The politicisation of the Beijing Olympics
2012; Routledge; Volume: 29; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09523367.2012.634990
ISSN1743-9035
Tópico(s)Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Jim Yardley, ‘Beijing Olympics: Let the Politics Begin’, The New York Times, 13 August 2007. 2. Ronan Farrow and Mia Farrow, ‘The “Genocide Olympics”, The Wall Street Journal, 28 March 2007. 3. Yardley, ‘Beijing Olympics: Let the Politics Begin’ 4. ‘Spielberg Drops Out as Adviser to Beijing Olympics in Dispute Over Darfur Conflict’, The New York Times, 13 February 2008. 5. ‘Spielberg in Darfur Snub to China’, BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7242016.stm (accessed 2 January 2011). 6. Ibid. 7. James Bone, ‘Steven Spielberg Pulls Out of Olympics in Protest at China's Policy on Darfur’, The Times, 13 February 2008. 8. ‘Spielberg Drops Out as Adviser to Beijing Olympics in Dispute Over Darfur Conflict’. 9. ‘Beijing Olympics: British Man Phil Kirk Deported over Tibet Protest’, The Daily Telegraph, 15 August 2008 10. Reporter, ‘Accounts from Lhasa and Beyond’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7302319.stm (accessed 2 January 2011). 11. ‘Fire on the Roof of the World’, The Economist, 14 March 2008, 1. 12. James Miles, ‘Transcript: James Miles Interview on Tibet’, CNN (Cable Network News), http://articles.cnn.com/2008-03-20/world/tibet.miles.interview_1_tibetans-ethnic-groups-lhasa?_s=PM:WORLD (accessed 2 January 2011), 2. 13. Gordon Fairclough, ‘Chinese Dismayed by Tales of Tibet Violence’, The Wall Street Journal, 25 March 2008. 14. David Eimer, ‘Tibet Protests Continue after Day of Violence’, The Daily Telegraph, 15 March 2008. 15. ‘Lamas in the Taer Monastery Condemned the Violence n Lhasa’, People's Daily, 22 March 2008; Yong Ma, ‘Lama Caidan's Funeral Was Held in Qinghai’, People's Daily, 1 May 2008. 16. We use the term ‘anti-China’ in this chapter in the context of the pro-Tibet movement and other political campaigns against China's foreign policies before and during the Beijing Olympics 17. ‘Minor Scuffles at Tibet Protest at Chinese Consulate in Australia’, The China Post, 18 March 2008. 18. ‘Tibetan Separatists Attack Chinese Embassy in Washington’, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America, http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/zgxz/t420556.htm (accessed 2 January 2011). 19. Ibid. 20. Yardley, ‘Beijing Olympics: Let the Politics Begin’. 21. The Falun Gong was founded by Li Hongzhi in 1992. It is an organisation that combines spiritual and political practice and physical exercise. It was banned in China in 1999. 22. ‘Tibet and the Beijing Olympics, a Sporting Chance, It Is Not Time for a Boycott of the Beijing Olympics’, The Economist., 27 March 2008. 23. David Bond, ‘International Olympic Committee Concerns over China's Clashes in Tibet’, The Daily Telegraph, 15 March 2008. http://gb.cri.cn/20864/2008/03/27/3205@1997665.htm (accessed 12 April 2011). 24. ‘Welcome To the Olympics’, The Economist, 27 March 2008. 25. Xinyu Zhou, Yinping Deng, and Xin Xu, ‘The Torch Relay in Greece Was Disturbed by Protesters’, International Online, 2 April 2008. http://gb.cri.cn/20864/2008/03/27/3205@1997665.htm (accessed 12 April 2011). 26. ‘Anti-China Protest Targets Olympic Torch Ceremony’, The New York Times, 3 April 2008. 27. Katrin Bennhold, ‘Olympic Torch Goes Out, Briefly, in Paris’, The New York Times, 8 April 2008. 28. Ibid. 29. Richard Edwards and Tom Chivers, ‘Tibet Protests Disrupt Olympic Torch Parade’, The Daily Telegraph, 8 August 2008. 30. Jenny Booth, ‘Arrests and Scuffles As Olympic Torch Crosses London’, Times Online, 6 April 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3693033.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 (accessed 15 April 2011). 31. Richard Edwards, ‘Tibet Protests Disrupt Olympic Torch Parade’, The Telegraph, 6 April 2008. 32. Ibid. 33. ‘The Olympic Torch Passed London’, Xinhua, http://news.xinhuanet.com/sports/2008-04/06/content_7930391.htm (accessed 12 February 2011). 34. ‘Jowell Defends Torch Parade Role’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7333300.stm (accessed 12 February 2011). 35. Ashling O'Connor, ‘Beijing Olympics: Hopes Swiftly Extinguished By Violence and Farce’, The Times, 7 April 2008. 36. Ibid, 1. 37. ‘Officials Snuff Out Torch at Least Five Times during Leg’, Associated Press, http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080411053601/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/more/04/07/paris.torch.canceled.ap/ (accessed 12 February 2011). 38. Ibid. 39. Emma Graham-Harrison, ‘Disabled Torch Bearer Becomes Chinese Hero’, ABC (American Broadcasting Company) News, http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=4634434&page=1 (accessed 12 February 2011), 13. 40. ‘Protests Cut Short Olympic Relay’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7334545.stm (accessed 12 February 2011). 41. Reporter, ‘Officials Snuff Out Torch at Least Five Times during Leg’. 42. Ibid. 43. ‘Des Députés Crient “Liberté pour le Tibet” Devant une Flamme … Invisible’, AFP (Agence France-Presse), http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h-GeMLUsi3KbGxNXvh1DgPr6Kpfg 2008 (accessed 12 February 2011). 44. H. Morton, S. de Belzic ‘China Condemns Olympic Torch Disruptions’, France 24, http://www.france24.com/en/20080408-china-condemns-olympic-torch-disruption-2008-beijing-olympics&navi=MONDE (accessed 12 February 2011). 45. ‘Climbers Scale Golden Gate Bridge To Protest Olympic Torch Run’, CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) News, http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2008/04/07/paris-torch.html (accessed 12 February 2011). 46. ‘Foreign Chinese Supported the Torch Relay in San Francisco’, China News, http://www.chinanews.com/olympic/news/2008/04-10/1216375.shtml (accessed 12 February 2011). 47. ‘Climbers Scale Golden Gate Bridge To Protest Olympic Torch Run’. 48. Rachel Gordon, Tanya Schevitz, Kevin Fagan, and Marisa Lagos, ‘Torch leaves S.F. after surprise route shift, Thursday’, San Francisco Chronicle, 10 April 2008. 49. ‘Clinton Calls For Partial Boycott; Torch Protesters Scale Golden Gate Bridge’, ESPN (Entertainment and Sports Programming Network), http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/news/story?id=3334213 (accessed 12 February 2011). 50. Ibid, 39. 51. `News Digest: Argentines grasp the true torch-relay spirit', http://thechina.biz/china-economy/argentines-grasp-the-true-torch-relay-spirit\ (accessed 13 February 2011), 9. 52. Xin Song and Ping Xie, ‘Spread the Olympic Spirit, Bless the Mother Country - Foreign Chinese Protected the Olympic Torch Relay’, People's Daily, 15 April 2008. 53. `News Digest: Argentines grasp the true torch-relay spirit', http://thechina.biz/china-economy/argentines-grasp-the-true-torch-relay-spirit/ (accessed 13 February 2011), 6. 54. ‘2008 Beijing Olympic Torch Relay in Tanzania, Africa’, World News, http://wn.com/2008_Beijing_Olympic_Torch_relay_in_Tanzania_,Africa (accessed 13 February 2011), 18. 55. The Tanzania-Zambia Railway was financed and constructed by China in the 1970s. It was a foreign aid project. The objective was to build up Sino-Africa relations. 56. Dares Salaam, ‘Olympic Torch Completes Relay in Tanzania’, ‘Olympic Torch Completes Relay in Tanzania’, The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand, http://www.chinaembassy.org.nz/eng/xw/t424788.htm (accessed 13 February 2011), 3. 57. Ibid. 58. ‘2008 Beijing Olympic Torch Relay in Tanzania, Africa’. 59. Ibid. 60. ‘Olympic Torch Breezes Untroubled Through Africa’, France 24, http://www.france24.com/en/20080413-olympic-torch-relay-tanzania&navi=MONDE (accessed 13 February 2011). 