Juan Pérez de Pineda (Pierius): a Spanish Calvinist minister of the Gospel in sixteenth-century Geneva
1976; Liverpool University Press; Volume: 53; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/1475382762000353283
ISSN1469-3550
Autores Tópico(s)Early Modern Spanish Literature
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeBSS Subject Index: BIBLE/BIBLIACALVINISMERASMUS [DESIDERIUS] (1469?–1536)HERESY/HERETICSRELIGION — HISTORYTRANSLATION/TRANSLATIONS — THEORY & PRACTICECALVIN, JOHN (1509–1564)PÉREZ DE PINEDA, JUAN (before 1510?–1567)RELIGION [AS LITERARY, CULTURAL & IDEOLOGICAL THEME] Notes 1. Benjamin B. Wiffen and Luis de Usoz y Río produced twenty volumes of Reformistas antiguos españoles (=RAE), rescuing from obscurity seven of Pérez's works. After Wiffen's death, Eduard Boehmer edited his papers as Bibliotheca Wiffeniana, 3 vols. (London/Strassburg 1883–1904) (=BW). Of the many editions of M. Menéndez Pelayo, Historia de los heterodoxos españoles (Madrid 1880–81), references here are to one printed in Buenos Aires in 1945. 2. This article is basically a presentation of that part of my Ph.D. thesis which concerns Juan Pérez de Pineda, with the addition of some material discovered later. That thesis, ‘Three Spanish Reformers of the Sixteenth Century: Juan Pérez, Cassiodoro de Reina, Cipriano de Valera’ (unpublished University of Sheffield 1971), contains a detailed analysis and examination of all Pérez's known works (199–279), and a finding-list of extant copies (472ff). 3. J. A. Llorente, Historia critica de la Inquisición de España, 10 vols. (Madrid 1822). 4. E. H. J. Schafer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus (Gütersloh 1902) (=Schäfer), I, 350, II, 292; RAE, II, iii; J. I. Tellechea Idígoras, ‘Españoles en Lovaina 1551–8’, Revista española de teología, XXIII (1964), 41. 5. See notes 55 & 88 below; also BW, II, 57; Llorente, IV, 266. 6. Llorente, IV, 266; BW, II, 57. 7. Heterodoxos, V, 140. 8. BW, II, 58f; A. de Valdés, Diálogo de las cosas ocurridas en Roma (Clásicos castellanos) (Madrid 1956), xxxiiiff. 9. RAE, II, viii; J. A. Pellicer, Ensayo de una bibliotheca de traductores españoles (Madrid 1778), 120; Llorente, IV, 265; J. Pérez, Los Psalmos de David, title page; J. Pérez, Sumario breve de doctrina, title page. 10. In Juan de Ávila, Obras completas, ed. L. Sala Balust & F. M. Hernández (Madrid 1970), V, 48–56, it is pointed out that John of Ávila apparently had books by Luther and his followers, that he claimed as martyrs people condemned by the Inquisition, and that he had preached successfully in Seville and Écija, two places strongly affected by the evangelical movement, and which produced both their Protestant fugitives and martyrs. Also given is John's letter to García Arias, superior of San Isidro of Seville, which became a hot-bed of ‘Lutheranism’. See also L. Sala Balust, ‘Vicisitudes del “Audi, filia”’, Hispania Sacra, III (1950), 69–75; BW, II, 60; Llorente, IV, 265. 11. M. Bataillon, Erasmo y España 2 (Mexico 1966), 84f; R. Gonsalvius Montanus, Sanctae Inquisitionis hispanicae artes (Heidelberg 1567), 256–74, 281; E. H. J. Schäfer, ‘Sevilla und Valladolid: die evangelischen Gemeinden Spaniens im Reformationszeitalter’, Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte, LXXVIII (1903) (=S & V), 8f; Schäfer, II, 372; C. de Valera, Dos Tratados 2 (London 1599), 204; Heterodoxos, V, 84f; Llorente, IV, 80ff. 12. Heterodoxos, V, 86; Erasmo y España 2, 526; Llorente, IV, 81–86. 13. Heterodoxos, V, 89; Llorente, IV, 79, 265. 14. BW, II, 10f; Erasmo y España 2, 527f; S & V, 6f. 15. BW, II, 14; Heterodoxos, V, 140; J. Hazañas y la Rua, Maese Rodrigo (Seville 1909), 427; W. MacFadden, ‘Life and Works of Antonio del Corro’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University of Belfast 1953), 16; T. McCrie, Works II: Reformation in Spain (London 1856), 132; Llorente, IV, 237ff, 247f. 16. Schäfer, II, 355, 371f; ‘Españoles en Lovaina’, 45; A. G. Kinder, ‘Juan Morillo: Catholic Theologian at Trent, Calvinist Elder in Frankfurt’, Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance (=BHR), XXXVIII (1976), 347–48. 17. Heterodoxos, V, 116; Erasmo y España 2, 527. 18. ‘Españoles en Lovaina’, 34–35 passim. 19. Schäfer, I, 262. 20. ‘Españoles en Lovaina’, 45. 21. ibid., 35, 40; further evidence of this is seen in the prayer-book printed by the refugee French Church in Frankfurt, where the names of Morillo, Luis del Castillo, and Diego de la Cruz are printed as elders of the church, Liturgia Sacra, sev ritvs ministerij in Ecclesia peregrinorum Francofordiae ad Moenium (Frankfurt 1554), 92, second edition (Frankfurt 1555), 112. 22. Corpus Reformatorum (=CR), XLIV, 278, letter 2529. 23. Catechismo. A saber es formulario para instruyr los mochachos en la Christiandad: Hecho a manera de Dialogo, donde el Ministro de la Yglesia pregunta, y el mochacho responde. Transladado de Frances en Español; BW, II, 43–48. 24. F. Fournier-Marcigny, Genève au XVI me siècle (Geneva 1942), 78f. Later on, after doctrinal troubles had broken out in the Italian congregation, Italians and Spaniards were required to make further declarations of a most explicit Trinitarian kind; O. Grosheintz, L'Église italienne à Genève (Lausanne 1904), 88f; CR XXXVII (Opera Calvini, IX), 384f. 25. Beza, Icones (Geneva 1580), fol. I, i, iij. 26. E. Droz, ‘Note sur les impressions genevoises transportées par Hernández’, BHR, XXII (1962), 123. 27. Heterodoxos, V, 141; J. B. Glaire, Introduction historique et critique aux livres de l'ancien et du nouveau Testament (Paris 1839), I, 301; H. T. Marroquín, Versiones castellanas de la Biblia (Mexico City 1959), 26, 35, 115, 149; ‘Españoles en Lovaina’, 31. 28. P. N. Tablante Garrido, ‘Del Nuevo Testamento traducido por el Doctor Juan Pérez’, Humanidades, III-IV (Mérida, Venezuela 1959), 6f: e.g., from p. 1: ‘Gen. 21.a; 25.c; 29.d; 38.g; 46.b; I Par. 2.b; 3.b; Ruth 4.d; 2 Sam. 12.f’. The Ferrara Bible was in fact the only Spanish version of the Old Testament yet in print; its chapters were not so divided. 29. Beza, loc. cit.: F. de Schickler, Les Églises du Refuge en Angleterre (Paris 1892), III, 74–77: ‘Lequel [Pérez] avoit recueilli ausmosnes de diverses personnes jusques à la somme de mil escuz environ’. 30. Tablante Garrido, 15; E. Droz, 122–24. 31. BW, II, 78; J. E. Longhurst, ‘Julián Hernández, Protestant Martyr’, BHR—Travaux et Documents, XXII (1960), 90–118. 32. BW, II, 87; G. Bonnant, ‘Ouvrages en langue espagnole imprimés à Genève’, BHR, XXIV (1962), 52. 33. This word is here used in a sense that nowadays is secondary to the main meaning of ‘Christendom’. It is so used commonly by several of the émigré Protestant Spaniards. 34. J. C. Nieto, Juan de Valdés and the Origins of the Spanish and Italian Reformation (Geneva 1970), 6; O. Ortolani, Per la storia della vita religiosa italiana net cinquecento. Pietro Camesecchi (Florence 1963), 251ff; Pérez's preface, 14. 35. E. Droz, 124; Pérez's preface, 15. 36. Although Menéndez Pelayo (Heterodoxos, V, 142f) does not really credit Pérez with the capacity to translate Hebrew (or Greek), he praised the style highly ‘si es original’. The only version of the Psalms in Spanish in print at the time was that of the Ferrara Bible. In view of his possession of Valdés's New Testament commentaries, it is possible that he knew also the latter's translation of the Psalms. Comparison of Pérez's version with both of these reveals no clear dependence on either. 