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Introducing the cold‐ironing technique and a hydrogen‐based hybrid renewable energy system into ports

2022; Wiley; Volume: 46; Issue: 14 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/er.8059

1099-114X

N. Sifakis, Emmanouil Vichos, Angelos Smaragdakis, Emmanouil Zoulias, Theocharis Tsoutsos,

Hydrogen Storage and Materials

International Journal of Energy ResearchEarly View RESEARCH ARTICLE Introducing the cold-ironing technique and a hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy system into ports Nikolaos Sifakis, Nikolaos Sifakis Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorEmmanouil Vichos, Emmanouil Vichos Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorAngelos Smaragdakis, Angelos Smaragdakis Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorEmmanouil Zoulias, Emmanouil Zoulias New Energy & Environmental Solutions & Technologies, Agia Paraskevi, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorTheocharis Tsoutsos, Corresponding Author Theocharis Tsoutsos theocharis.tsoutsos@enveng.tuc.gr orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-2736 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece Correspondence Theocharis Tsoutsos, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece. Email: theocharis.tsoutsos@enveng.tuc.grSearch for more papers by this author Nikolaos Sifakis, Nikolaos Sifakis Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorEmmanouil Vichos, Emmanouil Vichos Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorAngelos Smaragdakis, Angelos Smaragdakis Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorEmmanouil Zoulias, Emmanouil Zoulias New Energy & Environmental Solutions & Technologies, Agia Paraskevi, GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorTheocharis Tsoutsos, Corresponding Author Theocharis Tsoutsos theocharis.tsoutsos@enveng.tuc.gr orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-2736 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece Correspondence Theocharis Tsoutsos, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece. Email: theocharis.tsoutsos@enveng.tuc.grSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8059Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary Natural resources' unexpected nature makes renewable energy sources' power supply irregular and inflexible; weather conditions are impossible to be predicted. Energy storage systems are required to balance this green power supply and ensure both off-grid and autonomous infrastructures' stability and reliability. Various energy storage technologies are available, but the high initial capital cost and the uncertainty regarding future cost and performance are critical bottlenecks for possible investors. Batteries are the most common energy storage means, while hydrogen storage is one of the least used options. This research attempts to conduct a comparative technoeconomic analysis between a hybrid renewable energy power plant combined with a hydrogen energy storage system and the implementation of the cold-ironing technique. The test bed is the port of Milos, which is a Mediterranean island port. Thirteen scenarios were conceptualized, simulated, and assessed after examining and assessing the existing methods and technology using MATLAB and Homer Pro software. The economy of scale plays its role in this aspect as hydrogen storage systems' cost has been proven to be lower for larger infrastructures. Indicatively, the levelized cost of energy is significantly reduced for the two optimal scenarios, as there is a 41.3% decrease for the non-cold-ironing case and a 33.4% decrease for the cold-ironing one. Moreover, the carbon footprint for the suggested systems of all the examined scenarios is almost diminished, paving the way forward for turning the port into a nearly Zero Energy Port. This study also helps to comprehend the technoeconomic characteristics of hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy systems for supporting the cold-ironing technique. HIGHLIGHTS A systematic methodology is presented to introduce the cold-ironing technique to a small Mediterranean port; Hydrogen-based renewable energy systems are a sustainable and feasible solution toward the nZEP concept; An optimally sized hybrid renewable energy system guarantees the unhampered 24-h port's operation; The suggested hybrid systems are capable of covering the port's energy needs fully even if the cold ironing is incorporated. Open Research DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Port Authorities of Milos. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study. Data are available from the authors with the permission of the Port Authorities of Milos. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation