Index
2015; Emerald Publishing Limited; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1108/s2044-994120150000007009
ISSN2044-995X
ResumoCitation (2015), "Index", Sustainable Urban Transport (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 7), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120150000007009 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Copyright © 2015 Emerald Group Publishing Limited INDEX Active transport see Cycling; Walking Advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS), 229, 232–3, 236, 244, 245–6 Air pollution, 178, 216 active transport and, 5, 6, 7 Malta, 94 see also CO2 emissions Air travel, 152 American Public Transportation Association (APTA), 124–5 Australia active transport children, 45 economic impacts, 4–5 health benefits, 5, 7, 8 car sharing, 213 Autolib, 213 Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI), 153–4 BahnCard, 25, 189 Barcelona public bicycle rental system, 6–7 Barclaycard Cycle Hire, 161 Belgium car sharing, 209–10 Bicycle sharing, 150–1, 155–6, 160–1, 163, 180, 189 bicycle rental systems, 6, 7, 160, 161 Call a Bike, 160, 161 electric bikes (e-bikes), 161, 170, 171 France, 7, 161 free-floating, 160 Germany, 160, 163, 189 integrated services see Integrated e-mobility services mobile internet and, 173–4 Multicity Carsharing, 189 Netherlands, 160 number of bicycles, 161, 162 number of programmes, 162 Seoul, 161 Shanghai, 161 United Kingdom, 161 United States, 161 vélo’v, 161 see also Cycling Blablacar, 160 BMW DriveNow, 157, 159, 163, 189 Built environment children’s travel modes and, 45–6, 51, 61, 68–9 Bus services age of users, 95, 103 competitive tendering, 97–8, 100 gender of users, 95, 102–3 Malta see Malta modal shift, 96–7, 100 quality European Committee for Standardisation, 96, 102 Malta, 100, 105–7, 108–10, 111 service reforms, 97–8 Malta, 93–4, 100–14 see also Public transport Call a Bike, 160, 161 Canada car sharing, 159, 210 Cancer, 2 Car ownership, 150, 171 car sharing compared, 165–70 costs, 208 developing countries, 155 environmental impacts, 152–3 impact of car sharing, 158, 209–10, 211 increase in, 152, 154–5 Israel, 70 United States, 209 see also Car use Car pooling see Ride sharing Car sharing, 150–1, 154, 155, 156–9, 161, 164, 180, 189, 205–25 Australia, 213 Autolib, 213 Belgium, 209–10 business members, 208, 209, 215, 216 Canada, 159, 210 car ownership compared, 165–70 Car2Go, 153, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189, 213 characterization of systems, 212–14 City CarShare, 209 CO2 emissions, 206, 211, 218, 219, 221 cost-effectiveness, 208–9, 222–3, 224 DriveNow, 157, 159, 163, 189 eConnect project, Osnabrück, 165–70, 172 electric cars (e-cars), 154, 170–1, 213–14 see also Integrated e-mobility services energy consumption, 206, 207, 211, 216, 218, 219, 221, 223 France, 213 free-floating car sharing, 157, 158, 197, 198, 200 fuel efficiency, 211 Germany, 154, 159, 163, 209, 210, 211, 213 greenhouse gases (GHG), 211 Hertz on demand, 213 I-Go Car Share, 209 impacts, 208–12 on car ownership, 158, 209–10, 211 on kilometers traveled, 210, 211 on transport usage, 210 individual members, 208, 210, 215, 216 Ireland, 211 kilometers travelled and, 210, 211 literature, 158 MobCarsharing, Lisbon, 209, 214–25 mobile internet and, 173–4 Multicity Carsharing, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189 Netherlands, 154, 210 parking and, 211, 212, 213 peer-to-peer car sharing, 157, 180 Portugal, 209, 214–25 private car use compared, 165–70 promotion policies, 212, 224 public transport and, 165–70, 210 purchase and running costs, 217–18, 220, 222–3, 224 road accidents and, 211 smartphone apps, 157, 173 stationary car sharing, 157, 158 Switzerland, 209, 210, 211 transport usage, influence on, 210 United States, 159, 209, 210, 