37. The full Italian text of this pamphlet is given by E. Droz, ‘Note sur les impressions genevoises’; the complete Spanish version is reprinted in Longhurst, ‘Julián Hernández’, and RAE, III. For the authorship, see BW, II, 103; Droz, art. cit., 126; Longhurst, art. cit., 99, 109. 38. A. G. Kinder & E. M. Wilson, ‘The Cambridge copy of the Imagen del Antechristo’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, VI (1974), 192–93. The form ‘Antechristo’ was in general use amongst Spanish Protestants, and was perhaps influenced by the French ‘Antéchrist’. 39. The books carried by Julianillo become evident from the edict of 17 August 1559, which, according to Llorente, IV, 266, prohibited, ‘1o. La Biblia sagrada, traducida en legua castellana; 2o. Catecismo, impreso en Venecia por Pedro Daniel, año 1556; 3o. Los Salmos de David, en castellano, impresos allí año 1557; 4o. Sumario de la doctrina cristiana, impresa en la misma imprenta’. 40. CR, XLIV, entry 2538. 41. R. McC. Kingdon & J.-F. Bergier, Registre de la Compagnie des Pasteurs de Genève (Geneva 1964), II, 69; H.-L. Schlaepfer, ‘Laurent de Normandie’, Aspects de la propagande religieuse (Geneva 1957), 177–230; BW, I, 65f; J. G. Hottinger, Helvetischer Kirchen-Geschichte (Zurich 1728), 827; K. Bauer, ‘Die Beziehungen Calvins zu Frankfurt a.M.’, Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte, XXXVIII (1920), 1–76. 42. F.-T.-L. Grenus, Fragmens biographiques et historiques (Geneva 1815), 23; P.-E. Henry, Dos Leben Johann Calvins (Hamburg 1844), III, 417. 43. CR, XLIV, entries 2538–39. 44. ‘Die Beziehungen Calvins’, 46; Henry, III, 417, 420. 45. Longhurst, ‘Julián Hernández’, 93–112; BW, II, 77; J. Crespin, Histoire des vrays Tesmoins (Geneva 1570), fol. 543; Schäfer, II, 291. 46. BW, I, 65; J. P. Fresenius, Kirchen-Geschichte von denen Reformirten in Franckfurt am Mayn (Frankfurt 1751), 121; CR, XLV (Opera Calvini, XVII), col. 198f. 47. MacFadden, 241; Schickler, III, 74–77. 48. Colección de documentos inéditos, V, 399f; BW, II, 89; MacFadden, 42; ‘Españoles en Lovaina’, 22, 40. 49. RAE, XII, preface. 50. The Temple St Germain is right in the centre of the old city of Geneva, not far from the Town Hall, and is at present in use by the Old Catholic community. Kingdon & Bergier, II, 91, 137; Grenus, 24; J. B. G. Galiffe, Le Refuge italien de Genève (Geneva 1881), 169; Livre du Conseil des Affaires de la Ville [Geneva] 1557–58, Vol. 54 RC, fol. 302r. 51. Revealed by Angelus Victorius Sardus in a deposition regarding the morals of Cassiodoro de Reina in Frankfurt City Archives, Sammelband Kirchendokumente B Französisch-reformierte Gemeinde 195, fol. 601. The whole of the documents concerning the case of Cassiodoro de Reina have been published in Appendix III of my book, Casiodoro de Reina, Spanish Reformer of the Sixteenth Century (London 1975), 99–112. 52. Bonnant, 52–54. Sleidanus's book has the title, Joannis Sleidani orationes duae. Una ad Carolum Quintum Caesarem: Altera ad Germaniae Principes omneis [sic], ac ordines Imperij. 53. RAE, XII, 3f; Usoz and Wiffen thought that the Spanish was an original work produced by Francisco de Enzinas; Boehmer, BW, II, 68, suggested translation from the Latin; Bonnant, 55, opts for a translation from French. In any case Pérez edited the text by introducing chapter-headings. 54. BW, II, 46f; Bonnant, 55f. 55. A. G. Kinder, ‘Cipriano de Valera, Spanish Reformer’, BHS, XLVI (1969), 117. 