The Roots and Resilience of Pro-Americanism in the Baltics
2022; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 45; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0163660x.2022.2090757
ISSN1530-9177
Autores Tópico(s)Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Kersti Kaljulaid, “Small Democracies in the (Post) Pandemic World: A Perspective from Estonia,” Latvian Institute of International Affairs, March 3, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Stjg5aWgzOo.2 Edgars Rinkevics, “Intervija ar arlietu ministru Edgaru Rinkevicu,” Rita Panorama, May 24, 2018, https://ltv.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/24.05.2018-intervija-ar-arlietu-ministru- edgaru-rinkevicu.id131400.3 Mart Kuldkepp, “Baltic liberation first-hand: Sweden’s pro-Baltic foreign policy shift and Swedish diplomatic reporting in 1989–1991,” Scandinavian Journal of History (2020): 3, https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2020.1843531.4 Welles Declaration, Department of State Press Release, “Statement by the Acting Secretary of State, the Honorable Sumner Welles,” July 23, 1940, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/144967.pdf.5 Norman Kempster, “Where a Slip of the Pencil Can Cause Insult or War,” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1990, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-01-wr-266-story.html.6 US Department of State, “Draft NSC Paper Concerning the Baltic States,” March 24, 1985, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/assets/media_files/000/019/905/19905.pdf.7 Nicholas Burns, “The Lasting Lesson of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact,” Atlantic, August 23, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/08/molotov-ribbentrop-pact/596596/.8 Norman Kempster, “Annexed Baltic States: Envoys Hold On to Lonely U.S. Postings,” Los Angeles Times, October 31, 1988, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-10-31-mn-344-story.html.9 Paulis Lazda, “Latvia's Uninterrupted de jure Independence: Sumner Welles' Policy of Denying the Legitimacy of the Soviet Russian Occupation,” Lecture at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, July 23, 2015.10 US Department of State, “Termination of Baltic State Representation Supported from Blocked Baltic Assets Held in the United States,” May 10, 1966, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/144960.11 Bill Anderson, “Ford is Urged to cut our Baltic Ties,” Chicago Tribune, March 15, 1975.12 Michael R. Pompeo, “Message on the 80th Anniversary of the Welles Declaration,” US Department of State, July 22, 2020, https://2017-2021.state.gov/message-on-the-80th-anniversary-of-the-welles-declaration/index.html.13 Center for European Policy Analysis, “Revisiting the Welles Declaration,” CEPA podcast, July 24, 2020, https://cepa.org/revisiting-the-welles-declaration/.14 Artis Pabriks, “Latvia’s Pabriks on Russia, NATO Alliance, Improving Capabilities,” Halifax International Security Forum, December 5, 2019.15 John Mearsheimer, “Russia, Ukraine and the West: Is Confrontation Inevitable?”, Chatham House, 2014, 4, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/field/field_document/20140625RussiaUkraineWestINYT.pdf.16 Russian Foreign Affairs Ministry, “Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s interview with Solovyov Live YouTube channel,” December 27, 2021, https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1792420/.17 Andres Kasekamp, “An uncertain journey to the promised land: The Baltic states’ road to NATO membership,” Journal of Strategic Studies 43, no. 6-7 (2020): 869-896, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2020.1803066.18 Hal Brands, “Putin’s Biggest Lie: Blaming NATO for His War,” Bloomberg, March 13, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-03-13/russia-invades-ukraine-putin-s-biggest-lie-is-blaming-nato-for-war.19 Arvydas Anusauskas, “Lithuania’s defense minister: Mission accomplished? Not yet,” Defense News, January 11, 2021, https://www.defensenews.com/outlook/2021/01/11/lithuanias-defense-minister-mission-accomplished-not-yet/.20 Geir Lundestad, “Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952,” Journal of Peace Research 23, no. 3 (1986): 263-277.21 The United States Senate, “The Senate Intelligence Committee Report on Torture: Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program,” December 9, 2014, 97.22 Ed Pilkington, “Lithuania pays Guantánamo ‘forever prisoner’ Abu Zubaydah €100,000 over CIA torture,” Guardian, January 10, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/10/lithuania-pays-guantanamo-forever-prisoner-abu-zubaydah-100000-cia-torture.23 Andris Banka, “Neither reckless nor free-riders: auditing the Baltics as US treaty allies,” Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2022), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42738-022-00096-3.24 Robert Kagan, The World America Made (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 32.25 Toomas Hendrik Ilves, “Mark Galeotti chat with President of Estonia - Modern World, Modern Threats,” NYU-SPS Center for Global Affairs, January 26, 2016.26 Artis Pabriks, “Latvia’s Pabriks on Russia, NATO Alliance, Improving Capabilities,” Halifax International Security Forum, December 5, 2019.27 Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, “February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe,” Constellations 10, no. 3 (2003): 293.28 Toomas Hendrik Ilves, “Taassünni ajalooline valu’, Eesti Päevaleht,” Delfi, July 16, 2003, https://epl.delfi.ee/artikkel/50959587/toomas-hendrik-ilves-taassunni-ajalooline-valu.29 WikiLeaks, “Scenesetter For A/S Gordon's Visit To Estonia,” August 5, 2009, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09TALLINN235_a.html.30 Colin Dueck, “Winter Is Coming: Russia, the Baltic States, and U.S. Policy in Europe,” November 15, 