211, 213 worldwide characterization of systems, 212–14 Zipcar, 213 see also Ride sharing Car use availability/quality of public transport and, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60, 70, 95–6, 153–4, 155, 159 Malta, 105–7, 108–10 modal shift, 96–7, 100 distracted driving, 138 habit and, 35–6 Malta, 104–5, 111 parking, 152, 212, 213 peak car, 179 see also Car ownership; Car sharing Car2Go, 153, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189, 213 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 2, 7, 12, 18 Children’s independent mobility (CIM) age of child, 68, 73–5 definition, 66, 86 gender differences, 66, 68, 69, 83, 85, 86 Israeli Arab children, 65–87 licences of independent mobility, 73–5 loss of, 66–7 non-school travel and activities, 66, 72, 77–9, 84–5 obesity, 67 road accidents, 70, 80, 82, 86–7 safety, perceptions of, 68, 86–7 children, 80–2, 83 parents, 66, 68, 69, 79–80, 82–3 school journey, 67–9 mobility licences, 73–5 Safe Route to School (SR2S) program, 69 traffic congestion, 67, 70 travel mode, 75–7 social class, 83–4, 85, 86 United States, 67, 68 Children’s travel modes Australia, 45 built environment characteristics, 45–6, 51, 61, 68–9 health and, 44–5 independent mobility see Children’s independent mobility Japan, 45 parent’s perceptions and residential self-selection, 43–62 children travel patterns, 58 children’s independent mobility, 66, 68, 69, 79–80, 82–3 data and sample profiles, 47–51 estimated model results, 54–61 impact of parents’ perceptions, 68–9 impact of residential self-selection, 46, 59–61 interactions of travel patterns between parents, 54, 58 proposed model structure, 51–4 public transport qualities, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60 risk perceptions, 66, 68, 69 school journey, 44, 46, 67–9, 75–7 distance from school, 45, 67 mobility licences, 73–5 Safe Route to School (SR2S) program, 69 traffic congestion, 67, 70 single-parent families, 43–62 United Kingdom, 45, 67 National Travel Survey (NTS), 46, 47, 61 United States, 45, 67, 68 walking school buses, 171 Citroën Multicity Carsharing, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189 City CarShare, 209 Climate change, 152 CO2 emissions, 206, 207 car sharing, 206, 211, 218, 219, 221 fuel efficiency, 234, 236, 238, 243–4 Cognitive dissonance theory, 23, 24, 32–3, 37 Competitive tendering, 97–8, 100 Congestion, 152, 170, 244 reduction, 5, 6, 211 school journeys, 67, 70 Congestion charges, 171, 179 Copenhagen cycling, 7, 10 Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies, 10 Cycling car sharing, impact of, 210 children, 43–62 United Kingdom, 45 see also Children’s independent mobility Denmark, 7, 10 health benefits see Health benefits of active transport Netherlands, 7, 160, 210 see also Bicycle sharing Daimler Benz Car2Go, 153, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189, 213 DB-Deutsche Bahn, Call a Bike, 160, 161 Deaths physical inactivity, 3 road accidents, xvi, 6, 7 Denmark cycling, 7, 10 Nordic Council, 8 Diabetes type 2 diabetes, 2, 5, 7, 8 Distracted driving, 138 DriveNow, 157, 159, 163, 189 Driverless cars, 174 Electric vehicles (EVs), 153, 206, 207, 209, 232 advantages, 170–1 electric bikes (e-bikes), 161, 170, 171 electric cars (e-cars), sharing, 154, 170–1, 213–14 electric delivery vehicles, 170 Germany, 170 integrated services see Integrated e-mobility services plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), 214 ELTISplus, xx Emissions see Air pollution; CO2 emissions Energy consumption, 5 car sharing and, 206, 207, 211, 216, 218, 219, 221, 223 energy demand and, 230–1 European Union Commission’s transport appraisal guidelines, 7–8 European Committee for Standardisation, 96, 102 sustainable mobility, xviii–xx Flinc, 159, 160, 163 France bicycle sharing, 7, 