56. BW, II, 75; Geneva City Archives, Livre du Conseil RC 1560–62, fol. 15r. 57. BW, II, 62, 92–96; it was reprinted as RAE, VII. 58. BW, II, 93; Bonnant, 56; G. Bonnant, ‘Nouvelle note sur les imprimés genevois en langue espagnole’, BHR, XXVII (1965), 319. 59. Livre du Conseil RC 56, fol. 31r, 35r. 60. Usoz's copy seems to have vanished somewhere in the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. Wiffen's copy, which has bound up with it his manuscript notes, is in Wadham College, Oxford. The work was reprinted as RAE, XVIII. 61. An excelent comfort to all Christians, against all kinds of calamities: No lesse comfortable then pleasant, pithy, and profitable: Compendiously compiled by Juan Perez, a faithful servant of god, a Spaniard (in Spanish) and now translated into English by John Daniel, of Clements Inne, with divers adicions by him collected and thereunto annexed (London 1576). 62. BW, II, 51; RAE, XVIII, 38; Bonnant, 52; Bonnant, ‘Nouvelle note’, 320f. 63. Jehovah. A free pardon with many Graces therein conteyned, graunted to all Christians by our most Holy and reverent Father God almightie the principal high Priest and Bishoppe in Heaven and Earth: First written in the Spanish tounge, and there published by a Spaniard unknowen, (yet as it seemeth) the servant of our said Holy Father. And now Translated into the mother English tounge by John Daniel of Clements Inne (London 1576). 64. See note 53 above. 65. François le Gay de Boisnormand had been sent as minister to Béam by Calvin on 14 October 1557 (CR, XXI, col. 674). As the religious situation eased, Navarre was continually asking for ministers from Geneva (CR, XIX, col. 146f). CR, XVIII, col. 56f, entry 3182 (quoting Cod. Genev. 109, fol. 213). 66. Geneva Archives, Registre du Conseil R 17 (1560), fol. 100r; BW, II, 74f. 67. S & V, 58; Livre du Conseil RC 56, fol. 215r; Geneva, Registre miscellané bibl. msts. 59, fol. 364f (quoted by BW, II, 75). 68. [Beza?], L'histoire ecclésiastique des églises réformées (Antwerp 1580), II, 279; BW, II, 69; list of Protestant ministers in France dated c. 1567 given in Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme francais (=BSHPF), IX (1850), 296. 69. French Protestant Church, Soho Square, Actes du Consistoire de l'Eglise de Threadneedle Street, 1565, fol. 297f, 304; Publications of the Huguenot Society, XXXVIII, 110, 112. 70. MacFadden, 212f. 71. MacFadden, 212f. . 72. ‘Documents inédits et originaux’, BSHPF, L (1901), 211. 73. C. Sepp, Geschiedkundige Nasporinge (Leyden 1872), III, 99; MacFadden, 219f. 74. The items giving this information are found in Turin Archives, Fondo Savoia-Nemours, vol. 208, and, although some were noted by MacFadden in his thesis, others were discovered by me, and none have previously been published. They are therefore reproduced here.art. 57 (année 1564) Compte premier de Jehan du Pays. Octobre-decembre 1564:fol. [unnumbered]r-[November 1564]A monsieur pierius ministre espagnol sen retournant a M[ontargis?] en don par comandement de Madame iiiite s[ols] t[oumois] pour payer le louage de ses chevaulxx lb iii s ts[10 livres 3 sols tournois]fol. [unnumbered]r-[November 1564]A monsieur pierius ministre espagnol sen retournant a M[ontargis?] de la ville de Baugency* ou estoit lors Madame iiij escus ordonnez par madite dame luy estre bailly pour les distribuer aux pauures dudit M[ontargis?] .. .. .. .. .. .. x lz xbi s ts [?10 livres 16 sols tournois]art. 35 [année 1565) Compte deuxieme de Jehan du Pays:fol. 5r [summary of accounts]Mr. Jehan pierius ministre .. .. .. .. .. .. ijc ls ts [200 livres tournois]Mr. Anth de belleriue** aussi ministre pour luy et sa femme .. iiic ls ts [300 livres tournois] fol. 20r [January 1565] A Mr. Jehan pierius