61. Essa bin Mohammed Al Zedjali, ‘Olympic Torch Relay: A Message of Love and Peace from Oman’,Times of Oman, http://www.timesofoman.com/view_point.asp?details=on&ratopic_nd=205 (accessed 5 March 2011). 62. Ibid, 3. 63. ‘Olympic torch relay in Oman's Muscat starts’, Xinhua News, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/14/content_7975985.htm (accessed 5 March 2011). 64. ‘Olympic Torch in Oman for Trouble-Free Relay’, France 24, http://www.france24.com/en/20080414-olympic-torch-oman-trouble-free-relay-2008-beijing-olympics (accessed 5 March 2011). 65. ‘Olympic Torch Relay Reaches Oman’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7345777.stm (accessed 5 March 2011). 66. Ibid. 67. ‘Olympic Torch Relay in Pakistan’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm (accessed 5 March 2011). 68. ‘Two Bomb Blasts Kill 27 in Northwest Pakistan’, AFP, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2jRTJSm-efNfhS_Wm9wP1w_TB5Q (accessed 5 March 2011). 69. ‘Olympic Torch Kicks Off Asian Journey in Pakistan’, Canada.com, http://www.canada. com/langleyadvance/news/story.html?id=2d37b9d3-3be4-4191-9596-ab0367339181&k= 60595 (accessed 5 March 2011). 70. ‘Two Bomb Blasts Kill 27 in Northwest Pakistan’. 71. ‘Thousands of Police and Troops Were Deployed’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm (accessed 5 March 2011). 72. ‘Olympic Torch Arrives in Pakistan Amid Security Fears’, The Economic Times, 16 April 2008. 73. ‘Public barred from Pakistan torch relay’, CNN, http://articles.cnn.com/2008-04-16/world/olympic.pakistan_1_torch-pakistan-s-president-pervez-musharraf-imran-khan?_s= PM:WORLD (accessed 5 March 2011). 74. Reporter, ‘Bruce Loudon, Human Torch Fear in Delhi Protests’, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/human-torch-fear-in-delhi-protests/story-e6frg 6so-1111116039054 (accessed 5 March 2011). 75. Ibid, 7. 76. ‘Wary of Protests, IOA Shortens Olympic Torch Route’, The Times of India, 2 April 2008. 77. ‘Protests greet Olympic torch in India’, The Guardian, 17 April 2008. 78. Alok Vats, ‘Tibetans protest outside Chinese Embassy in Delhi!’, I News India, http://www.inewsindia.com/2008/04/16/tibetans-protest-outside-chinese-embassy-in-delhi/ (accessed 5 March 2011). 79. ‘Protests Greet Olympic Torch in India’. 80. Amelia Gentleman and Hari Kumar, ‘Tibetans in India Protest Ahead of Torch Relay’, The New York Times, 17 April 2008. 81. Ibid. 82. Andrew Buncombe, ‘India Pulls Off a Peaceful Olympic Torch Relay, By Banning the Public’, The Independent, 18 April 2008. 83. Ambika Ahuja, ‘Thailand Beefs Up Security along the Olympic Torch Relay Route’, The Irrawaddy, http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=11462&Submit=Submit (accessed 6 March 2011); ‘Torch Relay Peaceful in Malaysia, 21 April 2008’, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7357819.stm (accessed 6 March 2011). 84. ‘Thai PM Says No Need for Olympic Torch Protest’, CTV News, http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Checklist/20080418/Olympic_torch_080418/ (accessed 6 March 2011), 6. 85. ‘Olympic Torch Starts Malaysia Leg amid High Security as Japan Route Altered’, AFP, http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jCeD0OER-VnLEL5ZbvXgO9qb6IcA (accessed 6 March 2011), 4. 86. ‘Torch Weathers Indonesia Protest’, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7359914.stm (accessed 6 March 2011). 87. Ibid. 88. Ibid. 89. ‘Jakarta Olympic Torch Relay Wrapped Up Peacefully’, Xinhua News, http://www.chinaembassy.org.nz/eng/xw/t428038.htm (accessed 6 March 2011). 90. ‘WB EN DPLX INDONESIA TIBET’, France 24, http://www.france24.com/en/node/1385560 (accessed 6 March 2011). 91. ‘Australian Torch Relay Ends With Minor Skirmishes’, CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/23/torch.relay.canberra/index.html (accessed 8 March 2011), 6. 