2017,Heritage Foundation, https://www.heritage.org/europe/event/winter-coming-russia-the-baltic-states-and-us-policy-europe.31 Richard Haass, “U.S. abandoning Kurdish allies shows Trump admin. can't be relied on,” MSNBC, October 8, 2019,https://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/watch/u-s-abandoning-kurdish-allies-shows-trump-admin-can-t-be-relied-on-richard-haass-70841925603?cid=sm_npd_ms_tw_ma.32 Financial Times, “Afghan withdrawal is a blow for Nato and Europe,” August 18, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/a3487f85-3579-4d55-9e82-64b2af59f51d.33 Ted Galen Carpenter, “Are the Baltic States Next?”, National Interest, March 24, 2014, https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/are-the-baltic-states-next-10103?page=2.34 Thomas Friedman, “Ukraine and the Crisis of US Foreign Policy,” Wright Show (Podcast), February 8, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBOczZjQO1Q&t=594s.35 John R. Beyrle, The Long Good-Bye: The Withdrawal of Russian Military Forces from the Baltic States (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1996).36 Klaus Wiegrefe, “Newly Released Documents Shed Fresh Light on NATO's Eastward Expansion,” Spiegel International, May 3, 2022, https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/bonn-moscow-ties-newly-released-documents-shed-fresh-light-on-nato-s-eastward-expansion-a-5a362292-dfe6-4355-b90f-10d635d7d664?s=03.37 M. E. Sarotte, Not One Inch: America, Russia, and the Making of Post–Cold War Stalemate (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2021).38 Ronald D. Asmus and Alexandr Vondra, “The Origins of Atlanticism in Central and Eastern Europe,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18, no. 2 (2005): 204.39 Europe.view, “Border controls,” Economist, January 14, 2010, https://www.economist.com/europe/2010/01/14/border-controls.40 Liudas Dapkus And Karl Ritter, “Ukraine attack leaves Baltics wondering: Are we next?” AP, February 24, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-russia-estonia-race-and-ethnicity-soviet-union-187f098422b7a3170143de238865b526.41 Michael R. Gordon and Bojan Pancevski, “Germany Blocks NATO Ally From Transferring Weapons to Ukraine,” Wall Street Journal, January 21, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-blocks-nato-ally-from-transferring-weapons-to-ukraine-11642790772?mod=Searchresults_pos1&page=1.42 Richard Milne, “Latvia slams Germany’s ‘immoral’ relationship with Russia and China,” Financial Times, January 28, 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/25b54dd3-bfed-4768-bc21-96acedc2c24a.43 Sandra Kalniete, “How do you solve a problem like Russia?” Monocle: The Foreign Desk (Podcast), February 5, 2020, https://monocle.com/radio/shows/the-foreign-desk/423/.44 Loveday Morris, “After hesitancy, Germany greenlights some heavy arms for Ukraine," Washington Post, April 26, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/26/germany-heavy-weapons-ukraine/.45 Artis Pabriks, “Trusting Who We Are: Baltic Regional Security,” Lennart Meri Conference, May 15, 2022, https://lmc.icds.ee/agenda/security-shifts-in-the-baltic-sea-region/.46 Pew Research Center, “NATO’s Image Improves on Both Sides of Atlantic,” May 23, 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/05/23/natos-image-improves-on-both-sides-of-atlantic/.47 Smeltz, Dina et. al, “2021 Chicago Council Survey,” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, October 7, 2021, https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/research/public-opinion-survey/2021-chicago-council-survey.48 David E. Sanger and Maggie Haberman, “Donald Trump sets conditions for defending NATO alliesagainst attack,” New York Times, July 20, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/politics/donald-trump-issues.html.49 Sylvie Kauffmann, “Le divorce Europe-Etats-Unis: la famille occidentale sous tension,” Le Monde, November 9, 2018, https://www.lemonde.fr/long-format/article/2018/11/09/europe-etats-unis-la-famille-occidentale-sous-tension_5380997_5345421.html.50 Jari Tanner, “US allocates $175 million in military aid to Baltics in 2020,” December 23, 2019, ABC News, https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/us-allocates-175-million-military-aid-baltics-2020-67896259.51 Charles Davidson and Jeffrey Gedmin, “Handling the Transatlantic Stress Test: A Conversation with Lithuania’s Foreign Minister,” American Interest, April 2, 2019, https://www.the-american-interest.com/2019/04/02/handling-the-transatlantic-stress-test-a-conversation-with-lithuanias-foreign-minister/.52 Baltic Times staff, “Two-thirds of Lithuanians don't trust US President Trump – poll,” Baltic Times, February 8, 2018, https://www.baltictimes.com/two-thirds_of_lithuanians_don_t_trust_us_president_trump_-_poll/.53 Pew Research Center, “U.S. image generally favorable around the world, but mixed in some countries,” January 8, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/u-s-image-generally-favorable-around-the-world-but-mixed-in-some-countries/.54 Helen Elfer, “Trump was planning to withdraw US from Nato and ditch South Korea alliance, according to new book,” Independent, July 13, 2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-nato-south-korea-book-b1883457.html.55 Wess Mitchell and Jan Havranek, “Atlanticism in Retreat,” October 10, 2013, American Interest, https://www.the-american-interest.com/2013/10/10/atlanticism-in-retreat/.56 WikiLeaks, “Latvia In 2007, Keeping The Relationship Strong,” January 22, 2007, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07RIGA56_a.html.57 WikiLeaks, “Creation Of A Baltic American Enterprise Fund Legacy Foundation,” July 12, 2006, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06TALLINN644_a.html.58 Katrin Bennhold and Steven Erlanger, “Ukraine War Pushes Germans to Change. 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