ministre la somme de deux cent livres tournoy A luy ordonne par Madite dame en sondit estat pour ses gauges dans lannée da vant compte somme par sa quitance ay rendue appart pource ay ladite somme deijc ls ts [200 livres tournois] fol. 40r [February 1565] A Monsr J Pierius ministre et Mr Targuier Ducereau* * * La somme de cent liures ts pour distribuer aux pauures necessiteulx et Indigents de Montargis ay ladite somme de jc ls ts [100 livres tournois] fol. 56r [March 1565] A ung espagnol recommande p Monsr Pierius ministre la somme de six escus pistolletz desguelzMadame luy auoit faict don ay … xiiii 1 ts xiiii s ts [14 livres 14 sols tournois]fol. 128r September 1565 A ung pauure marchand du pays de brabant nomme Jehan de lespagne Recommande p Monsr pierius iiiite s ts [40 sols tournois] ordonnez par Madame luy estoit donnez en donx lb iii s ts [10 livres 3 sols tournois] [In a bundle of unnumbered receipts enclosed with the 1565 accounts] En la p[rese]nce de moy Francois chesneau Serviteur officier de Madame Renee de France douariaire de ferare et duchesse de Char[tres] Mr Jehan pierius ministre de lad[ite] dame A confesse et confesse Avoir eu et Receu comptant de Mr Jehan du pays Tresorier et payeur des gauges des gentilshomes dames demoyselles et officiers domesticques dela maison de mad[ite] dame la Somme de deux cents liures t[ournois] a luy ordonnes par lad[ite] dame en son estat pour ses gauges dã lannee commencant Le premier jour de Januyer et finissant le d[erni]er Jour de Decembre ensuyuant mil 6c soixante cinq Delaquelle somme de ijc ls ts Ledit Pierius sest tenu et tient pour entier et bien paye et en a quite et quite lad[ite]dame Icelluy Du Pays Tresorier susd[it] et tous autres Tesmoing mon seing manuel ay mys a sa requeste le xx 6e jour de Decembre lan mil 6c soixante cing.[signed] Chesneau.It is unfortunate that Pérez did not sign with his own hand, since there seems to be no extant specimen of his handwriting, and this would have provided one.*Beaugency, between Blois and Orleans. **Antoine de Bellerive was the French pseudonym of Antoniodel Corro. * * *An architect in Renée's service. 75. ‘Lettres de divers à Renée de France’, BSHPF, XXX (1871), 452. 76. E. Boehmer, ‘Ein Brief von Cassiodoro de Reyna’, Romanische Studien, IV (1879), 483–86. 77. This date is strange, in view of the date on the letter to the Bishop of London (below), and the statement in it that Pérez died in 1567, which seems to be the correct date. ‘Lettres de divers à Renée de France’, 456f. 78. Beza, Icones, fol. I, i, iij: ‘ex calcudo [sic] decessit’, a misprint for ‘calculo’. Boehmer, BW, II, 70, tries to argue that this means merely ‘he died’. The French version of Beza's book, made very soon afterwards (Vrays pourtraits [Geneva 1581]) says, however, ‘mourut de la gravelle à Paris’. 79. Schickler, III, 74f. 80. Schickler, III, 75. 81. BW, II, 70, 84f; ‘Ein Brief von Cassiodoro’, 483f. 82. Archivo General de Simancas, K1509, B22, ‘Del herege Marcos Perez al Español que imprimia la biblia en Paris’; MacFadden, 244f; A. Bernus, Un laïque du seizième siècle: Marc Pérez (Lausanne 1895), 42f. 83. J. H. Hessels, Ecclesiae Londino-Bataviae Archivum (Cambridge 1889), III, 44. 84. Heterodoxos, V, 142f. 85. Heterodoxos, V, 142. 86. Heterodoxos, V, 143. 87. Heterodoxos, V, 148. 88. Heterodoxos, V, 145; Urbanus Regius was a Zwinglian at the time of writing the original work. To call him a Lutheran, therefore, reveals a strange lack of awareness; all the more so to call Pérez a Lutheran for a Calvinist expansion of a Zwinglian work! It is true that Regius later became a Lutheran.
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