92. Ibid. 93. Tim Johnston, ‘Olympic Relay Ends in Australia With Little Interruption’, The New York Times, 24 April 2008. 94. Coco Masters, ‘Olympic Torch Hits Nagano Without Hitch’, TIME World, http:// www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1735388,00.html (accessed 8 March 2011). 95. ‘Protests Greet the Olympic Torch in Japan’, The New York Times, 26 April 2008. 96. ‘Chinese Student Injured by Japanese Nationalists During the Torch Relay’, china.com, http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2008-04/27/content_15020024.htm (accessed 8 March 2011). 97. Masters, ‘Olympic Torch Hits Nagano Without Hitch’, 5. 98. Reuters, ‘Chinese Students Assault Korean Protesters at Olympic Torch Relay’, The Epoch Times, 27 April 2008. 99. ‘Olympic Torch in South Korea For Relay’, The Economic Times, 27 April 2008. 100. Since the late 1990s, thousands of North Korean stowaways have been deported by the Chinese immigration authority. They were then put in jail by the North Korean government. Some of them managed to escape to South Korea. 101. ‘Olympic Torch in South Korea For Relay’. 102. `Olympic torch in South Korea for relay', http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-27/news/27720566_1_torch-brawled-with-chinese-supporters-tight-security. (accessed 9 March 2011), 9. 103. ‘Olympic Torch in South Korea For Relay’. 104. Burt Herman, ‘Clashes Break Out at Olympic Torch Relay in South Korea’, The Hour, http://thehour.com/register/?storyid=68311 (accessed 9 March 2011). 105. Ibid. 106. Bonnie Chen, ‘200,000 Expected To Fan the Olympic Flame’, The Standard, 2 May 2008. 107. Jonathan Cheng, ‘Protests Few as Olympic Torch Reaches Hong Kong’, The Wall Street Journal, 3 May 2008. 108. Aaron Pan, ‘Hong Kong Hosts Torch Relay Amid Support, Criticism’, Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a0L1B6wjYMss (accessed 9 March 2011). 110. ‘Beijing Olympic Torch Relay Concludes in Macao’, Xinhua News, http://torchrelay. beijing2008.cn/en/journey/macao/news/n214336955.shtml (accessed 9 March 2011). 110. ‘Beijing Olympic Torch Relay Concludes in Macao’, Macau Daily Times, 20 February 2008. 111. Guoqi Xu, ‘Sports, Nationalism, and Global Politics: Why China Wanted the Olympics’, Britannica.com, http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2008/08/sports-nationalism-and-global-politics-why-china-wanted-the-olympics/ (accessed 9 March 2011). 112. Zhao, A Nation State by Construction, 40. 113. ‘Protests Continue; Restraint Urged’, People's Daily, 21 April 2008. 114. ‘Chinese Organize Boycott of French Goods’, The Washington Times, 15 April 2008. 115. ‘Anti-French Rallies Across China’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7356107.stm (accessed 12 March 2011). 116. ‘Carrefour Announced That It Supports the Beijing Olympics’, People, http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/7129409.html (accessed 12 March 2011). 117. Shipeng Guo, ‘Angry Chinese Burn French Flag Outside Carrefour’, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/18/us-china-carrefour-protest-idUSPEK30252620080418 (accessed 12 March 2011). 118. ‘Protests Continue; Restraint Urged’. 119. Andrew Jacobs, ‘Anti-French Boycott Falters in China’, The New York Times, 2 May 2008; Yanfei Zhang, ‘Jin Jing: There are Many Chinese Staff in Carrefour’, East China Morning Post, 18 April 2008. 120. ‘Sarkozy Apologies To Disabled China Athlete Attacked in Torch Relay’, Breitbart, http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D90661FG0&show_article=1 (accessed 13 March 2011). 121. ‘French Senate President Conveys Sarkozy’s Sympathy Note To Chinese Torch Bearer’, Xinhua News, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/21/content_8020551.htm (accessed 13 March 2011), 3. 122. Ibid, 19. 123. Jacobs, ‘Anti-French Boycott Falters in China’. 