Indirect Facilitation: Evidence and Predictions from a Riparian Community
1999; Wiley; Volume: 80; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2307/176566
ISSN1939-9170
Autores Tópico(s)Water resources management and optimization
ResumoEcologyVolume 80, Issue 5 p. 1762-1769 Article INDIRECT FACILITATION: EVIDENCE AND PREDICTIONS FROM A RIPARIAN COMMUNITY Jonathan M. Levine, Jonathan M. Levine Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Jonathan M. Levine, Jonathan M. Levine Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1999 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1762:IFEAPF]2.0.CO;2Citations: 173 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Indirect facilitation occurs when the indirect positive effect of one species on another, via the suppression of a shared competitor, is stronger than the direct competitive effect. Although theory predicts that these interactions may be common in assemblages of three or more competitors, experimental studies of this process are rare. Here, I report a study of a northern California riparian community, where I tested the hypothesis that the sedge Carex nudata had direct competitive effects on other plant species, as well as indirect facilitative effects, by suppressing a second competitor, the common monkey-flower Mimulus guttatus. Results of a field experiment, in which I manipulated the presence of Carex and M. guttatus in a factorial design, uncovered three qualitatively different interactions between Carex and three target species. I found evidence of indirect facilitation for the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, such that Carex “facilitated” Conocephalum in the presence of M. guttatus, while Carex competed with Conocephalum in the absence of M. guttatus. Plant distribution patterns supported the widespread occurrence of this interaction. Carex also had an indirect positive effect on the scarlet monkey-flower M. cardinalis, though the magnitude of this effect was similar to direct Carex competition. Lastly, Carex had no influence on the moss Brachythecium frigidum. The mechanisms underlying the plant interactions in this study are discussed and incorporated into a general hypothesis that indirect facilitation among competitors is most important in assemblages of species that vary in competitive mechanism. Literature Cited Bender, E. A., T. J. Case, and M. E. Gilpin . 1984. Perturbation experiments in community ecology: theory and practice. Ecology 65: 1–13. 10.2307/1939452 Web of Science®Google Scholar Bertness, M. D., and S. D. Hacker . 1994. Physical stress and positive associations among marshplants. American Naturalist 144: 363–372. 10.1086/285681 Web of Science®Google Scholar Brooker, R. W., and T. V. Callaghan . 1998. 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