Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
1999; Wiley; Volume: 48; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1999)48
ISSN1098-2345
AutoresL.T. Nash, J. Fritz, P.A. Alford, L. Brent,
Tópico(s)Human-Animal Interaction Studies
ResumoAmerican Journal of PrimatologyVolume 48, Issue 1 p. 15-29 Research Article Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) L.T. Nash, L.T. Nash Primate Foundation of Arizona, Mesa Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, TempeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Fritz, Corresponding Author J. Fritz Primate Foundation of Arizona, MesaPrimate Foundation of Arizona, PO Box 20027, Mesa, AZ 85277-0027Search for more papers by this authorP.A. Alford, P.A. Alford University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, BastropSearch for more papers by this authorL. Brent, L. Brent Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TexasSearch for more papers by this author L.T. Nash, L.T. Nash Primate Foundation of Arizona, Mesa Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, TempeSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Fritz, Corresponding Author J. Fritz Primate Foundation of Arizona, MesaPrimate Foundation of Arizona, PO Box 20027, Mesa, AZ 85277-0027Search for more papers by this authorP.A. Alford, P.A. Alford University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, BastropSearch for more papers by this authorL. Brent, L. Brent Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TexasSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 April 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1 3.0.CO;2-RCitations: 63AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The developmental origin of abnormal behaviors is generally associated with early rearing environments that lack sufficient physical and sensory stimulation. However, other factors should also be considered. A large sample of captive chimpanzees (128 males and 140 females) was surveyed for the presence or absence of 18 abnormal behaviors. Origin variables included the subject's source (zoo, pet, performer, or laboratory), rearing (mother- or hand-reared), and sex. Animals were assessed while held at the Primate Foundation of Arizona, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, or White Sands Research Center. There was a confound among origin variables; more hand-reared animals than expected were from laboratories. Logistic regression tested the relationship of rearing and source, with sex as a secondary predictor variable, to each of the abnormal behaviors. There was no clear association between any abnormal behavior and source. However, for coprophagy, relative to animals from the laboratory, zoo animals tended to show a higher prevalence, while performers tended to show a lower prevalence (when rearing and sex were controlled). Rocking and self-sucking were significantly more likely in hand-reared animals. Coprophagy and depilation of self were significantly more likely in mother-reared animals. When rearing and source were statistically controlled, the only significant sex difference was a higher prevalence of coprophagy in females and a higher prevalence of rocking in males. In a second, smaller sample of 25 males and 33 females from Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, no significant sex association was found for coprophagy, urophagy, rocking, or self-depilation. In this second sample, coprophagy was also significantly more likely in mother-reared than hand-reared subjects. The association of some abnormal behaviors with mother-rearing suggests that some form of social learning may be involved in the origin of some of these behavior patterns. This indicates that some abnormal behaviors may not be always be indicative of reduced psychological well-being in captive chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 48:15–29, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. REFERENCES Anderson JR, Chamove AS. 1981. Self-aggressive behavior in monkeys. Current Psychological Reviews 1: 139–158. 10.1007/BF02979261 Web of Science®Google Scholar Anderson JR, Chamove AS. 1985. Early social experience and the development of self-aggression in monkeys. Biol Behav 10: 147–157. Web of Science®Google Scholar Bard KA, Gardner KH. 1996. Influences on development in infant chimpanzees: enculturation, temperament, and cognition. In: AE Russon, KA Bard, ST Parker, editors. Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 235–256. Google Scholar Baumeister AA. 1973. Stereotyped acts. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation 6: 55–96. 10.1016/S0074-7750(08)60037-3 Google Scholar Bayne K. 1996. Normal and abnormal behaviors of laboratory animals: what do they mean? Lab Anim 25: 21–24. Google Scholar Berkson G. 1968. Development of abnormal stereotyped behaviors. Devel Psych 1: 118–132. 10.1002/dev.420010210 Google Scholar Berkson G, Mason WA. 1964. Stereotyped behaviors of chimpanzees: relation to general arousal and alternative activities. Percept Mot Skills 19: 635–652. 10.2466/pms.1964.19.2.635 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bloomsmith MA, Haberstroh MD. 1995. Effect of early social experience on the expression of abnormal behavior among juvenilechimpanzees. Am J Primatol 36: 110 (abstract). Google Scholar Bloomsmith MA, Pazol KA, Alford PL. 1994. Juvenile and adolescent chimpanzee behavioral development in complex groups. App Anim Behav Sci 39: 73–87. 10.1016/0168-1591(94)90017-5 Web of Science®Google Scholar Brent L, Lee DR, Eichberg JW. 1991. Evaluation of a chimpanzee enrichment enclosure. J Med Primatol 20: 29–34. Medline 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1991.tb00487.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brody S. 1980. Self-rocking in infancy. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 9: 464–491. Google Scholar Bushong D, Schapiro SJ, Bloomsmith MA. 1992. Self-aggression in nonhuman primates: a review of its developmental/possible causes, methods of therapeutic treatment, and its relevance to the zoo situation. AAZPA regional proceedings. Silver Springs, MO: AAZPA. p 723–729. Google Scholar Capitanio JP. 1986. Behavioral pathology. In: G Mitchell, J Erwin, editors. Comparative primate biology, vol 2A: behavior, conservation and ecology. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 411–454. Google Scholar Coe CL. 1991. Is social housing of primates always the optimal choice? In: MA Novak, AJ Petto, editors. Through the looking glass. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p 78–92. Google Scholar Conover WJ. 1980. Practical nonparametric statistics, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Google Scholar Davenport RK. 1979. Some behavioral disturbances of great apes in captivity. In: DA Hamburg, ER McCown, editors. The great apes. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings. p 341–357. Google Scholar Davenport RK Jr, Berkson G. 1963. Stereotyped movements of mental defectives: II. Effects of novel objects. Am J Mental Defic 67: 879–882. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Davenport RK, Menzel EW. 1963. Stereotyped behavior of the infant chimpanzee. Arch Gen Psychiatry 8: 99–104. 10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720070101013 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Davenport RK, Rogers CM. 1970. Differential rearing of the chimpanzee: a project survey. In: GH Bourne, editor. The Chimpanzee, vol 3. Basel: S. Karger. p 337–360. Google Scholar Dawkins MS. 1980. Animal Suffering. London: Chapman and Hall. 10.1007/978-94-009-5905-7 Google Scholar De Waal F. 1991. The social nature of primates. In: MA Novak, AJ Petto, editors. Through the looking glass. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p 67–77. Google Scholar Dienske H, Griffin R. 1978. Abnormal behaviour patterns developing in chimpanzee infants during nursery care—a note. J Child Psychol Psych 19: 387–391. Medline 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1978.tb00485.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Erwin J, Deni R. 1979. Strangers in a strange land: abnormal behaviors or abnormal environments? In: J Erwin, TL Maple, G Mitchell, editors. Captivity and behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1–28. Google Scholar Erwin J, Mitchell G, Maple T. 1973. Abnormal behavior in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys. Psychol Rep 33: 515–523. Medline 10.2466/pr0.1973.33.2.515 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Field T, Ting G, Shuman HH. 1979. The onset of rhythmic activities in normal and high-risk infants. Dev Psychobiol 12: 97–100. Medline 10.1002/dev.420120203 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fittinghoff NA Jr, Lindburg DG, Gomber J, Mitchell G. 1974. Consistency and variability in the behavior of mature, isolation-reared, male rhesus macaques. Primates 15: 111–140. 