124. Roger J. Wendell, ‘Report: 100 Dead in Tibet Violence’, CNN, http://topics.cnn.com/topics/tibet (accessed 13 March 2011). 125. Screenshot of ‘Protests Erupt in Support for Tibet’, http://dogsyear.wordpress.com/2008/03/18/ (accessed 20 March 2011). 126. Huang Fang, ‘American Chinese Sent a Letter to CNN: ‘Don't Be Like CNN’”, Sohu, http://news.sohu.com/20080408/n256158928.shtml (accessed 20 March 2011). 127. Jun Ye, ‘Riot Reports Show Media Bias in West’, China Daily, 22 March 2008. 128. Keen Zhang, ‘Carrefour Boycott and Sophisticated CNN’, China.org.cn, http://www.china.org.cn/china/Lhasa_Unrest/2008-04/16/content_14966297.htm (accessed 20 March 2011), 3. 129. Alexi Mostrous, ‘CNN Apologises to China Over “Thugs and Goons” Comment by Jack Cafferty’,The Times, 16 April 2008. 130. Rongxuan Mu, ‘Don't Be Too CNN’, YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= _EAuNjXWtUY (accessed 20 March 2011) 131. ‘China Online: Tibet and Torch Reaction’, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7347821.stm (accessed 20 March 2011). 132. Mingxin Bi, ‘American Chinese Demand Apology from CNN for Insulting Chinese’, Xinhua News, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/12/content_7965345.htm (accessed 20 March 2011), 7. 133. Mostrous, ‘CNN Apologises to China Over “Thugs and Goons” Comment by Jack Cafferty’. 134. Zhang, ‘Carrefour Boycott and Sophisticated CNN’, http://www.china.org.cn/china/Lhasa_Unrest/2008-04/16/content_14966297.htm (accessed 20 March 2011), 3. 135. Video: CNN LIAR, CAFFERTY FIRE. ANTI-CNN EVENT IN L.A, 19 April, YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cscMJK77aYo&NR=1 (accessed 20 March 2011). 136. Video: 426 San Francisco Anti-CNN Protest, 26 April, YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KR4tvFH11s&feature=related (accessed 20 March 2011). 137. J. Robert Saiget, ‘Fresh Anti-Western Protests Rock China’, AFP, 20 April 2008, http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i2BxAG5c_dl59j0lFVI3ngI-jK3w (accessed 20 March 2011). 138. ‘CNN Apologizes to the Chinese People for Its Commentator's Offensive Remarks’, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://be.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t453830.htm (accessed 20 March 2011), 2. 139. Liu, ‘Restless Chinese Nationalist Currents in the 1980s and the 1990s’; Song, China Can Say No. 140. ‘100,000 Security Forces on Alert For Olympics’, CNN, 6 August 2008, http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-06/world/olympics.security_1_security-forces-olympic-venues-security-measures?_s=PM:WORLD (accessed 20 March 2011). 141. Yu Tian, Fei Cheng, and Jing Wu. Terrorists in Xinjiang Were Arrested by the Police, Guangzhou Daily, 11 April 2008. 142. Jim Yardley and Jake Hooker, ‘Recent Incidents Add to China's Edginess About Terror’, The New York Times, 9 March 2008. 143. Tian, Cheng, and Wu, Terrists in Xinjiang Were Arrested by the Police. 144. ‘Terrorist Plot Suspected in Violent Attack on Police in West China's Xinjiang’, People's Daily, 4 August 2008. 145. Edward Cody, Maureen Fan and Jill Drew, ‘A Spectacular Opening to the 29th Olympiad’, Washington Post, 9 August 2008. 146. ‘Bomb Threat on China-Bound Flight’, Sky, http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Bomb-Threat-Forces-Air-China-plane-to-return-to-Japan-airport/Article/200808215073673 (accessed 20 March 2011), 4. 147. ‘100,000 Security Forces on Alert For Olympics’. 148. Peter Foster, ‘Beijing Olympics: Tight Security ‘Has Its Limitations’, The Daily Telegraph, 9 August 2008. 149. ‘100,000 Security Forces on Alert For Olympics’. 150. Martin Zhou, ‘Beijing Deploys Anti-Aircraft Missiles’, South China Morning Post, 23 June 2008. 151. ‘The Cost Of the Beijing Olympics’, The Guardian, 28 July 2008. 