161 car sharing, 213 Fuel efficiency, 152 advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS), 229, 232–3, 236, 244, 245–6 car sharing, 211 CO2 emissions, 234, 236, 238, 243–4 definition, 232 effect on travel demand, Berlin, 229–45 efficient driving, 230, 232–3 fuel prices and, 229, 230, 232–4 network levels, 242–4 rebound effects, 230–1, 234–7, 242–5 Travel-Activity PAttern Simulation (TAPAS), 230, 238–42 Fuel prices fuel efficiency and, 229, 230, 232–4 United States, 122, 130–1 Gehl, Jan, 171 Gender children’s independent mobility, 66, 68, 69, 83, 85, 86 HEAT and, 19 public transport use, 95, 102–3, 198 transport choices, 240 travel time, 54, 58 Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 87, 121–2, 123, 124, 130, 144, 145 Germany BahnCard, 25, 189 bicycle sharing, 160, 163, 189 car sharing, 154, 159, 163, 209, 210, 211, 213 diesel vehicles, 234 eConnect project, Osnabrück, 165–70, 172 electric mobility, 170 flinc, 159, 160, 163 fuel efficiency study, 229–45 integrated e-mobility services (IeMS), 177–200 public transport, 165–70, 172 ride sharing, 159, 160, 163 Greenhouse gases (GHG), 152, 161, 164, 232 car sharing, 211 Hangzhou Public Bicycle, 161 Health benefits of active transport, 1–19 air pollution, 5, 6, 7 Australia, 4–5, 7, 8 Barcelona, 6–7 benefits and costs of active transport, 4–6 cancer, 2 cardiovascular disease (CVD), 2, 7, 12, 18 children, 44–5 Copenhagen, 7, 10 cost-benefit analysis (CBA), 3, 8 social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA), 5–6, 8, 10–11, 18 costs of walking/cycling infrastructures, 5, 8–9 economic impacts of active transport, 4–6 heart disease, 5, 8 inclusion of health benefits in active transport appraisal, 7–9 magnitude of health effects, 6–7 mental health, 2, 8 New Zealand, 8–9 Nordic Council, 8 obesity, 3, 67 Paris, 7 Stockholm, 7 transport appraisal practice, 7–9 type 2 diabetes, 2, 5, 7, 8 United Kingdom, 9 valuation methods Disability-Adjusted-Life Years (DALYs), 9 Quality-Adjusted-Life Years (QALYs), 9 value of a statistical life (FSL), 10 WHO HEAT, 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19 willingness-to-pay (WTP), 9 years lost to premature disability (YLD), 9 years lost to premature mortality (YLL), 9 Viana do Castelo, Portugal, 1, 3, 4, 11 alternative scenarios, 16–18 data collection and analysis, 14–16 transport, health and mobility policies, 11–12 WHO HEAT, 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19 recommended levels of physical activity, 3 Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT), 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19 Heart disease, 5, 8 HEPA Europe/Healthy Cities sub-network project, 3, 11 Hertz on demand, 213 High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes, 159, 171 Hydrogen fuels, 207 I-Go Car Share, 209 Integrated e-mobility services (IeMS), potential users, 177–200 conventional bicycle-lovers, 192, 196, 197 ecological public transport- and bicycle lovers, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200 flexible car-lovers, 192, 194, 196 innovative technology-loving multioptionals, 192, 196, 197, 200 living/lifestyle preferences, 194–5 market segmentation approach, 180–90, 191, 199 smartphone apps, 198, 199 traditional car-lovers, 192, 194, 195, 197 urban-oriented public transport-lovers, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198 Intermodal mobility, 149–74, 179 definition of intermodal travelling, 151, 155 driverless cars, 174 eConnect project, Osnabrück, 165–70, 172 future of, 172–4 information on connections between modes, 173 mobile internet, 159–60, 173–4 networks of shared, individual and public transport, 161, 164 planning car-independent cities, 170–2 rise of intermodal mobility networks, 155–6, 172–4 smartphone apps, 157, 160, 171, 173, 174, 198, 199 