Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

New Concepts in Bilirubin Chemistry, Transport and Metabolism: Report of the International Bilirubin Workshop, April 6-8, 1989, Trieste, Italy

1990; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 11; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/hep.1840110222

1527-3350

Claudio Tiribellp, Donald J. Ostrow,

Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms

HepatologyVolume 11, Issue 2 p. 303-313 Special ArticleFree Access New concepts in bilirubin chemistry, transport and metabolism: Report of the international bilirubin workshop, april 6–8, 1989, Trieste, Italy Claudio Tiribellp, Corresponding Author Claudio Tiribellp Istituto Patologia Medica, Universita' di Trieste, 34100 ItalyClaudio Tiribelli, M. D., Istituto Patologia Medica, Universita' di Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy===Search for more papers by this authorJ. Donald Ostrow, J. Donald Ostrow Veterans Administration Lakeside Medical Center, and Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611Search for more papers by this author Claudio Tiribellp, Corresponding Author Claudio Tiribellp Istituto Patologia Medica, Universita' di Trieste, 34100 ItalyClaudio Tiribelli, M. D., Istituto Patologia Medica, Universita' di Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy===Search for more papers by this authorJ. Donald Ostrow, J. Donald Ostrow Veterans Administration Lakeside Medical Center, and Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1990 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840110222Citations: 15AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Falk H. Molecular structure of bile pigments. In: JD Ostrow, ed., Bile pigments and jaundice: molecular, metabolic and medical aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1986: 7– 29. 2 Lightner DA, Wijekoon WMD, Zhang MH. Understanding bilirubin conformation and binding. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 16669– 16676. 3 Carey MC, Spivak W. Physical chemistry of bile pigments and porphyrins with particular reference to bile. In: JD Ostrow, ed., Bile pigments and jaundice: molecular, metabolic and medical aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1986: 81– 132. 4 McDonagh AF, Lightner DA. Phototherapy and the photobiology of bilirubin. Semin Liver Dis 1988; 8: 272– 281. 5 Blanckaert N, Compernolle F, Leroy P, Van Houtte R, Fevery J, Heirwegh KPM. The fate of bilirubin-IXα in cholestasis and during storage in vitro: intramolecular rearrangements to positional isomers of glucuronic acid. Biochem J 1978; 171: 203– 214. 6 Sinclair KA, Caldwell J. The formation of β-glucuronidase resistant glucuronides by the intramolecular rearrangements of glucuronic acid conjugates at mild alkaline pH. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31: 953– 957. 7 Zenone EA, Stoll MS, Ostrow JD. The effect of elimination of environment light on the metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin in the Gunn rat. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 1117– 1120. 8 Ostrow JD, Branham RV. Photodecomposition of bilirubin and biliverdin in vitro. Gastroenterology 1970; 58: 15– 25. 9 McDonagh AF, Assisi F. The ready isomerization of bilirubin IXα in aqueous solution. Biochem J 1972; 129: 797– 800. 10 McDonagh AF, Palma LA, Lightner DA. Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice: stereospecific and regioselective photoisomerization of bilirubin bound to human serum albumin, and NMR characterization of intramolecularly cyclized photoproducts. J Am Chem Soc 1982; 104: 6867– 6869. 11 McDonagh AF, Lightner DA, Reisinger M, Palma LA. Human serum albumin as chiral template: stereoselective photocyclization of bilirubin. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1986; 3: 249– 250. 12 Lauff JJ, Kasper ME, Wu TW, Ambrose TR. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a fraction of bilirubin in serum that is firmly bound to protein. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 629– 639. 13 Weiss JS, Gautam A, Lauff JJ, Sundberg MW, Jatlow P, Boyer JL, Seligson D. The clinical importance of a protein-bound fraction of serum bilirubin in patients with hyperbilirubinemia. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 147– 150. 14 Gautam A, Seligson H, Gordon ER, Seligson D, Boyer JL. Irreversible binding of conjugated bilirubin to albumin in cholestatic rats. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 873– 877. 15 McDonagh AF, Palma LA, Lauff JJ, Wu TW. Origin of mammalian biliprotein and rearrangement of bilirubin glucoronides in vivo in the rat. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 763– 770. 16 Wu TW. Delta bilirubin: the fourth fraction of bile pigments in human serum. Isr J Chem 1983; 23: 241– 247. 17 Jansen PLM. β-glucuronidase-resistant bilirubin glucuronide isomers in cholestatic liver disease: determination of bilirubin metabolites in serum by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1981; 110: 309– 317. 18 Adachi Y, Inofusa H, Yamashita M, Kambe A, Yamazaki K, Sawada Y, Yamamoto T. Clinical application of serum bilirubin fractionation by simplified liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 385– 388. 19 Ostrow JD, Celic L, Mukerjee P. Molecular and micellar associations in the ph-dependent stable and metastable dissolution of unconjugated bilirubin by bile salts. J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 335– 348. 20 Rege RV, Webster CC, Ostrow JD. Enzymatic oxidation of unconjugated bilirubin to assess its interactions with taurocholate. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 673– 683. 21 Crawford JM, Ransil BJ, Potter CS, Westmoreland SV, Gollan JL. Hepatic disposition and biliary excretion of bilirubin and bilirubin glucuronides in intact rat: differential processing of pigments derived from intra- and extra-hepatic sources. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1172– 1180. 22 Sieg A, Stiehl A, Heirwegh KPM, Fevery J, Raedsch R, Kommerell B. Similarities in maximal biliary output in the normal rat after administration of unconjugated bilirubin or bilirubin diglucuronide. HEPATOLOGY 1989; 10: 14– 20. 23 Ostrow JD, Murphy NH. Isolation and properties of conjugated bilirubin from bile. Biochem J 1970; 120: 311– 327. 24 Muraca M, Fevery J, Blanckaert N. Analytical aspects and clinical interpretations of serum bilirubins. Sem Liver Dis 1988; 8: 137– 147. 25 Wu TW. Bilirubin analysis: the state of the art and future prospects. Clin Biochem 1984; 17: 221– 229. 26 Tiribelli C, Lunazzi GC, Sottocasa GL. Mechanisms of hepatic uptake of organic anions. Clin Sci 1986; 71: 1– 8. 27 Berk PD, Potter BJ, Stemmel W. Role of plasma membrane ligand-binding proteins in the hepatocellular uptake of albumin-bound organic anions. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 165– 176. 28 Tiribelli C, Bellentani S, Lunazzi GC, Sottocasa GL. Role and nature of plasma membrane carrier proteins in the hepatic transport of organic anions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1988; 4: 215– 225. 29 Rodriguez J, Lunazzi GC, Torres AM. Structural and physicochemical requirements for the carrier-mediated hepatic uptake of organic anions [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 1420. 30 Passamonti S, Sottocasa GL. The quinoid form is the molecular requirement for recognition of phthaleins by the organic anion carrier at the sinosoidal plasma membrane level in the liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 943: 119– 125. 31 Orzes N, Bellentani S, Aldini R, Simoni P, Ferretti I, Lunazzi GC, Sottocasa GL, Tiribelli C. Sex differences in the hepatic uptake of sulphobromophthalein in the rat. Clin Sci 1985; 69: 587– 593. 32 Persico M, Bellentani S, Marchegiano P, Orzes N, Lunazzi GC, Sottocasa GL, Tiribelli C. Sex steroids modulation of the hepatic uptake of organic anions in rat. J Hepatol 1988; 6: 343– 349. 33 O'Kell RT, Elliott JR. Development of normal values for use in multitest biochemical screening of sera. Clin Chem 1970; 163: 161– 165. 34 Vore M. Estrogen cholestasis: membranes, metabolites or receptors? Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 643– 649. 35 Baldini G, Passmonti S, Lunazzi GC, Tiribelli C, Sottocasa GL. Cellular localization of sulfobromophthalein transport activity in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 856: 1– 10. 36 Wolkoff AW, Samuleson AC, Johansen KL, Nakata R, Withers DM, Sosiak A. Influence of CI on organic anion transport in short-term cultured rat hepatocytes and isolated perfused rat liver. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1259– 1268. 37 Weisiger RA, Gollan JL, Ockner RK. The role of albumin in hepatic uptake processes. Prog Liver Dis 1983; 7: 71– 85. 38 Forker EL, Luxon BA. Albumin helps modulate removal of taurocholate by rat liver. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 1517– 1522. 39 Wolkoff AW. The role of an albumin receptor in hepatic organic anion uptake: the controversy continues. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 777– 779. 