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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes

2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 4; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.4161/auto.5338

1554-8635

Daniel J. Klionsky, Hagai Abeliovich, Patrizia Agostinis, Devendra K. Agrawal, Gjumrakch Aliev, David S. Askew, Misuzu Baba, Eric H. Baehrecke, Ben A. Bahr, Andrea Ballabio, Bruce A. Bamber, Diane C. Bassham, Ettore Bergamini, Xiaoning Bi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Janice S. Blum, Dale E. Bredesen, Jeffrey L. Brodsky, John H. Brumell, Ulf T. Brunk, Wilfried Bursch, Nadine Camougrand, Eduardo Cebollero, Francesco Cecconi, Yingyu Chen, Lih‐Shen Chin, Augustine M.K. Choi, Charleen T. Chu, Jongkyeong Chung, Robert S. B. Clark, Robert Clarke, Steven Clarke, Corinne Clavé, John L. Cleveland, Patrice Codogno, María Isabel Colombo, Ana Coto‐Montes, James M. Cregg, Ana María Cuervo, Jayanta Debnath, Patrick B. Dennis, Phillip A. Dennis, Francesca Demarchi, Vojo Deretić, Rodney J. Devenish, Federica Di Sano, J. Fred Dice, Clark W. Distelhorst, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar, N. Tony Eissa, Marian DiFiglia, Mojgan Djavaheri‐Mergny, Frank C. Dorsey, Wulf Dröge, Michel Dron, William A. Dunn, Michael Duszenko, Zvulun Elazar, Audrey Esclatine, Eeva‐Liisa Eskelinen, László Fésüs, Kim D. Finley, José M. Fuentes, Juàn Fueyo, Kozo Fujisaki, Brigitte Galliot, Fen‐Biao Gao, David A. Gewirtz, Spencer B. Gibson, Antje Gohla, Alfred L. Goldberg, Ramón González, Cristina González‐Estévez, Sharon M. Gorski, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Dieter Häussinger, You–Wen He, Kim A. Heidenreich, Joseph A. Hill, Maria Høyer-Hansen, Xun Hu, Wei‐Pang Huang, Akiko Iwasaki, Marja Jäättelä, William T. Jackson, Xuejun Jiang, Shengkan Jin, Terje Johansen, Jae U. Jung, Motoni Kadowaki, Chanhee Kang, Ameeta Kelekar, David Kessel, Jan A.K.W. Kiel, Hong Pyo Kim, Adi Kimchi, Timothy J. Kinsella, Kirill Kiselyov, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Erwin Knecht, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Seiji Kondo, Attila L. Kovács, Guido Kroemer, Chia-Yi Kuan, Rakesh Ranjan Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Jacques Landry, Marianne Laporte, Weidong Le, Huan‐Yao Lei, Beth Levine, Andrew P. Lieberman, Kah‐Leong Lim, Fu‐Cheng Lin, Willisa Liou, Leroy F. Liu, Gabriel Lopez‐Berestein, Carlos López-Otı́n, Jiahong Lu, Kay F. Macleod, Walter Malorni, Wim Martinet, Ken Matsuoka, Josef Mautner, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Paul A.M. Michels, Giovanni Miotto, Wilhelm Mistiaen, Noboru Mizushima, Baharia Mograbi, Michael N. Moore, Paula I. Moreira, Yuji Moriyasu, T. Motyl, Christian Münz, Leon O. Murphy, Naweed I. Naqvi, Thomas P. Neufeld, Ichizo Nishino, Ralph A. Nixon, Takeshi Noda, Bernd Nürnberg, Michinaga Ogawa, Nancy L. Oleinick, Laura J. Olsen, Bülent Özpolat, Shoshana Paglin, Glen E. Palmer, Issidora S. Papassideri, Miles Parkes, David H. Perlmutter, George Perry, Mauro Piacentini, Ronit Pinkas‐Kramarski, Mark Prescott, Tassula Proikas‐Cezanne, Nina Raben, Abdelhaq Rami, Fulvio Reggiori, Bärbel Rohrer, David C. Rubinsztein, Kevin M. Ryan, Junichi Sadoshima, Hiroshi Sakagami, Yasuyoshi Sakai, Marco Sandri, Chihiro Sasakawa, Miklós Sass, Claudio Schneider, Per O. Seglen, Oleksandr Seleverstov, Jeffrey Settleman, John J. Shacka, Irving M. Shapiro, Andriy А. Sibirny, Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin, Hans‐Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Anne Simonsen, Mark A. Smith, Katharina Spanel‐Borowski, Vickram Srinivas, Meredith A. Steeves, Harald Stenmark, Per E. Strømhaug, Carlos S. Subauste, Seiichiro Sugimoto, David Sulzer, Toshihiko Suzuki, Michele S. Swanson, Ira Tabas, Fumihiko Takeshita, Nicholas J. Talbot, Zsolt Tallóczy, Keiji Tanaka, Kozo Tanaka, Isei Tanida, Graham S. Taylor, J. Paul Taylor, Alexei Terman, Gianluca Tettamanti, Craig B. Thompson, Michael Thumm, Aviva M. Tolkovsky, Sharon A. Tooze, Ray Truant, Lesya V. Tumanovska, Yasuo Uchiyama, Takashi Ueno, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Ida J. van der Klei, Eva C. Vaquero, Tibor Vellai, Michael W. Vogel, Hong‐Gang Wang, Paul Webster, Zhijun Xi, Gutian Xiao, Joachim Yahalom, Jin‐Ming Yang, George Yap, Xiao‐Ming Yin, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Zhenyu Yue, Michisuke Yuzaki, Olga Zabirnyk, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Xiongwei Zhu, Russell L. Deter,

Autophagy in Disease and Therapy

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,(1) and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.(2,3) There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.