Beijing's two bids for the Olympics: the political games 1
2012; Routledge; Volume: 29; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09523367.2012.634989
ISSN1743-9035
Tópico(s)Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. We would like to give grateful thanks to the editors of the Olympic History Journal for permission to use materials in this study. 2. Wang, Dazhao, Liqun Xu, Chenxi Cheng and Fang Ji. ‘Deng Xiaoping and the Bid for the Olympics’, People's Daily, 14 July 2008. 3. Lao, ‘The Bid for the Olympics (1)’, 23. 4. Xiaoqing Sun and Ting Zhang, ‘The Bid for the Beijing Olympics’, PLA Daily, 4 January 1992. 5. Tao, The Sino-America Relations (1972–2000), 236. 6. The most favoured nation is a status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade. The country which was granted this treatment would receive equal trade advantages. 7. Lasater, The Changing of the Guard, President Clinton and the Security of Taiwan, 48. 8. Wang, ‘Human Rights and Sino-US Relations’. 9. Tucker, ‘The Clinton Years’. 10. Tao, The Sino-America Relations (1972–2000). 11. Randy Harvey, ‘Sydney Is Chosen for 2000 Olympics - Sports: Australians Edge Out Beijing 45 To 43 on Final IOC Balloting in Monte Carlo. Activists Hail Decision after Campaign Criticizing China on Human Rights’, Los Angeles Times, 24 September 1993. 12. Bill Text 103rd Congress (1993–1994) S.RES.117.IS. `To express the sense of the Senate that the Olympics in the year 2000 should not be held in Beijing or elsewhere in the People's Republic of China.' (Introduced in Senate) SRES 117 IS', 14. 13. ‘Consideration of miscellaneous bills and resolutions: mark up before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on H.R. 750, H. Con. Res. 134, H. Res. 118, H.R. 2343, H. Res. 189, H.R. 2561, H. Res. 188, H. Con. Res. 113, H. Con. Res. 140, H.R. 3000, S. 1487, H.R. 3225, H. Con. Res. 158, H. Con. Res. 175, H.R. 3471, and H. Con. Res. 131, February 16, March 23, June 10 and 30, July 21, September 8, October 7 and 14, and November 17, 1993’, 74. http://www.archive.org/stream/considerationofm00unit/considerationofm00unit_djvu.txt 14. Robert Mc G. Thomas Jr, ‘OLYMPICS; Chinese Boycott Threat Is Denied’, The New York Times, 18 September 1993. 15. Zhenliang He, ‘The “Boycott Issue” during the Bid for the 2000 Olympics’, 34. 16. Rone Tempest, ‘China Pulls Out All Stops in Bid to Host Olympics’, Los Angeles Times, 19 September 1993. 17. He, ‘The “Boycott Issue” during the Bid for the 2000 Olympics’. 18. Thomas, Jr., ‘OLYMPICS; Chinese Boycott Threat Is Denied’. 19. Jingguo Wu, ‘Vice Chairman of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee Wu Jingguo: the Vote during Beijing's bid for the Olympics’, Midday News, 3 July 2007. 20. Ibid. 21. Fu, The History of Sport in China; Hao, The History of Sport in China. 22. ‘Beijing Might Pass on Bid for 2004 Olympics: After Losing To Sydney for 2000 Games, Chinese Could Defer To an African City’, Los Angeles Times, 31 October 1993. 23. Huo's one million US dollars donation was in the name of the Chinese Olympic Committee. 24. Leng, The Story of Huo Yingdong. 25. ‘What the Papers Say - Buying the Games’, BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3534718.stm (accessed 25 November 2010). 26. Patrick E. Tyler, ‘OLYMPICS; There's No Joy in Beijing as Sydney Gets Olympics’, The New York Times, 24 September 1993. 27. Zhao, ‘Chinese Nationalism in the Year of the Olympics’. 28. Xu, Olympic Dreams China and Sports 1895–2008, 238. 29. ‘Marching toward Internationalisation’, People's Daily, 24 September 1993. 30. Sun, Beijing's Two Bids for the Olympic Games, 54. 31. ‘Beijing Might Pass on Bid for 2004 Olympics: After losing to Sydney for 2000 Games, Chinese could defer to an African city’. 32. Sun, Beijing's Two Bids for the Olympic Games, 56. 33. Jere Longman, ‘OLYMPICS; Africa Gets A Vote for 2004 Games’, The New York Times, 31 October 1993. 34. Beijing Humanistic Olympic Research Centre, ‘Wei Jizhong: Beijing's Two Bids for the Olympic Games’, Beijing Humanistic Olympic Research Centre, 2006. Report conducted by Beijing Humanistic Olympic Research Centre. 35. Swart and Bob, ‘The Seductive Discourse of Development’. 36. Xu, Bo and Yujie Dong, ‘Chinese Ambassadors in the United States’. 37. Q. Liu, ‘Speech at the opening ceremony of the BOBICO (6 September 1999)’. 38. X. Liu, ‘Wish Beijing Win the Bid in Moscow’. 39. Sun, Beijing's Two Bids for the Olympic Games. 40. ‘European Parliament Resolution on Beijing's Bid to Host the 2008 Olympic Games’, The European Parliament, Minutes of 5 July 2001. 41. The Three Tenors is the name for the Spanish singers Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and the Italian singer Luciano Pavarotti. 42. ‘Pavarotti Duets With Chinese President’, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1408455.stm (accessed 20 July 2011). 43. Yuan, Yuan Weiming and Chinese Sport, 77–80; Sun, Beijing's Two Bids for the Olympic Games. 44. Reporter, ‘OLYMPICS; Beijing Wins Bid for 2008 Olympic Games’, The New York Times, 14 July 2001. 45. Sun, Beijing's Two Bids for the Olympic Games. 46. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty developed by the United Nations in December 1966. It began to take effect in January 1976. China signed the treaty in 2001. 47. Sun, Beijing's Two Bids for the Olympic Games. 48. Sally Jekins, ‘Human Rights, and Wrongs’, The Washington Post, 22 February 2008. 49. ‘Beijing Bid Goes “Green”’, CNN (Cable News Network), http://articles.cnn.com/2001-07-10/world/china.oly.hopkins_1_olympic-green-beijing-games-bid?_s=PM:asiapcf (accessed 20 November 2010). 50. Ibid. 51. ‘Beijing Bid Milestone events’, Xinhua News, http://news.xinhuanet.com/ztbd/2002-08/09/content_517363.htm (accessed on 22 November 2010). 52. The team consisted of Vice-Premier Li Lanqing, the Mayor of Beijing Liu Qi; the Sports Minister Yuan Weimin; Vice-Chairman of the BOBICO Wang Wei, Sports Director of the BOBICO Lou Dapeng; the famous talk show hostess Yang Lan and two Olympic champions Yang Ling and Deng Yaping. 53. ‘Mr. He Zhenliang's Speech’, the official website of the Beijing Olympic Games, http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/beijing2008/candidacy/presentation/n214051424.shtml (accessed 22 November 2010). 54. Ibid. 55. ‘Beijing Triumphs With 2008 Olympic Bid’, CBC (Canadian Broadcsting Corporation) News, http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2001/07/13/olympicvote010713.html (accessed 22 November 2010). 56. Zhao, ‘Chinese Nationalism in the Year of the Olympics’. 57. ‘Compose the Greatest Chapter for the History of the Olympics’, People's Daily, 14 July 2001. 58. Liang, He Zhengliang and the Olympics, 349. 59. ‘The State Council Calls for the Promotion and Improvement of Sport’, People's Daily, 22 August 2002.
Referência(s)