10.1007/BF01742276 Google Scholar Flurer CI, Zucker H. 1988. Coprophagy in marmosets due to insufficient protein (amino acid) intake. Lab Anim 22: 330–331. Medline 10.1258/002367788780746133 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fouts DH. 1989. Signing interactions between mother and infant chimpanzees. In: PG Heltne, LA Marquardt, editors. Understanding chimpanzees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p 242–251. Google Scholar Fouts RS, Abshire ML, Bodamer M, Fouts DH. 1989. Signs of enrichment: toward the psychological well-being of chimpanzees. In: EF Segal, editor. Housing, care and psychological wellbeing of captive and laboratory primates. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications. p 376–388. Google Scholar Fox MW. 1971. Psychopathology in man and lower animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159: 66–77. Medline CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E. 1990. Social processes affecting the appearance of innovative behaviors in capuchin monkeys. Folia Primatol (Basel) 54: 155–165. Medline 10.1159/000156439 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fritz J. 1986. Resocialization of asocial chimpanzees. In: K Bernirschke, editor. Primates: the road to self-sustaining populations. New York: Springer. p 351–359. 10.1007/978-1-4612-4918-4_27 Google Scholar Fritz P, Fritz J. 1979. Resocialization of chimpanzees: ten years of experience at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. J Med Primatol 8: 202–221. Medline 10.1159/000460201 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fritz J, Nash LT, Alford P, Bowen J. 1992a. Abnormal behaviors, with a special focus on rocking, and reproductive competence in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 27: 161–176. 10.1002/ajp.1350270302 Web of Science®Google Scholar Fritz J, Maki S, Nash LT, Martin T, Matevia M. 1992b. The relationship between forage material and levels of coprophagy in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biol 11: 313–318. 10.1002/zoo.1430110503 PubMedGoogle Scholar Gabriel SW. 1986. Differential early experience and behavior in adult male chimpanzees. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin . Google Scholar Gabriel SW, Alford PL, Bramblett CA. 1986. Differential early experience and behavior in adult male chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 10: 402 (abstract). Web of Science®Google Scholar Galef BF Jr. 1988. Imitation in animals: history, definitions, and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory. In: TR Zentall, BG Galef, editors. Social learning: psychological and biological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p 3–28. Google Scholar Goosen C. 1986. Housing conditions and the ontogeny of stereotyped locomotor and abnormal self- directed activities in rhesus monkeys. In: Annual report, institution of the division for health research TNO. Rijswijk, Netherlands: TNO Primate Center. p 287–290. Google Scholar Goosen C. 1988. Studies of disturbed behaviour in macaques. In: M Jonker, editor. Biomedical research in primates. Rijswijk, Netherlands: TNO Primate Center. p 69–74. Google Scholar Goodall J. 1986. The chimpanzees of Gombe. Cambridge: Belknap Press. Google Scholar Gould E, Bres M. 1986. Regurgitation and reingestion in captive gorillas: description and intervention. Zoo Biol 5: 241–250. 10.1002/zoo.1430050302 Web of Science®Google Scholar Hauser MD. 1988. Invention and social transmission: new data from wild vervet monkeys. In: RW Byrne, A Whiten, editors. Machiavellian intelligence. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p 327–343. Google Scholar Hill CA. 1966. Coprophagy in apes. Int Zoo Year 6: 251–257. 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01784.x Google Scholar Hosey GR, Jacques M, Pitts A. 1997. Drinking from tails: social learning of a novel behaviour in a group of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Primates 38: 415–422. 10.1007/BF02381881 Web of Science®Google Scholar Keeling ME, Alford PL, Bloomsmith MA. 1991. Decision analysis for developing programs of psychological well-being: a bias-for-action approach. In: MA Novak, AJ Petto, editors. Through the looking glass. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. p 57–68. Google Scholar Kleinbaum DG. 1992. Logistic regression: a self-learning text. New York: Springer-Verlag. Web of Science®Google Scholar Kravitz H, Rosenthal V, Teplitz Z, Murphy JB, Lesser RE. 1960. A study of head-banging in infants and children. Dis Nerv Sys 21: 203–298. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Laule G. 1993. The use of behavioral management techniques to reduce or eliminate abnormal behavior. Animal Behavior Information Center Newsletter 4: 1–2, 8–11. Google Scholar Marriner LM, Drickamer LC. 1994. Factors influencing stereotyped behavior of primates in a zoo. Zoo Biol 13: 267–275. 10.1002/zoo.1430130308 Web of Science®Google Scholar Mason GJ. 1991. Stereotypies: a critical review. Anim Behav 41: 1015–1037. 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2 Web of Science®Google Scholar Mason WA, Berkson G. 1975. Effects of maternal mobility on the development of rocking and other behaviors in rhesus monkeys: a study with artificial mothers. Dev Psychobiol 8: 197–211. Medline 10.1002/dev.420080305 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McGrew WC. 1992. Chimpanzee material cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511565519 Google Scholar Miller LC, Bard KA, Juno CJ, Nadler RD. 1986. Behavioral responsiveness of young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to a novel environment. Folia Primatol (Basel) 47: 128–142. Medline 10.1159/000156270 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Morgan L, Menkhus-Howell S, Fritz J. 1993. Regurgitation and reingestion in a captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Lab Anim 22: 42–45. Google Scholar Pazol KA, Bloomsmith MA. 1993. The development of stereotyped body rocking in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reared in a variety of nursery settings. Anim Welfare 2: 113–129. Web of Science®Google Scholar Poole TB. 1988. Normal and abnormal behaviour in captive primates. Primate Report 22: 3–12. Google Scholar Prescott JW. 1971. Early somatosensory deprivation as an ontogenetic process in the abnormal development of the brain and behavior. In: IE Goldsmith, J Moor-Jankowski, editors. Med Primatology. Basel: S. Karger. p 356–375. Google Scholar Ridley RM, Baker HF. 1982. Stereotypy in monkeys and humans. Psychol Med 12: 61–72. Medline 10.1017/S0033291700043294 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Rivers A, Bartecki U, Brown JV, Ellinger G. 1983. An unexpected “epidemic” of a rare stereotypy: unidentified stress or imitation? Lab Primate Newsletter 23: 5–7. Google Scholar Rumbaugh DM, Washburn D, Savage-Rumbaugh ES. 1989. On the care of captive chimpanzees: methods of enrichment. In: EF Segal, editor. Housing, care and psychological wellbeing of captive and laboratory primates. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications. p 357–375. Google Scholar Rushen J. 1993. The ‘coping’ hypothesis of stereotypic behaviour. Animal Behaviour 45: 613–615. 10.1006/anbe.1993.1071 Web of Science®Google Scholar Sackett G, Holm R, Landesman-Dwyer S. 1975. Vulnerability for abnormal development: pregnancy outcomes and sex differences in macaque monkeys. In: NR Ellis, editor. Aberrant development in infancy human and animal studies. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p 59–77. Google Scholar Sackett GP, Ruppenthal GC, Fahrenbruch CE, Holm RA, Greenough WT. 1981. Social isolation rearing effects in monkeys vary with genotype. Devel Psychol 17: 313–318. 10.1037/0012-1649.17.3.313 Web of Science®Google Scholar Sallustro F, Atwell CW. 1978. Body rocking, head banging, and head rolling in normal children. J Pediatr 93: 704–708. Medline 10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80922-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Siegel S, Castellan NJ Jr. 1988. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Web of Science®Google Scholar Spijkerman RP, Dienske H, van Hooff JARAM, Jens W. 1994. Causes of body rocking in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Animal Welfare 3: 193–211. Web of Science®Google Scholar Thierry B. 1994. Social transmission, tradition and culture in primates: from the epiphenomenon to the phenomenon. Techniques and Culture 23–24: 91–119. Google Scholar Warniment A, Brent L. 1997. Abnormal behavior in captive chimpanzee colony. The Newsletter 8: 1–3. Google Scholar Walsh S, Bramblett CA, Alford PL. 1982. A vocabulary of abnormal behaviors in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 3: 315–319. 10.1002/ajp.1350030131 Web of Science®Google Scholar Wilkinson L. 1997. Systat 7, new statistics. Chicago: SPSS Inc. Google Scholar RW Wrangham, WC McGrew, FBM de Waal, PG Heltne, editor. 1994. Chimpanzee cultures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume48, Issue11999Pages 15-29 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)