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Sun motifs in sixteenth-century Spanish religious poetry

1978; Liverpool University Press; Volume: 55; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/1475382782000355211

1469-3550

M. Louise Salstad,

Historical and Literary Analyses

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeBSS Subject Index: ALDANA, FRANCISCO DE (1537–1578)CÓRDOBA, SEBASTIÁN DE (fl. 16th cent.)IMAGERY/METAPHORJUAN DE LA CRUZ, SAN [ST JOHN OF THE CROSS] (1542–1591)LEÓN, FRAY LUIS DE (1527–1591)LÓPEZ DE ÚBEDA, JUAN (fl. 16th cent.)PADILLA, JUAN DE [EL CARTUJANO] (1468-1522?)RELIGION [AS LITERARY, CULTURAL & IDEOLOGICAL THEME]SPAIN — LITERATURE — GOLDEN AGE/16th–17th CENTURIES — POETRYSUN [AS LITERARY/CULTURAL THEME] Notes 1. Robert Ricard, Estudios de literatura religiosa española, trans. Manuel Muñoz Cortés (Madrid 1964), 259–60. 2. The sun was also frequently used in this period as a symbol of other sacred or supernatural figures, preeminently of the Virgin Mary, but an adequate treatment of such use would unduly lengthen this article. 3. According to Michel Darbord, La poésie religieuse espagnole des Rois Catholiques à Philippe II (Paris 1965), 444, although the Cancionero was not published until 1579 and the Vergel in 1582, many of these poems were doubtless written in the first half of the century. 4. To give just one example of a pagan source in whom one finds several of the motifs prominent in these poets, Pliny says of the sun in his Naturalis Historia (II.iv. 13), ‘ We must believe him to be the soul, or more precisely the mind, of the whole world, the supreme ruling principle and divinity of nature … He obscures and he illumines the rest of the stars, … he lends his light to the rest of the stars also; he is glorious and preeminent, all-seeing and even all-hearing. ‘ See translation by H. Rackham, 10 vols. (Cambridge, Mass. 1938–62). 5. Francesco Petrarca, Rime e trionfi, ed. Raffaello Ramat (Milano 1957), 449. 6. Pedro de Padilla, Églogas pastoriles de Pedro de Padilla y ivntamente con ellas algunos Sonetos del mismo Auctor (Seuilla 1582), f. 220. 7. Iuan Díaz Rengifo, Arte Poetica Española (Madrid 1606), 106. Iuan Díaz Rengifo was a pseudonym for the Jesuit Lucas Carrillo. 8. Plato, VII: Timaeus. Critias. Cleitiphon. Menexenus. Epistles, trans. Rev. R. G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library (New York 1929), 55. 9. Francisco de Aldana, Obras completas, ed. Manuel Moragón Maestre (Madrid 1953), II, 46–47. 10. All Biblical quotations in this article are from La Santa Biblia, ed. Felipe Scío de San Miguel, 5 vols. (Madrid 1852–54). 11. See, for example, Ovid' s Metamorphoses IV.228 and St Ambrose' s De Noe et Arca, Liber Unus, Caput VII. 12. León Hebreo, Diálogos de amor, trans. Garcilaso Inca de la Vega (Madrid 1590; rpt. Madrid 1949), II, 31. 13. Aldana, Obras completas, I, 119. 14. Ibid., I, 59. 15. Díaz Rengifo, Arte Poetica, 108. 16. See Pedro de Padilla, ‘ Estancias a la negacion y llanto de sant Pedro’ , Iardin espiritval (Madrid 1585), ff. 52–53 and Luis Gálvez de Montalvo, ‘ El llanto de San Pedro’ , in Romancero y cancionero sagrados, ed. Justo de Sancha, BAE, XXXV (Madrid 1855), 254. 17. Sebastián de Córdoba, ‘ Canción IV, Garcilaso a lo divino, ed. Glen R. Gale (Madrid 1971), 131. 18. See Otis H. Green, Spain and the Western Tradition: The Castilian Mind in Literature from ‘El Cid’ to Calderón (Madison 1963), I, 146–47. 19. Aldana, Obras completas, II, 199. 20. Ernst Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York 1953), 162. 21. Díaz Rengifo, Arte Poetica, 105. 22. Díaz Rengifo, Arte Poetica, 118. 23. Alonso de Cabrera, ‘ De la Circuncision de Iesu Christo’ , Consideraciones en los Euangelios de los domingos de Aduiento, y festiuidades que en este tiempo caen, hasta el Domingo de la Septuagesima (Barcelona 1609), II, 3. 24. San Juan de la Cruz, Viday obras, 5th ed., BAC (Madrid 1964), 931. 25. Fray Archangel de Alarcon, ‘ A lo mismo, Por via de comparaciones’ , Vergel de plantas divinas en varios metros espirituales (Barcelona 1594), f. 3. 26. Aldana, Obras completas, II, 81. 