40 Noy N, Donnelly TM, Zakim D. Physical-chemical model for the entry of water-insoluble compounds into cells: studies of fatty acid uptake by the liver. Biochemistry 1986; 25: 2013– 2021. 41 Zakim D, Cooper RB, Noy N. The uptake of fatty acids by the liver. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1987; 99: 41– 46. 42 Sorrentino D, Stremmel W, Berk PD. The hepatocellular uptake of bilirubin: current concepts and controversies. Mol Aspects Med 1987; 9: 405– 428. 43 Sorrentino D, Berk PD. Mechanistic aspects of hepatic bilirubin uptake. Semin Liver Dis 1988; 8: 119– 136. 44 Stremmel W, Gerber MA, Glezerov V, Thung S, Kochwa S, Kochwa S, Berk PD. Physicochemical and immunohistological studies of a sulfobromophthalein-and bilirubin-binding protein from rat liver plasma membrane. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 1796– 1805. 45 Wolkoff AW, Chung CT. Identification, purification and partial characterization of an organic anion binding protein from rat liver cell plasma membrane. J Clin Invest 1980; 65: 1152– 1161. 46 Wolkoff AW, Sosiak A, Greenblatt HC, Van Renswolde J, Stockert RJ. Immunological studies of an organic anion binding protein (OABP) isolated from rat liver cell plasma membrane. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 454– 459. 47 Goeser T, Braly LF, Nakata LF, Sosiak A, Novikoff P, Burk RD, Wolkoff AW. Relationship of the rat liver cell plasma membrane organic anion binding protein to the mitochondrial F1-ATPase [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 1254. 48 Sottocasa GL, Lunazzi GC, Tiribelli C. Isolation of bilitranslocase, the transporter of liver plasmalemma for bilirubin and other organic anions. In: S Fleischer, B Fleischer, eds., Methods in enzymology. Vol 174. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1989, in press. 49 Passamonti S, Sottocasa GL. The role of sulfhydryl groups in sulfobromophthalein transport in rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 979: 294– 298. 50 Miccio M, Baldini G, Basso V, Gazzin B, Lunazzi GC, Tiribelli C, Sottocasa GL. Bilitranslocase is the protein responsible for the electrogenic movements of sulfobromophthalein In Plasma membrane vesicles from rat liver: immuno-chemical evidence using mono- and poly-clonal antibodies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 981; 115– 120. 51 Stremmel W, Berk PD. Hepatocellular uptake of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and bilirubin is selectively inhibited by an antibody to the liver plasma membrane BSP/bilirubin binding protein. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 822– 826. 52 Sottocasa GL, Baldini G, Sandri G, Lunazzi GC, Tiribelli C. Reconstitution in vitro of sulpfobromophthalein transport by bilitranslocase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 685: 123– 128. 53 Stremmel W, Strohmeyer G, Borchard F, Kochwa S, Berk PD. Isolation and partial characterization of a fatty acid binding protein in rat liver plasma membranes. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 4– 8. 54 Berk PD, Wada H, Horio Y, Potter BJ, Sorrentino D, Thung S, Stump D, et al. Hepatic plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein and mitochondrial glutamateoxalacetate transaminase are related [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 1255. 55 Kramer W, Bickel U, Buscher HP, Gerok W, Kurz G. Bile saltbinding polypeptides in plasma membranes of hepatocytes revealed by photoaffinity labeling. Eur J Biochem 1982; 129: 13– 24. 56 Crawford JM, Hauser SC, Gollan JL. Formattion, hepatic metabolism and transport of bile pigments: a status report. Semin Liver Dis 1988; 8: 105– 118. 57 Whitmer DI, Russell PE, Gollan JL. Membrane-membrane interactions associated with rapid transfer of liposomal bilirubin to microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase: relevance for hepatocellular transport and biotransformation of hydrophobic substrates. Biochem J 1987; 244: 41– 47. 58 Crawford JM, Gollan JL. Hepatocyte cotransport of taurocholate and bilirubin glucuronides: role of microtubules. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: G121– G131. 59 Peters WHM, Jansen PLM, Nauta H. The molecular weights of UDP-glucuronyl transferase determined with radiation-inactivation analysis: a molecular model of bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 11701– 11705. 60 MacKenzie PI. Rat liver UDP-glucuronyl transferase: sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding a phenobarbital-inducible form. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 6119– 6125. 