Tracing of food items in connection to the multinational hepatitis A virus outbreak in Europe
2014; Wiley; Volume: 12; Issue: 9 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3821
ISSN1831-4732
Tópico(s)Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 12, Issue 9 3821 Scientific Report of EFSAOpen Access Tracing of food items in connection to the multinational hepatitis A virus outbreak in Europe European Food Safety Authority, European Food Safety AuthoritySearch for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority, European Food Safety AuthoritySearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 September 2014 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3821Citations: 14 Correspondence: amu@efsa.europa.eu Acknowledgement: EFSA wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on "Tracing of food items in connection to the multinational hepatitis A virus infection outbreak in Europe (HAVTrace)": Anna Baumann-Popczyk, Ingeborg Boxman, Elisabeth Couturier, Martina Escher, Matthias Filter, Laila Jensvoll, Annemarie Käßbohrer, Maciej Kałuźa, Judith Leblanc, Mats Lindblad, Lisa O'Connor, Caterina Rizzo, Gaia Scavia, Barbara Schimmer, Lena Sundqvist, Christian Thöns, Lelia Thornton and Armin Weiser; experts from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): Ettore Severi and Johanna Takkinen; and EFSA staff: Tilemachos Goumperis, Olaf Mosbach-Schulz and Jane Richardson for the preparatory work on this scientific output; and experts from national authorities, e.g. Bernardo R. Guzmán-Herrador, Aurélie Kuakavi, Harry Vennema, Linda Verhoef and Line Vold, for the support provided to this scientific output. Approval date: 25 October 2013 Published date: 8 September 2014 Question number: EFSA-Q-2013-00878 On request from: European Commission AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract In May 2013, Germany reported cases of hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotype IA infection in persons with a travel history and Italy reported a national increase in the number of HAV cases and declared an outbreak. Confirmed cases (outbreak strain KF182323) have been reported in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (331 in total). HAV contamination was detected in frozen mixed berries (14 lots) and mixed berry cakes/pastries (2 lots) in Italy, France and Norway. In Ireland, the Netherlands and Sweden, analysis of food histories and questionnaires identified suspect berries and berry products consumed by confirmed cases. Tracing began with 38 lots/cases from Italy, Ireland and the Netherlands, an additional 5 lots/cases were added from France, Norway and Sweden in spring 2014. The tracing data were exchanged via the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed. The final dataset comprises 6227 transactions among 1974 food operators. Bulgarian blackberries and Polish redcurrants were the most common ingredients in the traced lots/cases; however, Poland is the largest producer of redcurrants in Europe, and Bulgaria is a major exporter of frozen blackberries. No single point source of contamination linking all 43 lots/cases could be identified. HAV cases/lots in five countries could be linked to seven Polish freezing processors and/or to five frozen berry suppliers in Bulgaria. This indicates that HAV contamination could be occurring at the freezing processor or in primary production of berries and therefore compliance with Good Hygiene Practice, Good Manufacturing Practice and Good Agricultural Practice is recommended for countries producing berries for freezing. It is possible that contaminated product related to this outbreak could still be circulating in the food chain. Hence, for the public health domain, enhanced surveillance, risk communication, vaccination and further research are recommended. References Baert L, Debevere J and Uyttendaele M, 2009. The efficacy of preservation methods to inactivate foodborne viruses. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 131, 83– 94. Blystad HK, Stene-Johansen K and Steen T, 2004. Hepatitis A outbreak in men who have sex with men, Oslo and Bergen in Norway. Eurosurveillance, 8 (43), 2571. Buisson Y, Van Cuyck-Gandre H and Deloince R, 1993. L'eau et les hepatites virales. [Water and viral hepatitis.] Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 86, 479– 483. Butot S, Putallaz T and Sanchez G, 2008. Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 126, 30– 35. Butot S, Putallaz T, Amoroso R and Sanchez G, 2009. Inactivation of enteric viruses in minimally processed berries and herbs. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 75, 4155– 4161. Carvalho C, Thomas H, Balogun K, Tedder R, Pebody R, Ramsay M and Ngui S, 2012. A possible outbreak of hepatitis A associated with semi-dried tomatoes, England, July-November 2011. Eurosurveillance, 17 (6), 20083. Castkova J and Benes C, 2009. Increase in hepatitis A cases in The Czech Republic in 2008 –an update. Eurosurveillance, 14 (3), 19091. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 1997. Hepatitis A associated with consumption of frozen strawberries-Michigan, March 1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 46 (13), 288, 295. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 2013. Multistate outbreak of hepatitis A potentially associated with a frozen berry blend food product, posted 3 July 2013 [cited 2013 3 July]. Available online: www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/Outbreaks/2013/A1b-03-31/index.html Chiapponi C, Pavoni E, Bertasi B, Baioni L, Scaltriti E, Chiesa E, Cianti L, Losio MN and Pongolini S, 2014. Isolation and genomic sequence of hepatitis A virus from mixed frozen berries in Italy. Food and Environmental Virology, DOI 10.1007/s12560-014-9149-1. Craven H, Lesley D, Fegan N and Hillier A, 2009. Semi dried tomatoes and hepatitis a virus. CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia, 60 pp. Dakic Z and Musa S, 2013. Hepatitis A outbreak in Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, August 2012 – April 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18 (21), 20486. Desbois D, Couturier E, Mackiewicz V, Graube A, Letort MJ, Dussaix E Roque-Afonso AM, 2010. Epidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis A virus genotype IIA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48, 3306– 3315. Donnan EJ., Fielding JE, Gregory JE, Lalor K, Rowe S, Goldsmith P, Antoniou M, Fullerton KE, Knope K, Copland JG, Bowden DS, Tracy SL, Hogg GG, Tan A, Adamopoulos J, Gaston J and Vally H, 2012. A multistate outbreak of Hepatitis A associated with semidried tomatoes in Australia, 2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54, 775– 781. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2007. Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe. Report on the status of communicable diseases in the EU and EEA/EFTA countries. Eds A Amato-Gauci and A Ammon. ECDC, Stockholm, Sweden, 313 pp. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2013. Annual epidemiological report 2012. Reporting on 2010 surveillance data and 2011 epidemic intelligence data. ECDC, Stockholm, Sweden, 261 pp. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) and EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2014. Outbreak of hepatitis A in EU/EEA countries-Second update. EFSA supporting publication 2014: EN-581, 14pp. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011. The food classification and description system FoodEx 2 (draft-revision 1). Supporting Publications 2011: 215, 438 pp. EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), 2013. Food of plant origin: production methods and microbiological hazards linked to food-borne disease. Reference: CFT/EFSA/BIOHAZ/2012/01 Lot 1 (Food of plant origin with high water content such as fruits, vegetables, juices and herbs). Supporting Publications 2013:EN-403, 160 pp. EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), 2014. Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in berries). EFSA Journal 2014;12 (6): 3706, 95 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3706 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2009. The community summary report on foodborne outbreaks in the European Union in 2007. The EFSA Journal 2009: 271, 128 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.271r EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2010. The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in the European Union in 2008. EFSA Journal 2010; 8 (1): 1496, 410 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1496 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2011. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2009. EFSA Journal 2011; 9 (3): 2090, 378 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2090 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2012. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2010. EFSA Journal 2012; 10 (3): 2597, 492pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2597 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2013. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2011. EFSA Journal 2013; 11 (4): 3129, 250 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3129 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2014. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2012. EFSA Journal 2014; 12 (2): 3547, 312 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3547 EC 2006 Review of the sector of soft fruits and cherries intended for processing in the EU COM(2006) 345 final Fournet N, Baas D, van Pelt W, Swaan C, Ober HJ, Isken L, Cremer J, Friesema I, Vennema H, Boxman I, Koopmans M and Verhoef L, 2012. Another possible food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A in the Netherlands indicated by two closely related molecular sequences, July to October 2011. Eurosurveillance, 17 (6), 20079. Frank C, Walter J, Muehlen M, Jansen A, van Treeck U, Hauri AM, Zoellner I, Rakha M, Hoehne M, Hamouda O, Schreier E and Stark K, 2007. Major outbreak of hepatitis A associated with orange juice among tourists, Egypt, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 156– 158. Gallot C, Grout L, Roque-Afonso AM, Couturier E, Carrillo-Santisteve P, Pouey J, Letort MJ, Hoppe S, Capdepon P, Saint-Martin S, De Valk H and Vaillant V, 2011. Hepatitis A associated with semidried tomatoes, France, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 566– 567. Gerba CP and Kennedy D, 2007. Enteric virus survival during household laundering and impact of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 4425– 4428. Gossner C, 2013. ECDC launches the second version of the EPIS-FWD platform. Eurosurveillance, 18 (27), 20517 Guglielmetti P, Coulombier D, Thinus G, Van Loock F and Schreck S, 2006. The early warning and response system for communicable diseases in the EU: an overview from 1999 to 2005. Eurosurveillance, 11, 215– 220. Hanna JN, Humphreys JL, Hills SL, Richards AR and Brookes DL, 2001. Recognising and responding to outbreaks of hepatitis A associated with child day-care centres. