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Broken Symmetries

1962; American Institute of Physics; Volume: 127; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1103/physrev.127.965

1536-6065

Jeffrey Goldstone, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg,

Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies

Some proofs are presented of Goldstone's conjecture, that if there is continuous symmetry transformation under which the Lagrangian is invariant, then either the vacuum state is also invariant under the transformation, or there must exist spinless particles of zero mass.