27. St Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Theologica, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, rev. ed. Daniel J. Sullivan (Chicago 1952), I, 247. 28. Córdoba, Garcilaso, 229. 29. Fray Luis de León, Exposición del libro de Job, in Obras completas castellanas, 4th ed., BAC (Madrid 1957), II, 609. 30. Córdoba, Garcilaso, 100. 31. In Emblemata: Handbuch zur Sinnbildkunst des XVIund XVII Jahrhunderts, ed. Arthur Henkel and Albrecht Schöne (Stuttgart 1967), 11. 32. Juan López de Úbeda, Vergel de Flores Diuinas (Alcalá de Henares 1582), ff. 94–95. 33. Diego Ramírez Pagán, ‘ En el nascimiento de sant Joan Baptista, aludiendo al nascimiento de Christo’ , Floresta de varia poesía, ed. Antonio Pérez Gómez (Barcelona 1950), I, 185–86. 34. Fray Damián de vegas, ‘En la noche del sanctissimo Nascimiento’, libro de poesia christiana, moral y divina (Toledo 1590), f. 438. 35. San Bernardo, Obras completas, trans. Gregorio Díez Ramos, O.S.B., BAC (Madrid 1953), I, 728. 36. Fray Pedro de Padilla, Grandezas y Excelencias de la Virgen señora nuestra (Madrid 1587), f 138. 37. Pedro de Encinas, Eglogas espirituales, ed. fray José María Aguado (Vergara 1924), 31. 38. In Romancero y cancionero sagrados, ed. Justo de Sancha, BAE, XXXV (Madrid 1855), 538. 39. Padilla, Iardin espiritval, f 205. 40. Saint Bonaventure, ‘ Louanges de la Sainte Vierge’ , trans. P. Corneille, in Les Grands Ecrivains de la France, IX, rev. ed. (Paris 1862), 9, 26–27. 41. San Bernardo, Obras completas, I, 205. 42. Padilla, ‘ Discurso en alabança de la Virgen’ , Iardin, f. 11. 43. George de Montemayor, Las obras de George de Montemayor (Anvers 1554), f. 79. 44. Padiua, Grandezas, f. 60. 45. See Joannes de Sancto Geminiano, Summa de Exemplis et Rerum Similitudinibus Locupletissima (Lugduni 1585). The author, whose dates are 1296–1332, was a member of the Order of Friars Preachers. 46. See Millard Meiss, ‘ Light as form and symbol in some fifteenth-century paintings’ , Renaissance Art, comp. Creighton Gilbert (New York 1970), 48–49. 47. See Alonso de Cabrera, Consideraçiones en los Euangelios, II, 523–24 and Fray Luis de León, ‘ Hijo de Dios’ , Nombres de Cristo, in Obras completas, I, 713. 48. Padilla, ‘ Discurso en alabança de la Virgen’ , Iardin, f. 7. 49. See Vincent Cronin, Mary Portrayed (London 1968), 56. 50. Juan López de Úbeda, Cancionero general de la doctrina cristiana (Madrid 1962–64), 239–40. 51. Juan de la Cruz, Vida y obras, 939. 52. Padilla, Grandezas, ff. 109–10. 53. Cancionero de nuestra Señora (1591; rpt. Valencia 1952), 9–11. 54. ‘ Benedictio Cerei’ , Missale Romanum, Editio V justa typicam Vaticanam amplificata I (Boston 1945), 189,191. 55. Padilla, lardin, f. 30. 56. St Augustine, Sermons for the Liturgical Seasons, trans. Sr. Mary Sarah Muldowney, R.S.M. (New York 1959), 34. 57. López de Úbeda, Cancionero general, 211–12. 58. Lucas Rodríguez, ‘ En alabança de la Cruz’ , Conceptos de divina poesia (Alcalá de Henares 1599), f. 76. 59. Sebastián de Covarruvias Orozco, Parte primera del Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española (Madrid 1674), f. 64. 60. Padilla, lardin, f. 72. 61. Córdoba, Garcilaso, 146. 62. López de Úbeda, Vergel, f. 48. 63. Covarruvias, Tesoro, I, 224. 64. Cancionero espiritual (Valladolid 1549; rpt. ‘ con un estudio preliminar de Bruce W. Wardropper’ , Valencia 1954), 113–14. 65. Padilla, ‘ Canto VIII’ , Grandezas, f. 123. 66. Joannes de Sancto Geminiano, Summa de Exemplis, f. 30. 67. Fray Pedro de Enzinas, ‘ En la Resurrection de Nuestro Señor lesu Christo. Capit. I’, Versos espirituales (Madrid 1597), f. 130. 68. López de Úbeda, Cancionero general, 291. 69. Gregorio Silvestre, Poesías, ed. A. Marin Ocete (Granada 1939), 428. Compare this with Luis de León' s picture of the resurrected Christ in ‘ Hijo de Dios’ , Nombres de Cristo, in Obras completas, I, 722. 70. López de Úbeda, Cancionero general, 293. 71. Silvestre, Poesías, 430. 72. In Romancero y cancionero, ed. Sancha, 534. 73. Aldana, Obras completas, I, 64. 74. Quoted in Elias L. Rivers, Francisco de Aldana, el divino Capitán (Badajoz 1955), 607. 75. Luis de León, Obras completas, II, 780. 76. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, IX (1950), 121.