sustainable mobility, 152–5 users’ perspective, 164–70 see also Bicycle sharing; Car sharing; Integrated e-mobility services; Multimodal mobility; Ride sharing Internet mobile internet, 159–60, 173–4 Ireland car sharing, 211 Israel car ownership, 70 children’s independent mobility, 65–87 Israeli Arab population, 69–70 Japan children’s travel modes, 45 JCDecaux, 161 Jevons, William, 230–1 London congestion charge, 171 Malta bus service competitive tendering, 97–8, 100 future use, 107–10 nationalisation, 111 proposed policy measures, 111–13 quality, 100, 105–7, 108–10, 111 reform, 93–4, 100–14 research methodology, 101–2 car use, 104–5, 111 geo-demographic characteristics, 102–4 land transport policy, 98–100, 113 mode choice, 104–5 Mass transit see Public transport Mental health, 2, 8 MobCarsharing, Lisbon, 209, 214–25 Mode choice attitudes attitude change, 32, 37–8, 180 cognitive dissonance theory, 23, 24, 32–3, 37 definition, 30 key events and, 34, 36–7 in mobility research, 31–2 mode choice and, 29–33 types, 30 Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI), 153–4 bus services, 96–7, 100 children see Children’s travel modes decisions, 25 attitudes and, 29–33 needs, opportunities and abilities (NOA) model, 27–8 personal factors, 26–7 requirements, opportunities and abilities (ROA) model, 23, 24, 27–9, 37 situational factors, 25–6 theory of planned behaviour (TPB), 27–9 habits, 24, 34, 36–7 interaction with key events, 34, 35–6 key events in life course, 23, 24, 34–7 attitudes and, 34, 36–7 context change, 24, 34–5, 36 definition, 34 interaction with habits, 34, 35–6 Malta, 104–5 travel behaviour change, 23–38, 180 Multicity Carsharing, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189 Multimodal mobility, 149–74, 179 definition of multimodal travelling, 151 future of, 172–4 planning car-independent cities, 170–2 sustainable mobility, 152–5 see also Bicycle sharing; Car sharing; Integrated e-mobility services; Intermodal mobility; Ride sharing Needs, opportunities and abilities (NOA) model, 27–8 Netherlands bicycle use, 210 health benefits, 7 sharing, 160 car sharing, 154, 210 New York City Fountain Ride, 172 New Zealand active transport, 8–9 Nordic Council, 8 Obesity children, 67 physical inactivity, 3 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 232 Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) project, xvii Paris Autolib, 213 bicycle rental system, 7 Park and ride programmes, 112, 125, 131, 133, 138, 171 Parking, 152 car sharing and, 211, 212, 213 on-street parking, 212 Parking Day, 172 Peak car, 179 Personal car ownership see Car ownership Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), 214 Portugal energy consumption, 207 health benefits of active transport, Viana do Castelo, 1, 3, 4, 11–18 MobCarsharing, Lisbon, 209, 214–25 Private car ownership see Car ownership Public transport availability/quality of car use and, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60, 70, 95–6, 150, 153–4, 155, 159 European Committee for Standardisation, 96, 102 Malta bus service, 100, 105–7, 108–10, 111 modal shift, 96–7, 100 parents’ perceptions of, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60 car sharing and, 165–70, 210 eConnect project, Osnabrück, 165–70, 172 environmental impacts, 152–3 gender of users, 95, 102–3, 198 Germany, 165–70, 172 integrated with e-vehicle sharing, 177–200 mobile internet, 173–4 modal shift, 96–7, 100 Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) approach, 153–4 tariff increases, 152 United States, 122–45 attitudes towards, 124–30, 144 Census data, 135–6, 144 costs, 139 employment, 125, 127–30, 133–5, 138–9 future planning based on economic growth, 136–7 immigrants, 139–44 induced density, 133 innovation, 137–8 mapped empirical data, 133–5 micro-climates, 122, 