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Outcome issues in ADHD: Adolescent and adult long‐term outcome

1999; Wiley; Volume: 5; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1999)5

1098-2779

Sara Ingram, Lily Hechtman, Gert Morgenstern,

Cognitive Functions and Memory

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research ReviewsVolume 5, Issue 3 p. 243-250 Outcome issues in ADHD: Adolescent and adult long-term outcome Sara Ingram, Corresponding Author Sara Ingram McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of Child Psychiatry, Hyperactivity Program, Montreal Children's Hospital, 4018 Ste. Catherine Street West, Westmount, Quebec H3Z 1P2, Canada.Search for more papers by this authorLily Hechtman, Lily Hechtman Montreal Children's Hospital, Child Psychiatry, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorGert Morgenstern, Gert Morgenstern Douglas Hospital, Psychiatry, Verdun, Quebec, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author Sara Ingram, Corresponding Author Sara Ingram McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDepartment of Child Psychiatry, Hyperactivity Program, Montreal Children's Hospital, 4018 Ste. Catherine Street West, Westmount, Quebec H3Z 1P2, Canada.Search for more papers by this authorLily Hechtman, Lily Hechtman Montreal Children's Hospital, Child Psychiatry, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorGert Morgenstern, Gert Morgenstern Douglas Hospital, Psychiatry, Verdun, Quebec, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 August 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:3 3.0.CO;2-DCitations: 74AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract This article outlines the value and limitations of the research in the area of long-term outcome of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It examines the natural progression of the disorder, and the factors affecting outcome. Early research findings since the 1960s have focused on ADHD primarily as a childhood disorder. More recently, a number of researchers have tracked Patients with ADHD longitudinally. These studies have been able to chart the natural progression of this disorder, ascertaining its continued presence in adolescence and adulthood, as well as to identify stable predictors of outcome. Results of long-term follow-up studies showed that in adolescence, most patients (70%–80%) continue to show symptoms of the disorder and continue to meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. In adulthood, many patients continue to be symptomatic (60%), but fewer meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Research in this area is plagued by a number of methodological difficulties. In addition to the reclassification of the disorder over the years, differences in study designs have made it difficult to replicate key findings. Despite these difficulties, a number of consistent findings have been documented. The core symptoms of hyperactivity–impulsivity tend to decrease over time, although inattention may persist. Additional difficulties resulting from secondary problems often develop in later life. These difficulties include low self-esteem, poor academic performance, and poor interpersonal skills. Antisocial behavior and substance abuse in late adolescence and adulthood are important problems in some of these patients. The prognosis for these patients is influenced by the severity of symptoms, comorbidity, I.Q., family situation such as parental pathology, family adversity, socioeconomic status, and treatment. Treatment, particularly stimulant medication, can be helpful in the short term for these patients, but the long-term impact of treatment is unclear. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:243–250. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Citing Literature Volume5, Issue3Special Issue: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1999Pages 243-250 RelatedInformation