152. Xinyu Zhou and Haiyan Geng, ‘State Leaders Attended the Beijing Olympics’, World News Post, 30 July 2008. 153. Kevin Garside, ‘Light Fantastic: China's Opening Ceremony Thrills the Watching World’, The Daily Telegraph, 8 August 2008 154. Zhuodan Bian and Yanna Le, ‘The Arrangement Of World Leaders Seats’, New News, http://www.china.com.cn/news/local/2009-09/03/content_18460485.htm (accessed 23 March 2011). 155. Ibid. 156. `Full text of toast by President Hu at welcoming luncheon for Beijing Olympics', http://english.gov.cn/2008-08/09/content_1068161.htm (accessed 23 March 2011), 6. 157. Xinhua News, ‘Beijing Olympics also grand for China's diplomacy’, HighBeam Reseach, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17066253.html (accessed 23 March 2011), 4. 158. Ibid, 2. 159. Jane Macartney, ‘Olympics: The Power and the Glory - China Leaves World Awestruck’, The Times, 9 August 2008 160. Janice Lloyd, ‘China Opens Olympics With Fireworks, Pageantry’, USA TODAY, http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/beijing/2008-08-08-opening-ceremony_N.htm (accessed 26 March 2011). 161. Ibid, 12. 162. Macartney, ‘Olympics: The Power and the Glory - China Leaves World Awestruck’. 163. Lloyd, ‘China Opens Olympics With Fireworks, Pageantry’. 164. Ibid, 18. 165. Qi Liu, ‘Full Text of Speech by Liu Qi at the Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony’, People, http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/7637055.html (accessed 26 March 2011), 2. 166. Jacques Rogge, ‘Full Text of Speech by IOC President Rogge at Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony’, Xinhua News, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/08/content_9061065.htm (accessed 27 March 2011), 3. 167. Ibid. 168. Jun Liu, ‘Li Ning Lighted the Olympic Flame’, Qilu Evening Post, 8 August 2008. 169. Edward Cody, Maureen Fan and Jill Drew, `A Spectacular Opening to the 29th Olympiad', Washington Post, 9 August 2008. 170. Leigh Holmwood, ‘Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony Pulls in Record Audience in US’, The Guardian, 11 August 2008. 171. Mike Downey, ‘China's Dazzling Place Setting’, Chicago Tribune, 9 August 2008. 172. Ibid. 173. Matthew Engel, ‘China Reigns on Its Parade’, Los Angeles Times, 8 August 2008. 174. Ben English, ‘Beijing Sets the Games Alight With Spectacular Opening Ceremony’, The Daily Telegraph, 9 August 2008. 175. AFP, ‘Press Hails “Greatest Ever” Olympic Opening Show’, AFP. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibNAUAq-kZNOy3LmO9HAI2cN-smg (accessed 28 March 2011), 1. 176. Macartney, ‘Olympics: The Power and the Glory - China Leaves World Awestruck’. 177. Richard Williams, ‘Patriot Games: China Makes Its Point With Greatest Show’, The Guardian, 9 August 2008. 178. Garside, ‘Light Fantastic: China's Opening Ceremony Thrills the Watching World’. 179. Xuemei Yang, ‘Tear Down the Wall and Build a Bridge’, People, http://opinion.people.com.cn/GB/8213/50661/50665/7604026.html (accessed 28 March 2011), 11. 180. Xinning Lu, ‘Touch the Real China’, People, http://2008.people.com.cn/GB/128225/128442/7632908.html (accessed 28 March 2011), 4. 181. Christopher Clarey, ‘China Fulfills Its Wish for Olympic Domination’, The New York Times, 24 August 2008. 182. By the end of 2008, China became the second largest economy in the world after that of the United States with a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$7.8 trillion when measured on a purchasing power parity basis. 183. Xin Zhang, ‘The Chinese National Squad Made 1.3 Billion People Feel Proud’, China Sports Daily. 30 March 2009. 184. Dyreson, ‘Reading American Readings of Beijing 2008’. 185. Huel Washington, ‘Hold Your Head Up, High, USA! USA!’, San Francisco Sun Reporter, 28 August 2008. 186. Amy Shipley, ‘China's Show of Power’, The Washington Post, 25 August 2008.
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