123 poverty levels, 125, 130, 133, 136, 140 residential density, 124–5 reverse commuting, 125, 130 see also Bus services Rebound effects fuel efficiency, 230–1, 234–7, 242–5 Requirements, opportunities and abilities (ROA) model, 23, 24, 27–9, 37 Ride sharing, 150–1, 155–6, 159–60, 161 Blablacar, 160 flinc, 159, 160, 163 Germany, 159, 160, 163 internet, 159–60 Ridejoy, 160 smartphone apps, 160 see also Car sharing Ridejoy, 160 Road accidents car sharing, 211 children’s independent mobility, 70, 80, 82, 86–7 deaths, xvi, 6, 7 impact of increased active transport, 5 Road tolls, 245–6 Safe Route to School (SR2S) program, 69 Seoul bicycle sharing, 161 Shanghai bicycle sharing, 161 Shared mobility see Bicycle sharing; Car sharing; Ride sharing Smartphone apps, 171, 173, 174 car sharing, 157, 173 integrated e-mobility services, 198, 199 ride sharing, 160 Smith, Adam, 137 Spain public bicycle rental system, 6–7 Stockholm cycling, 7 Suburbanisation, 130, 152 Sustainable mobility, 152–5 definitions, xvii–xviii European context, xviii–xx Sweden cycling, 7 Nordic Council, 8 Switzerland car sharing, 209, 210, 211 Theory of planned behaviour (TPB), 27–9 Toll roads, 245–6 Travel-Activity PAttern Simulation (TAPAS), 230, 238–42 Type 2 diabetes, 2, 5, 7, 8 United Kingdom bicycle sharing, 161 children’s travel modes, 45, 67 congestion charges, 171 health benefits of active transport, 9 National Travel Survey (NTS), 46, 47, 61 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, xvii transport appraisal guidelines, 9 United States bicycle sharing, 161 car ownership, 209 car sharing, 159, 209, 210, 211, 213 children independent mobility, 67, 68 travel modes, 45 distracted driving, 138 fuel prices, 122, 130–1 parking, 152 public transport see Public transport transport costs, 139 white flight, 129–30 Urban planning planning car-independent cities, 170–2 Vélo’v, 161 Viana do Castelo, Portugal, 1, 3, 4, 11–18 Walking car sharing, impact of, 210 children, 43–62 Japan, 45 United Kingdom, 45 United States, 45, 67 walking school buses, 171 see also Children’s independent mobility health benefits see Health benefits of active transport walking school buses, 171 World Health Organization (WHO) health benefits of active transport, Viana do Castelo, 1, 3, 4, 11–18 Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT), 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19 HEPA Europe/Healthy Cities sub-network project, 3, 11 obesity, 3, 67 recommended levels of physical activity, 3 Zipcar, 213 Book Chapters Sustainable Urban Transport Transport and Sustainability Sustainable Urban Transport Copyright Page List of Contributors Transport and Sustainability Editorial Board Acknowledgements Preface Sustainable Urban Transport – An Introduction The Economic Assessment of Health Benefits of Active Transport Mode Decisions and Context Change – What About the Attitudes? A Conceptual Framework The Influence of Parent’s Perceptions and Residential Self-Selection to the Children’s Travel Modes at Single Parent Households Children’s Independent Mobility in Israel: Case Study of the Arab Population Group The Malta Bus Service Reform: Implications for Policy from a ‘Natural Experiment’ of Attitudes towards Bus Service Quality and Modal Shift Further Research into Using Geographic Principles to Analyze Public Transportation in the USA and Maximize the Concept of Induced Transit Understanding Multimodal and Intermodal Mobility Who Would Use Integrated Sustainable Mobility Services – And Why? Car Sharing Systems as a Sustainable Transport Policy: A Case Study from Lisbon, Portugal Analysis of Effects Resulting from Improved Vehicle Fuel Efficiency and Fuel Price Changes Applied to the Berlin City Network About the Authors Index
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