61 Burchell B, Jackson MR, Corser RB, et al. The molecular biology of UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Biochem Soc Trans 1987; 15: 581– 584. 62 Jackson MR, McCarthy LR, Harding D, Wilson S, Coughtrie MWH, Burchell B. Cloning of a human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase cDNA. Biochem J 1987; 242: 581– 588. 63 Vanstapel F, Blanckaert N. Endogenous esterification of bilirubin by liver microsomes: evidence for an intramicrosomal pool of UDP-glucose and lumenal orientation of bilirubin UDP-glycosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 4616– 4623. 64 Berry CS, Hallinan T. Summary of a novel three-compartment regulatory model for uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase. Biochem Soc Trans 1976; 4: 650– 652. 65 Roy Chowdhury N, Arias IM, Lederstein M, Roy Chowdhury J. Substrates and products of purified rat liver bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyl transferase. HEPATOLOGY 1986; 6: 123– 128. 66 Vanstapel F, Blanckaert N. Carrier-mediated translocation of uridine diphosphate glucose into lumen of endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles from rat liver. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1113– 1122. 67 Vanstapel F, Blanckaert N. Topology and regulation of bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in sealed native microsomes from rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 263: 216– 225. 68 Vessey DA, Goldenberg J, Zakim D. Kinetic properties of microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Evidence for co-operative kinetics and activation by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1973; 309: 58– 66. 69 Zakim D, Vessey DA. The role of the microsomal membrane in modulating the activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase. In: A Marrousi, ed. Membranes and transport. New York: Plenum Press, 1982: 269– 273. 70 Dannenberg AJ, Wong T, Zakim D. Effect of pH on the regulation and organization of UDP-glucuronyl transferase in liver microsomes [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 1226. 71 Castuma CE, Bremmer RR. Effect of dietary cholesterol on microsomal membrane composition, dynamics, and kinetic properties of UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 855: 231– 242. 72 Fevery J, Blanckaert N. What can we learn from analysis of serum bilirubin? J Hepatol 1986; 2: 113– 121. 73 Mesa AM, Fevery J, Heirwegh KPM, De Groote J. Effects of ioglycamide on the hepatic transport of bilirubin and its mono- and di-conjugates in the rat. HEPATOLOGY 1985; 5: 600– 606. 74 Jansen PLM, Peters WHM, Lamers WHM. Hereditary chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in mutant rats caused by defective hepatic anion transport. HEPATOLOGY 1985; 5: 573– 579. 75 Jansen PLM, Groothuis GMM, Peters WHM, Meijer DKF. Selective hepato-biliary transport defect for organic anions and neutral steroids in mutant rats with hereditary conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 71– 76. 76 Oude Elferink RPJ, DeHaan J, Lambert KJ, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF, Jansen PLM. Selective hepatobiliary transport of nordeoxycholate side chain conjugates in mutant rats with a canalicular transport defect. HEPATOLOGY 1989; 9: 861– 865. 77 Jansen PLM, Oude Elferink RPJ. Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias: a molecular and mechanistic approach. Semin Liver Dis 1988; 8: 168– 178. 78 Portman OW, Roy Chowdhury J, Roy Chowdhury N, Alexander M, Cornelius CE, Arias IM. A non-human primate model of Gilbert's syndrome. HEPATOLOGY 1984; 4: 175– 179. 79 Portman OW, Alexander M, Cornelius CE, Roy Chowdhury J, Roy Chowdhury N, Arias IM. The effect of nutrition on unconjugated plasma bilirubin concentrations in squirrel monkeys. HEPATOLOGY 1984; 4: 454– 460. 80 MacKenzie PI, Owens IS. Differences in UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activities in congenic inbred rats homozygous and heterozygous for the jaundice locus. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 31: 3777– 3781. 81 Burchell B, Coughtrie MHW, Jackson MR, Shepherd SRP, Harding D, Hume R. Genetic deficiency of bilirubin glucuronidation in rats and humans. Mol Aspects Med 1987; 9: 429– 455. 82 Roy Chowdhury N, Gross F, Mosconi AD, Kram M, Arias IM, Roy Chowdhury J. Isolation of multiple normal and functionally defective forms of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase from inbred Gunn rats. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 327– 334. 