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25, 525– 528. Heymann DL, 2008. Control of communicable diseases manual, 18th Ed. An official report of the American Public Health Association. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. 700 pp. ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 2013. ISO/TS 15216:2013. Microbiology of food and animal feed-Horizontal method for determination of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food using real-time RT-PCR. Part 1: Method for quantification https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:ts:15216:-1:ed-1:v1:en Jacobsen KH and Koopman JS, 2004. Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis. Epidemiology and Infection, 132, 1005– 1022. James TL, Aschkenasy M, Eliseo LJ, Olshaker J and Mehta SD, 2009. Response to hepatitis A epidemic: emergency department collaboration with public health commission. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 36, 412– 416. John DE and Rose JB, 2005. Review of factors affecting microbial survival in groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 7345– 7356. Koff RS, 1998. Hepatitis A. Lancet, 351, 1643– 1649. Latimer WW, Moleko AG, Melnikov A, Mitchell M, Severtson SG, von Thomsen S, Graham C, Alama D and Floyd L, 2007. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis A among adult drug users: the significance of incarceration and race/ethnicity. Vaccine, 25, 7125– 7131. Ngui SL, Granerod J, Jewes LA, Crowcroft NS and Teo CG, 2008. Hepatitis A Outbreaks Investigation Network. Outbreaks of hepatitis A in England and Wales associated with two co-circulating hepatitis A virus strains. Journal of Medical Virology, 80, 1181– 1188. O'Donovan D, Cooke RP, Joce R, Eastbury A, Waite J and Stene-Johansen K, 2001. An outbreak of hepatitis A amongst injecting drug users. Epidemiology and Infection, 127, 469– 473. Pebody RG, Leino T, Ruutu P, Kinnunen L, Davidkin I, Nohynek H and Leinikki P, 1998. Foodborne outbreaks of hepatitis A in a low endemic country: an emerging problem? Epidemiology and Infection, 120, 55– 59. Petrignani M, Harms M, Verhoef L, van Hunen R, Swaan C, van Steenbergen J, Boxman I, Peran i Sala R, Ober HJ, Vennema H, Koopmans M and van Pelt W, 2010. Update: a food-borne outbreak of hepatitis a in the Netherlands related to semi-dried tomatoes in oil, January-February 2010. Eurosurveillance, 15 (20), 19572. Reid TMS and Robinson HG, 1987. Frozen raspberries and hepatitis A. Epidemiology and Infection, 98, 109– 112. Robesyn E, De Schrijver K, Wollants E, Top G, Verbeeck J and Van Ranst M, 2009. An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with the consumption of raw beef. Journal of Clinical Virology, 44, 207– 210. Stene-Johansen K, Tjon G, Schreier E, Bremer V, Bruisten S, Ngui SL, King M, Pinto RM, Aragonès L, Mazick A, Corbet S, Sundqvist L, Blystad H, Norder H and Skaug K, 2007. Molecular epidemiological studies show that hepatitis A virus is endemic among active homosexual men in Europe. Journal of Medical Virology, 79, 356– 365. Sunthornchart S, Linkins RW, Natephisarnwanish V, Levine WC, Maneesinthu K, Lolekha R, Tappero JW, Trirat N, Muktier S, Chancharastong P, Fox K, Donchalermpak S, Vitek C and Supawitkul S, 2008. Prevalence of hepatitis B, tetanus, hepatitis A, human immunodeficiency virus and feasibility of vaccine delivery among injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003–2005. Addiction, 103, 1687– 1695. Tjon GM, Gotz H, Koek AG, de Zwart O, Mertens PL, Coutinho RA and Bruisten SM, 2005. An outbreak of hepatitis A among homeless drug users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Journal of Medical Virology, 77, 360– 366. Vaughan G, Goncalves Rossi LM, Forbi JC, de Paula VS, Purdy MA, Xia G and Khudyakov YE, 2013. Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 21, 227– 243. Vonberg RP and Gastmeier P, 2007. Hospital-acquired infections related to contaminated substances. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 65, 15– 23. Webert KE, Cserti CM, Hannon J, Lin Y, Pavenski K, Pendergrast JM and Blajchman MA, 2008. Proceedings of a Consensus Conference: pathogen inactivation-making decisions about new technologies. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 22, 1– 34. Weiser AA, Gross S, Schielke A, Wigger J-F, Ernert A, Adolphs J, Fetsch A, Müller-Graf C, Käsbohrer A, Mosbach-Schulz O, Appel B, and Greiner M, 2013. Trace-back and trace-forward tools developed ad hoc and used during the STEC O104:H4 outbreak 2011 in Germany and generic concepts for future outbreak situations. Foodborne Pathogens and Diseases, 10, 263– 269. WHO (World Health Organization) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2012. Guidelines on the application of general principles of food hygiene to the control of viruses in food. Codex Alimentarius, CAC/GL 79-2012. CCFH (Codex Committee on Food Hygiene), Rome, Italy, 13 pp. Widell A, Hansson BG, Moestrup T and Nordenfelt E, 1983. Increased occurrence of hepatitis A with cyclic outbreaks among drug addicts in a Swedish community. Infection, 11, 198– 200. Citing Literature Volume12, Issue9September 20143821 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)