The converso Origins of the Sevillian Dramatist Diego Jiménez de Enciso
1990; Liverpool University Press; Volume: 67; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/1475382902000367129
ISSN1469-3550
Autores Tópico(s)Early Modern Spanish Literature
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Emilio Cotarelo y Mori, 'Don Diego Jiménez de Enciso y su teatro', Boletín de la Real Academia Española, I (1914), 208–48, 385–415, 510–50. 2. Emilio Cotarelo y Mori, 'Don Diego Jiménez de Enciso y su teatro', Boletín de la Real Academia Española, I (1914), 216. The original accusations against the Encisos were made in 1621 in the pruebas of Juan de Aranda y Zamora, a cousin of the dramatist and the first member of the family to apply for membership in a Military Order. Cotarelo did not consult the Aranda pruebas. 3. The pruebas studied in this article can be found in Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid (hereafter AHN), Ordenes militares, Pruebas de Santiago, expediente 4205, year 1624, Pedro Jiménez de Enciso y Zúñiga; ibid., year 1626, Pedro Jiménez de Enciso y Luque; exped. 4207, year 1633, Diego Jiménez de Enciso y Zúñiga; exped. 518, year 1628, Juan de Aranda y Valenzuela; exped. 518 bis, year 1621, Juan de Aranda y Zamora. 4. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, expeds. 4207, 4205; Cotarelo, Diego Jiménez de Enciso, 216. 5. Cotarelo does not give his date of death. A document from the Sevillian archives provides the exact date—14 December 1583. Archivo General de Indias, Seville (hereafter AGI), Contratación, leg. 223. For his participation in the transatlantic trade, see, for example, Archivo de Protocolos, Seville (hereafter APS), 21 August 1580, Oficio VIII, Libro III, Alonso de Cívico, fol. 162; ibid., 5 November 1580, Oficio VIII, Libro IV, Alonso de Cívico, fol. 375. 6. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, expeds. 4205, 4207. For the converso practice of changing their names, see Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Los judeoconversos en España y América (Madrid: Ediciones Ismo, 1971), 227. Ana de Santa Ana Merino usually appears in the documents without the Merino name. 7. AGI, Contratación, leg. 223. The other children were Gonzalo, and Andrés Jiménez de Enciso, 22 and 18 years old respectively, and Maria de Carabantes, a nun in the convent of Nuestra Señora de la Paz in Seville; Cotarelo, Diego Jiménez de Enciso, 216. 8. For the role of the conversos in the Sevillian city government, see Ruth Pike, Aristocrats and Traders: Sevillian Society in the Sixteenth Century (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1972), ch. 2; Francisco Márquez Villanueva, 'Conversos y cargos concejiles en el siglo XVI', Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, LXIII (1957), 503–10. 9. His first wife Mariana de León must have died sometime between 14 December 1583 and 1 October 1584, and a son Pedro from this marriage was deceased by 1599. See AGI, Contratación, leg. 223; Cotarelo, Diego Jiménez de Enciso, 217. 10. One of the daughters, María Jiménez de Enciso y Zúñiga was destined to continue the direct line of the Encisos by marrying her uncle Captain Pedro Jiménez de Enciso. Cotarelo mistakenly assumed that Pedro must have pursued a military career, but documents from the Archivo General de Indias clearly indicate that he was a sea captain in the carrera de Indias. He is first mentioned in 1611 as master of the ship Nuestra Señora de los Remedios and his name appears regularly as master and owner of several other ships until his death in 1623. See Pierre and Huguette Chaunu, Séville et l'Atlantique; 1504 à 1650, IV, V (Paris: A. Colin, 1956), years 1611, 1614–1623; Cotarelo, Diego Jiménez de Enciso, 218. 11. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 518 bis. The evidence for the converso origin of Juan de Aranda y Zamora was so substantial that the case was left pending and he died before it could be resolved. 12. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 518 bis. The evidence for the converso origin of Juan de Aranda y Zamora was so substantial that the case was left pending and he died before it could be resolved., expeds. 518,518 bis, 4205; APS, 3 March 1580, Oficio XVI, Libro I, cuaderno suelto, Registro núm. XV, Juan Rodríguez de la Torre, fol. 390; ibid., 21 May, Oficio XV, Libro I, cuaderno suelto, Registro núm. XLVI, Juan Rodríguez de la Torre, fol. 1096. 13. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 4205. 14. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, expeds. 4205, 518 bis. Under the terms of these agreements, the king returned to those penanced and condemned by the Inquisition, or their heirs, all confiscated property that had been seized from them up to that date in return for large contributions to the royal treasury. They also received the privilege of going to and trading with the Indies, forbidden to all reconciliados. See Henry Charles Lea, History of the Inquisition in Spain, II (New York: Macmillan, 1906), 357; Claudio Guillén, 'Un padrón de conversos sevillanos (1510)', Bulletin Hispanique, LXV (1963), 50–51. 15. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, expeds. 4205, 518. The Jewish quarter of Seville was located alongside the Alcázar. It disappeared in 1391 as a result of attacks on its inhabitants. The parishes of Santa Cruz, Santa María la Blanca and San Bartolomé took its place. See Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, Historia de Sevilla: La ciudad medieval, 1248–1492 (Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 1976), 518. 16. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, expeds. 4205, 518 bis. 17. Guillén, 'Un padrón de conversos', 92. 18. José Gestoso y Pérez, Ensayo de un diccionario de los artífices que florecieron en Sevilla desde el siglo XIII al XVII inclusive, II (Seville: En la oficina de la Andalucía Moderna, 1900), 335. 19. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, expeds. 4205, 518 bis; APS, 22 October 1526, Oficio I, Libro II, Alonso de la Barrera, fol. 591v. It was also claimed that both Juan de Jerez and his wife Ana Díaz were descendants of the Benadevas, one of whose members was involved in the converso conspiracy of 1480 against the Inquisition in Seville and who was burnt at the stake along with the other conspirators. See Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos, I (Seville: J. M. Geofrin, 1870), ch. 44, 129–30. 20. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 518. 21. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 4205. Pedro Jiménez de Enciso y Luque was the son of Damián Jiménez de Enciso, a cloth merchant. His mother Isabel de Valdelomar y Luque also came from a family of cloth merchants. According to the witnesses, the Luques had the reputation of being conversos and the names of their ancestors were included in the Sevillian composiciones. At the time of the inquiry, Pedro held the post of veinticuatro in the Sevillian municipal council and his name can be found among those of the principal transatlantic shippers. See AGI, Indiferente, legs. 757, 759. 22. Specifically, the pruebas of the dramatist's nephew Pedro Jiménez de Enciso y Zúñiga and those of a second cousin Juan de Aranda y Valenzuela. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 4205, year 1624; ibid., exped. 518, year 1628. 23. Seville had a reputation for such abuses. By 1654 the situation had become so alarming that the Council of the Orders opened a full-scale investigation of the situation. See Domínguez Ortiz, Los judeoconversos, 230. 24. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 4205. Two of those who testified for Pedro Jiménez de Enciso y Zúñiga were the poets Juan Antonio del Alcázar and his son Melchor del Alcázar (the nephew and grandnephew, respectively, of the better known Sevillian poet Baltasar del Alcázar) who, given their own converso origin, could be counted on to hide the background of the Encisos. For the Alcázars, see Pike, Aristocrats and Traders, ch. 2. 25. There is no evidence to support the claim that Enciso became a member of the Order of Santiago as is stated in Vern G. Williamsen, The Minor Dramatists of Seventeenth-Century Spain (Boston: Twayne, 1982), 63. Why the dramatist did not try to obtain a hábito for himself is a matter of speculation. In the opinion of Cotarelo and Juliá Martínez, he was simply a generous and doting uncle. It might be suggested that because of his position he did not want to subject himself to an investigation that could humiliate him. See Cotarelo, Diego Jiménez de Enciso, 233, 242; Diego Jiménez de Enciso, El Encubierto y Juan Latino, ed. Eduardo Juliá Martínez (Madrid: Real Academia Española, 1951), viii. 26. AHN, Pruebas de Santiago, exped. 4205. 27. In Seville, the House of Medina Sidonia especially solicited and received the support of the conversos in their struggles with their rivals, the Ponces, and ultimately became their protectors. In 1465, for example, when the Sevillian masses rose up against the conversos and tried to kill them and seize their property, the Duke of Medina Sidonia and his followers armed themselves and drove off the attackers. The jealousy of the Ponces and the wealth of the conversos were among the causes of the uprising in Seville during the revolt of the Comuneros, 1520–1521. Once again the anti-converso forces were defeated because of the armed intervention of the Duke of Medina Sidonia. See Juan de Mata Carriazo, Los anales de Garci Sánchez jurado de Sevilla, in Anales de la Universidad Hispalense, XV (1953), 52. 28. For a discussion of the conflict, see Antonio Domínguez Ortiz and Francisco Aguilar y Piñal, Historia de Sevilla: el Barroco y la Ilustración (Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 1976), 92–93. 29. Francisco Rodríguez Marín, Nuevos datos para las biografías de cien escritores de los siglos XVI y XVII (Madrid: Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1923), 422–25. 30. Francisco Rodríguez Marín, Nuevos datos para las biografías de cien escritores de los siglos XVI y XVII (Madrid: Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1923), 424–25; Cotarelo, Diego Jiménez de Enciso, 236–44. 31. Cotarelo, Diego Jiménez de Enciso, 241, 246–47.
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