83 Coughtrie MWH, Burchell B, Bend JR. Characterization of the inherited deficiency of UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities in the Gunn rat. In: D Bendford, W Bridges, GG Gibson, Drug metabolism, molecular man. London: Taylor & Francis, 1987: 171– 175. 84 Coughtrie MWH, Burchell B, Shepherd IM, Bend JR. Defective induction of phenol glucuronidation by 3-methylcholantrene in Gunn rat is due to the absence of a specific UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzyme. Molec Pharmacol 1987; 31: 585– 591. 85 Kapitulnik J, Ostrow JD. Pharmacological modification of jaundice. In: JD Ostrow, ed. Bile pigments and jaundice: molecular, metabolic and medical aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1986: 539– 549. 86 Ostrow JD. Therapeutic amelioration of jaundice: old and new strategies. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 683– 689. 87 Kapitulnik J, Hardwick JP, Ostrow JD, Webster CC, Park SS, Gelboin HV. Increase in a specific cytochrome P450 isoenzyme in the liver of congenitally jaundiced Gunn rats. Biochem J 1987; 242: 297– 300. 88 Berry CS, Zarembo JG, Ostrow JD. Evidence for conversion of bilirubin to dihydroxyl derivatives in the Gunn rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49: 1366– 1375. 89 Blanckaert N, Fevery J, Heirwegh KPM, Compernolle F. Characterization of the major diazo-positive pigments in the bile of homozygous Gunn rat. Biochem J 1977; 164: 237– 249. 90 Brodersen R, Bartels P. The enzymatic oxidation of bilirubin. Eur J Biochem 1969; 10: 468– 473. 91 Cardena-Vasquez R, Yokosuka O, Billing BH. Enzymatic oxidation of unconjugated bilirubin by rat liver. Biochem J 1986; 236: 625– 633. 92 Yokosuka O, Billing BH. Enzymatic oxidation of bilirubin by intestinal mucosa. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 923: 268– 274. 93 Ostrow JD, Kapitulnik J. Alternate pathways of heme and bilirubin metabolism. In: JD Ostrow, ed. Bile pigments and jaundice: molecular, metabolic and medical aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1986: 539– 549. 94 Kapitulnik J, Ostrow JD. Biphasic effect of phenothiazine on plasma bilirubin levels in congenitally jaundiced Gunn rats [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 1072. 95 Black M, Fevery J, Parker D, Jacobson J, Billing BH, Carson ER. Effects of phenobarbitone on plasma [14C]-bilirubin clearance in patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Clin Sci Mol Med 1974; 46: 1– 17. 96 Blaschke TF, Berk PD, Rodkey FL, Scharschmidt BF, Collison HA, Waggoner JG. Effects of glutethimide and phenobarbital on hepatic bilirubin clearance, plasma bilirubin turnover, and carbon monoxide production in man. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23: 2795– 2806. 97 Reyes H, Levy AJ, Gatmaitan Z, et al. Studies on Y and Z, two hepatic cytoplasmic organic anion binding proteins: effects of drugs, chemicals, hormones and cholestasis. J Clin Invest 1971; 50: 2242– 2252. 98 Davis DR, Yeary RA. Bilirubin binding to hepatic Y and Z protein (ligandin): tissue bilirubin concentrations in phenobarbital-treated Gunn rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975; 148: 9– 13. 99 Wolkoff AW, Goresky CA, Sellin J, Gatmaitan Z, Arias IM. Role of ligandin in transfer of bilirubin from plasma to liver. Am J Physiol 1979; 236: E638– E648. 100 Kappas A, Drummond GS. Control of heme metabolism with synthetic matalloporphyrins. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 335– 339. 101 Kappas A, Drummond GS, Manola T, Petmezaki S, Valaes T. Sn-protoporphyrin use in the management of hyperbilirubinemia in term newborns with direct Coombs-positive ABO-incompatibility. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 485– 497. 102 Stevenson DK, Vreman HJ. Sn-protoporphyrin: a consideration of the first clinical trial in human neonates. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 881– 882. 103 Maisels MY. Light versus tin. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 882– 884. 104 McDonagh AF. Purple versus yellow: preventing neonatal jaundice with tin-protoporphyrins. J Pediatr 1988; 113: 777– 781. 105 Demetriou AA, Levenson SM, Whiting J, Novikoff PM, Novikoff AB, Roy Chowdhury N, Whiting J, et al. Survival organization and function of microcarrier-attached hepatocytes transplanted in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7475– 7479. 106 Wu GJ, Wu CH. Receptor-mediated in vitro gene transformation by a sizeable cDNA carrier system. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 4429– 4432. Citing Literature Volume11, Issue2February 1990Pages 303-313 ReferencesRelatedInformation