang Weekend, 14 August 2008. 50. ‘Li Ning’s Smile Caused Criticisms’, Tencent News, http://sports.qq.com/a/20090909/000730.htm (accessed 15 June 2011). 51. Shanshan Lin, ‘Li Ning: A Life Long Struggle’, Tencent News, http://news.qq.com/a/20080813/000596.htm (accessed 15 June 2011). 52. Wang and Cai, ‘Three Minutes and Twenty Years’. 53. Ibid. 54. Wang Chong, ‘The Defeat in Soul on black-white Television’, Nanguo Daily, 17 March 2008. 55. Ibid. 56. Xu, Olympic Dreams: China and Sports, 1895–2008, 218–219. 57. Documentary - Our Olympics, China Central Television, 17 July 2008. 58. He, ‘The Causes of the Women's Volleyball Team’s Failure’. 59. ‘Around the World; 125 Are Lectured In Peking for Soccer Riot’, The New York Times, 26 May 1985. 60. Ibid. 61. Hongji Liu, ed., ‘Road To the World Cup -Chinese Football Fans’, CCTV, http://www.cctv.com/lm/575/11/29284.html (accessed 20 June 2011). 62. ‘The 5.19 Incident in 1985’, Xinhua News, http://2008.sohu.com/20080702/n257885532.shtml (accessed 20 June 2011) 63. S. Zhao, A Nation State by Construction, 136. 64. Ibid., 132. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid., 133. 67. Liu, ‘Restless Chinese Nationalist Currents in the 1980s and the 1990s’. 68. S. Zhao, A Nation State by Construction, 135. 69. X. Chen, ‘The Rise of Cultural Nationalism’, 35. 70. Wen Li, ‘A Mother's Feeling’, quoted by Y. Zhao, ‘The Dream to be a Strong Country’, 110–112. 71. Weizhi Zhong, ‘The Sports Ministry Was Outraged by The Dream to be a Strong Country’, Literature Weekly, 1 August 2007. 72. Li and Zhou, The Dream to be a Strong Country. 73. Zhong, ‘The Sports Ministry Was Outraged by The Dream to be a Strong Country’. 74. S. Wu, The History of Sport in the People's Republic of China, 352. 75. Ibid. 76. Zhong, ‘1998: The Dream to be a Strong Country’. 77. The Soviet Union and other socialist countries of Eastern Europe boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics due to the cold war. 78. Hao, The History of Sport in China, 257. 79. Zhong, ‘1998: The Dream to be a Strong Country’. 80. Hao, The History of Sport in China, 269–270. 81. Zhong, ‘1998: The Dream to be a Strong Country’. 82. Zhong, ‘The Sports Ministry Was Outraged by The Dream to be a Strong Country’. 83. Y. Zhao, Three Sport Reports. 84. ‘Resolution of the Fifth Congress of the All China Sports Federation’, 47. 85. ‘Minutes of the Workshop on the Co-operation between the Elite Sport System and the Education Sectors’. 86. X. Ma, ‘The Formation of China's Policy on the Combination of Elite Sport and Education’. 87. Sports Ministry, Sports Decrees of the People's Republic of China (1989–1992), 7–8. 88. ‘Minutes of the Workshop on the Socialisation of Sport’. 89. L. Ma, Cross Swords – The Liberation of People's Mind in Contemporary China. 90. Danwei (work unit) refers to the place of employment. It was commonly used in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s when China was dominated by a socialist economy. During that period, all the Danwei were state owned. 91. X. Wu, Best-selling books in China in the Past 30 Years. 92. Zhiwei Ye and Yong Jin, ‘Illegal Immigration in the Past’, Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Daily, 1 September 2009. 93. John Mossman, ‘In U.S., This Coach Is One of a Kind’, Los Angeles Times, 16 June 1985. 94. Ibid. 95. Vancouver Aquatics Centre Diving Team official website, http://www.vacdivers.ca/index.php?id=30 (accessed 25 June 2011). 96. Bingyi Li, ‘Li Kongzheng Opened his Own Diving Club’, Metro Express, 30 November 2006. 97. ‘Kongzheng “KZ” Li named new head diving coach at Michigan’, Ann Arbor, http://www.annarbor.com/sports/kongzheng-kz-li-named-new-head-diving-coach-at-michigan/ (accessed 25 June 2011). 98. ‘Li Hongping Opened a New Era of Chinese Diving’, Shantou Special Economic Zone Evening Echo, 8 January 2010. 99. ‘Li Hongping's Profile’, USC-Trojans, http://www.usctrojans.com/sports/w-swim/mtt/li_hongping00.html (accessed 25 June 2011). 100. Min Zhu, ‘The No. 1 Fencer of the East Returned to the Olympics, The Legend of Luan Jujie’, Laonian Daily, 7 July 2008. 101. Edmonton Fencing Club official website, http://www.edmontonfencing.com/ (accessed 25 June 2011). 102. ‘Luan Jujie’, official website of Chinese Olympic Committee, http://en.olympiccn/athletes/serch_L/2003-11-04/3732.html (accessed 28 March 2011). 103. Changbo Ma and Tianwei Liu, ‘Luan Jujie Returned Home after 20 Years’, Nanfang Weekly, 21 August 2008, http://nf.nfdaily.cn/epaper/nfzm/content/20080821/ArticelA01002FM.htm (accessed 25 June 2011). 104. ‘The Three Diving Champions’, 46. 105. Interview with Jiao Zhimin, China Central Television Sports Channel, 9 September 2005. 106. Ye, Debates on He Zhili. 107. Yonglie Ye, ‘He Zhili, I Want to Have a Home’, Xinmin Weekly, no. 9 (2007): 36–38. 108. Ye, Debates on He Zhili. 109. Y. Zhao, ‘The Dream to Be a Strong Country’, 157–158. 110. ‘Jiao Zhilin, From Table Tennis Champion to Business Woman’, Helongjiang Daily, 6 December 2005. 111. ‘Li Haonan and Her Students’, PLA Daily, 22 April 2005. 112. Ke Chen, ‘He Zhili, I am Always a Chinese’. http://sports.163.com/09/0823/18/5HE0G35V00053JMB.html (accessed 5 June 2011).